Biology Semester 2 Final Review

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1 Name Period Due Date: 50 HW Points Biology Semester 2 Final Review LT 15 (Proteins and Traits) Proteins express inherited traits and carry out most cell functions. 1. Give examples of structural and functional proteins, and explain why proteins are important to living things. 2. Describe the structure of a protein molecule. Discuss the subunits and their arrangement. 3. What is the difference between a functional and non-functional protein, and what might cause a protein to be non-functional? 4. Define enzymes, and describe how functional enzymes perform their functions. 5. Describe how the type of protein produced in the body can result in the type of trait we see expressed in individuals. Use a protein we have talked about in class (lactase, hemoglobin, etc.) as an example. LT 16 Describe the structure and function of DNA. 1. What is DNA? Why is it important? 2. Where is DNA found in a cell? a. DNA is kept in the nucleus so that it is protected and the code won t get lost b. DNA is kept in the ribosome so that it can be used to make proteins c. DNA is found in every part of the cell because it is so important d. DNA is found inside the atoms of cells because it is so small 3. What is the X pointing to in the diagram to the right? 4. What are the 3 parts that make up this structure? 5. Which is the correct pairing of DNA nitrogen bases? A. Adenine with Guanine, Uracil with Thymine B. Guanine with Adenine, Cytosine with Thymine C. Adenine with Cytosine, Thymine with Guanine D. Cytosine with Guanine, Adenine with Thymine 6. Here is one half of a strand of DNA, showing the nitrogen bases. Write in the nitrogen bases for the other half of the DNA. A T A G G T C A A G A T A C T T

2 7. What is a gene? What do genes have to do with DNA? 8. How are genes different from each other? a. Different genes have different sugars in the DNA backbone. b. The order of nitrogen bases is different in different genes. c. Different genes are found in different parts of the cell. d. Some genes lack phosphate groups. LT 17 Explain the process of protein synthesis. 1. Using the order of DNA bases in the half strand below, indicate: the order of bases in the mrna resulting from transcription of the DNA the order of amino acids resulting from translation of the mrna (use the genetic codon wheel below) DNA Half Strand: T A C A C G C G C C T A A T G T C C A T C mrna: Amino Acids: 2. Use the picture below to help you describe the process of transcription, which occurs at the start of protein synthesis in the nucleus. In your description, be sure to explain the role of DNA, mrna, and RNA polymerase. 3. Use the picture below to help you describe what happens in the cell s cytoplasm during translation. In your description, be sure to explain the role of mrna, trna, and ribosomes.

3 LT 18 Describe the structure and function of chromosomes. 1. Explain the relationship between DNA, genes, and chromosomes. Consider drawing a diagram. 2. Label the sister chromatids and homologous chromosomes in the picture to the right. 3. What are homologous chromosomes? Where do they come from? What is the same about homologous chromosomes? What can be different? LT 19 Explain the possible allele combinations in an egg or sperm through meiosis. 1. Why does meiosis occur? 2. What type of cells are created through meiosis? 3. If a parent cell starts with 46 chromosomes, how many chromosomes does each daughter cell have after meiosis? 4. List all the possible sex cells (gametes) that can be created from a parent with the genotype MmNn. 5. How are the chromosomes arranged in metaphase I? What separates during anaphase I? 6. How are the chromosomes arranged in metaphase II? What separates during anaphase II? LT 20 Explain the outcomes of genetic crosses. 1. If a sperm cell containing the alleles Mn fertilizes an egg cell containing the alleles mn, what is the genotype of the offspring? 2. In rabbits, black fur is dominant over white fur. Show the cross of a heterozygous black male with a homozygous white female. a) What are the parent genotypes? b) What are the possible phenotypes of the offspring and their ratio?

4 3. Travis is heterozygous for Polycystic kidney disease (a dominant allele disease) and homozygous recessive for Sickle Cell Anemia. He and his partner Pei-Yee, are considering having children. Pei-Yee is homozygous recessive for Polycystic kidney disease and heterozygous for Sickle Cell Trait. Using the following allele key, create the dihybrid cross punnett square for this couple on scratch paper. H Polycystic kidney h normal kidney R normal hemoglobin S hemoglobin that sickles What are the chances their offspring will have their father s phenotype (traits)? What are the chances their offspring will have their mother s phenotype? 4. There are three possible genotypes and phenotypes for wing color in a species of moth: RR = red wings; RY = orange wings; YY = yellow wings. a. What is the pattern of inheritance in this example: complete dominance, incomplete dominance, or codominance? b. An orange-winged moth mates with a red-winged moth. What are the genotypes of the parents? c. What fraction of the offspring will have red wings? Yellow wings? Orange wings? d. If the red and yellow wing alleles instead exhibited codominance, what would be the phenotype of a moth that was heterozygous for wing color? LT 21 Explain that mutation and recombination increase variation. 1. In the table below, explain the following sources of variation, when they happen, and how they create variation. Source of Variation Independent Assortment What is it? Explain the process. When does it happen? How does it create variation? Crossing-over Random Fertilization Mutation 2. Using words or a diagram, demonstrate that you understand how crossing-over can also increase genetic variability.

