Biology - Benchmark 2 - Study Guide - Spring 2017

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1 Name: Period: Date: Semester 1 Topics Scientific Method Biology - Benchmark 2 - Study Guide - Spring 2017 John wanted to know how temperature affects the number of chirps that his pet crickets make. He wants to set up a controlled experiment. 1. What would be John s independent variable? 2. What would be John s dependent variable? 3. How would John set up a controlled experiment? Draw out an experiment scenario below. Show the experimental group(s) and a control group. 4. What things would John need to keep constant in both groups in order for him to conduct a correctly controlled experiment? Quantitative vs. Qualitative Data Classify each of the following examples as either qualitative or quantitative data. 1. The age of your car. 2. The number of hairs on your knuckle. 3. The softness of a cat. 4. The color of the sky. 5. The number of pennies in your pocket. Levels of Organization Put the following levels of organization for living things in order from smallest to largest: individual, biome, biosphere, community, population, and ecosystem.

2 Populations List each characteristic as exponential growth (E) or logistic growth (L). a. Shows limiting factors f. Does not show limiting factors b. Also called a J-curve g. Also called an S-curve c. Does have a carrying capacity h. Does not have a carrying capacity d. Shows realistic growth i. Shows unrealistic growth, ideal conditions e. Is shown by the graph below j. Is shown by the graph below Limiting Factors List each limiting factor as density dependent (DD) or density independent (DI). a. Competition f. Predators b. Severe weather changes g. Flood c. Disease h. Natural Disaster d. Seasonal changes i. Fire e. Parasitism j. Overcrowding Human Impacts on the Environment 1. Acid Rain 2. Algal Bloom 3. Desertification 4. Deforestation 5. Biomagnification a. The unnatural heating of the earth because of pollution. b. Loss of forests. c. Grasslands becoming deserts due to poor land management. d. CFC s attacking ozone molecules, destroying them. e. Precipitation with a ph less than 7, due to pollution. 6. Loss of Biodiversity f. Natural heating of the earth due to normal amount of CO Greenhouse Effect 8. Global Warming 9. Ozone Depletion g. The increase of toxins up the food chain. h. The increase of algae in ponds due to fertilizer pollution. i. Many different kinds of organisms in the world going extinct. 10. What kind of human impact on the environment is this diagram showing? 11. Explain what is going on in the diagram to the left. 12. What is DDT? 13. Which organisms in the food chain are most affected by the DDT?

3 Macromolecules Fill out the missing information in the chart below on the four main types of macromolecules. MACROMOLECULE MONOMER UNIT FUNCTION EXAMPLES ELEMENTS THAT MAKE IT UP CARBOHYDRATES Quick Energy Source C, H, O Amino acids Meat, Eggs LIPIDS C, H, O NUCLEIC ACIDS Genetic Information C, H, O, N, P Cell Transport PASSIVE TRANSPORT ACTIVE TRANSPORT Movement of particles across the cell membrane from to concentration. Uses energy. Movement of particles across the cell membrane from to concentration. Does use. DIFFUSION Movement of OSMOSIS Movement of FACILITATED DIFFUSION Diffusion from across the across the [high] to [low] cell cell with the help membrane membrane of from [high] from [high] to to [low] [low] ENDOCYTOSIS Cell particles by outside vesicles fusing into the cell membrane. EXOCYTOSIS Cell particles by inside vesicles fusing with cell membrane ION PUMPS Uses proteins to actively pump ions across cell membrane from [low] to [high] 1. Does the following diagram show active or passive transport? (Circle one.) What type is it? Cell Energy 1. What molecule is shown in the diagram to the left? 2. What is this molecule used for in a cell? 3. How does this molecule provide energy to the cell?

4 Photosynthesis vs. Cellular Respiration PHOTOSYNTHESIS CELLULAR RESPIRATION Occurs in what cell part? What types of organisms do this process? What are the reactants? What are the products? What are the Stages? Require energy or Releases energy Full Chemical Equation Cell Division 1. Why do cells need to divide? 2. Label the cell cycle diagram below and tell what is happening in each part. A. B. C. A, B, and C together make up. D. Both parts of D together make up. 3. What are the 4 phases of mitosis in order? 4. Label each part of the cell cycle and tell what is happening in each phase.

5 5. Why is it necessary for organisms to undergo meiosis in their reproductive organs? 6. The following is a picture of Prophase I of meiosis. Define the terms to the right of the picture and tell all of the events that occur in Prophase I. 7. homologous chromosomes: 8. tetrad: 9. crossing over: 10. What is the purpose of crossing over? 11. What is the end result of meiosis? 12. What is nondisjunction? 13. What is one disorder we studied that results from nondisjunction? 14. For each of the characteristics below, put a checkmark in the column if it applies to mitosis, meiosis or both. Four daughter cells produced Two daughter cells produced Chromosome number stays the same after the process is over Chromosome number is cut in half after the process is over Produces genetically different daughter cells Produces genetically identical daughter cells Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over occurs Pairing of homologous chromosomes and crossing over does not occur Produces gametes Produces somatic cells Associated with growth, repair and asexual reproduction Associated with sexual reproduction One division Two divisions Associated with binary fission (reproduction common among prokaryotes) MITOSIS MEIOSIS

6 Genetics 1. Complete Dominance - One Trait is completely dominant over a recessive trait. Ex: Eye color Brown is dominant to blue eyes. Cross a homozygous brown male with a heterozygous brown female. Use the letter B. Provide the phenotypic and genotypic ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: 2. Incomplete Dominance - there is no dominant trait. Therefore a phenotype is produced. Red Flowers (RR) crossed with White Flowers (rr) = (Rr) Pink Flowers Cross a Red and Pink Flower. Provide the phenotypic and genotypic ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: 3. Codominant - dominant traits expressed. Black horse (BB) crossed with a White horse (WW) = (BW) Blue Roan Horse (hair coat has an equal number of black and an equal number of white hairs NO Gray hairs!!!! Cross a Blue Roan Horse with a White Horse Provide the phenotypic and genotypic ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: 4. Multiple Alleles - 2 or more dominant traits that are codominant with each other and are both dominant over a recessive trait as well. Ex: ABO Blood Types Blood types and are co-dominant over type O blood. Cross a Heterozygous A with a Type O What is the only genotype that will give you type O blood? Provide the phenotypic and genotypic ratio: Phenotypic Ratio: Genotypic Ratio: Give the genotype of the Universal Donor of Blood: Give the genotype of the Universal Recipient of Blood:

7 5. Sex-Linked Crosses: always found on the chromosome (generally a recessive trait) Male = Female = Colorblindness is a recessive sex-linked trait, which is carried on the chromosome. A colorblind man marries a normal woman who is a carrier of the colorblind trait. Will they have children that are colorblind? Explain. Can the Father give the colorblind gene to his daughter? To his son? DNA 1. DNA Structure: a. What is the monomer for DNA? b. What are the three parts of this monomer? c. How is the DNA and RNA monomer different from each other? 2. DNA Replication: a. During replication which bases pair together? b. What enzyme unwinds and unzips the original DNA strand? c. What enzyme brings in the new DNA nucleotides? 3. Protein Synthesis: a. What are the two parts of protein synthesis? b. Where does transcription occur in the cell? c. What is the purpose of transcription? d. Where does translation occur in the cell? e. What is the purpose of translation? f. How are a codon and anti-codon different? g. What is another name for a protein? chain h. What is the monomer for a protein? i. What type of bond holds these monomers together? j. Label the image below and explain what is going on. A: B: C: D: E: F: G: k. For the following piece of DNA below, first transcribe it into mrna, then translate it into a protein. Use the codon chart. DNA segment: CGA TTA CGG CTT AAG CTA mrna segment: Polypeptide chain:

8 Mutations and Biotechnology 1. What is a mutation? 2. There are two categories of mutations: 1. Chromosomal What are the four types of chromosomal mutations? Label them in the spaces below. 4. Of the types of gene mutations, how is a substitution mutation different from an insertion or deletion mutation? 5. What is a silent mutation? 6. Match the following terms below: 1. Gene 2. DNA Replication 3. Transcription 4. Translation 5. Mutation 6. Peptide Bonds 7. Artificial Selection 8. Natural Selection 9. Inbreeding 10. Clone a. a process that produces mrna from DNA b. continually breeding individuals with similar characteristics to maintain desired traits c. individuals that are best adapted to their environment survive and reproduce d. method of breeding that allows only individuals with desired traits to reproduce e. segment of DNA that codes for a particular trait f. DNA making a copy of itself in the S phase of interphase g. a member of a population of genetically identical cells produced from a single cell h. a process that produces a polypeptide chain (protein) from mrna i. hold together amino acids to form a protein (also called a polypeptide) j. a change in DNA 7. Read the given karyotype and describe the individual s genetic makeup.

9 8. The small fish you can buy at the store glow under a black light, this is an example of a organism. 9. Dolly the sheep was an example of what genetic technology? 10. Some dogs are bred together to make sure that their offspring contain the best possible traits this is an example of. Evolution 1. Natural Selection 2. Adaptation 3. Divergent Evolution 4. Convergent Evolution 5. Coevolution 6. Vestigial Organ 7. Variation 8. Fitness a. Any inherited characteristic that increases an organism s chance of survival b. Structures that are no longer used by organisms and are usually reduced in size c. Two organisms from a common ancestor become more and more dissimilar d. An organism s ability to survive and reproduce e. Individuals best suited to the environment are the ones that survive and reproduce f. Two species in close interaction change over time in response to each other g. Differences among individuals of a species h. Two unrelated organisms develop similar structures and appearances 9. Read the scenario below and write how each of the tenets of natural selection apply to the scenario: The peppered moths of northern England have two main phenotypes in their gene pool: dark colored and light/pepper colored. Both variations had to compete to survive the bird predators. Prior to England s Industrial Revolution, the trees in northern England towns were lighter in color. The nocturnal moths rest on the trees during the day; however, bird predators feasted on these dark moths because they were easy to spot, and the frequency of the dark moth in the population was very low. However, after the Industrial Revolution, black smoke from smokestacks polluted the air and darkened the surrounding trees. Over time, the frequency of the dark moths dramatically increased due to being able hide from bird predators more effectively. After the Industrial Revolution the light/peppered colored moths stood out on the trees more and were eaten by predators. Over time, the frequency of the light/peppered colored moths decreased in the area. How does each of the tenets of natural selection apply to the above scenario of the peppered moths? a. Variation in the Gene Pool: b. Organisms over-reproduce: c. Struggle for Existence: d. Survival of the Fittest: 10. Classify each of the following adaptations as structural, behavioral or physiological. a. Thick fur coating in polar bears b. Lizards moving onto a rock in the sun when they are cold c. When the elephant is overheated, blood vessels in the ear dilate so heat can be released d. Animals moving around in herds for protection e. Hooked beak for meat-eating birds, useful for tearing flesh f. Poison venom of a snake g. The flippers of a penguin h. The sticky tongue of a frog i. Saliva that digests carbohydrates j. The woodpecker using a cactus spine to remove insects from a tree

10 11. Give 3 examples of a vestigial organ. 12. Identify the following scenarios as directional selection, disruptive selection, or stabilizing selection. a) b) c) 13. Homologous Structures a) Homologous Structures Circle which one applies Structure: Same or Different Function: Same or Different Common Ancestor: Yes or No Associated with Which Type of Evolution: Convergent or Divergent 14. Analogous Structures b) Analogous Structures Circle which one applies Structure: Same or Different Function: Same or Different Common Ancestor: Yes or No Associated with Which Type of Evolution: Convergent or Divergent