5 3. Why are offspring created through sexual reproduction genetically unique? 4. A man has a mutation occur in some muscle cells. Will this be inherited by his offspring? Why or why not? 5. Pretend that a fruit fly has two pairs of chromosomes: one long, and one short - each with the following genes and genotype: On the long chromosome is the gene for eye color (R/r) and this organism is heterozygous for eye color. On the short is the gene for hairiness (H/h) and the fly is also heterozygous for hair. Diagram two different options for how the homologous chromosomes could line up in metaphase I. For each different option, determine the genotypes of the four gametes. LT 22 Describe how variation, population growth, and environmental pressure drive natural selection. 1. Use the four factors of natural selection to describe how Galapagos finches evolved in the example below. A single species of Galapagos finch arrived on the Galapagos Islands several million years ago and spread out to 14 different islands. On each different island are differently sized nuts that the finches rely on for food. Today there are fourteen different species of finches, each with a different shape or length of beak. Explain how Galapagos finches evolved on Isla Margarita to have primarily short thick beaks. Most nuts on Isla Margarita are small and surrounded by a very hard shell. a. What is the genetic variation? b. Explain overproduction of offspring. c. How are the finches struggling to survive? d. What would have been the differential survival and reproduction that would have lead to the evolution of finches in Isla Margarita? 2. Does evolution happen to an individual or to a population? Explain your answer. 3. Sometimes a dose of antibiotics cannot effectively to kill all of the bacteria that are causing an infection. a. What might have caused the bacteria (which reproduce asexually) to have variation? b. Would antibiotics be as effective if the infection reoccurred and the patient was given the same antibiotics? Why or why not? c. Explain how the bacteria evolved by natural selection.

6 LT 23 Explain how the fossil record, anatomical similarities, and DNA similarities provide evidence for evolution. Use this evidence to construct a cladogram that describes the evolutionary relationships between organisms. 1. What are the two main claims that evolutionary evidence supports? A. B. 2. In the table below, provide an example of each type of evidence that supports the two claims in #1. Type of Evidence Claim A Claim B Fossil Record Comparative Anatomy Molecular Biology 3. Use the cladogram/phylogenetic tree to answer the following questions: A. Which trait developed the earliest in the evolutionary history of these organisms? B. Are alligators more closely related to fish or mammals? How do you know? C. Which group of animals has hair? How do you know?

7 LT 24 Describe conditions necessary for populations to increase rapidly (e.g., adequate living and nonliving resources, no disease or predators). 1. What four factors affect population growth rate? 2. What are the conditions needed for rapid population growth? 3. What is exponential growth, and in what conditions does it occur? 4. What is logistic growth, and in what conditions does it occur? LT 25 Describe factors that limit growth of plant and/or animal populations in a natural ecosystem. 1. What are conditions (limiting factors) that would limit or decrease population growth? Explain using an example 2. What is the carrying capacity of a population? Explain using an example. LT 26 Explain how a change to a factor (e.g matter, energy, space, predatory, or competing organisms) would limit the population of a species. 1. What factors can limit a population of photosynthetic organisms? 2. What factors can limit a population of consumers? LT 27 Calculate population density given an area and the number of a given organism within the area. 1. How is population density calculated? 2. Sally, an ecologist with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, is studying the impact of the invasive honeysuckle plants on deciduous forest ecosystems in Indiana. She has determined that there are approximately 21,000 honeysuckle plants in the 200 square kilometer study area. What is the population density of the honeysuckle plants?

8 LT 28 Describe the cycle of carbon through the living and non-living parts of ecosystems and transfers and transformations of matter and/or energy in an ecosystem. 1. What organisms remove carbon from the atmosphere? Through what processes do these organisms remove carbon from the atmosphere? 2. Once carbon is removed from the atmosphere how do animals obtain it? 3. What process allows animals and plants to use energy stored in carbon-carbon and carbon-hydrogen bonds? 4. What organisms might use the carbon dioxide produced during cellular respiration? 5. List three ways carbon might return to the atmosphere LT 29 Describe the cycle of nitrogen through ecosystems. 1. What is the chemical formula of the molecule in the atmosphere that contains nitrogen? 2. What is the role of bacteria in the nitrogen cycle? 3. How do animals obtain nitrogen? 4. How does nitrogen return to the atmosphere?