Name: Period: EOC Review Part F Outline

Transcription

1 Name: Period: EOC Review Part F Outline Mitosis and Meiosis SC.912.L Compare and contrast mitosis and meiosis and relate to the processes of sexual and asexual reproduction and their consequences for genetic variation. 1. Students will describe specific events occurring in each stage of the cell cycle and/or phases of mitosis, including cytokinesis. a. Cell Division: i. The cell, prepares for, and then divides to form new cells. ii. Unicellular organisms: duplicate using reproduction iii. Multicellular organisms: allows to, develop from single cell to multicellular, makes other cells to and replace worn out cells iv. Three types: binary fission ( and ), mitosis and meiosis b. Cells divide through a process called the which consists of,, and i. Majority of the cell cycle is, while a smaller portion is / c. Interphase: longest part of the cell cycle;, metabolism, and preparation for division occurs, duplicates (DNA )

2 d. Mitosis: division of the of the cell i. Prophase: duplicated and fibers appear ii. Metaphase: duplicated chromosomes line up randomly in of cell between spindle fibers iii. Anaphase: duplicated chromosomes pulled to opposite of cell iv. Telophase: nuclear membrane forms around at each end of the cell; spindle fibers ; chromosomes e. Cytokinesis: division of ; daughter cells result with exact genetic information i. In plants, a forms along the center and cuts the cell in half ii. In animals, a develops to cut the cell in half f. Results of Mitosis: i. identical cells ii. Produces and occurs in cells ( cells) iii. = same number of chromosomes as original cell (humans = ) 2. Students will explain how meiosis results in the formation of haploid gametes or spores. a. In meiosis, the cells will also start with. b. There are cell divisions instead of one, but the cell only does interphase prior to the first cell division. c. Meiosis is a process (chromosome numbers are divided in ) d. Each cell division consists of, metaphase,, and e. Occurs only in cells ( ) and produces only gametes ( and ) f. First Division: produces cells containing half the number of double stranded i. Prophase I: occurs ii. Metaphase I: chromosomes line up in pairs, occurs iii. Anaphase I: chromosomes move towards each side iv. Telophase I: cells contain the number of chromosomes

3 g. Second division: results in formation of cells, each (half the number of original chromosomes) (humans = ) h. Results of meiosis: i. Four daughter cells ii. Unique due to such as and iii. Produces and occrs in ( cells) iv. Haploid = half number of as original cell (humans = 23) v. Sex cells combine during reproduction to produce a individual 3. Students will compare and contrast sexual and asexual reproduction. a. Sexual reproduction: i. Pattern of reproduction that involved the production and fusion of sex cells ii. Haploid from father fertilizes haploid from mother to make a diploid

4 b. Asexual reproduction: i. A single parent produces one or more offspring by dividing into two cells ii. cells are clones of parent cells DNA Replication SC.912.L.16.3 Describe the basic processes of DNA replication and how it relates to the transmission and conservation of the genetic information. 1. Students will describe the process of DNA replication and its role in the conservation and transmission of genetic information. a. DNA Replication: DNA must replicate during the (in both mitosis and meiosis) in order for genetic information to be passed on to b. Semi-Conservative: the new daughter cells will have one strand of DNA and one stand of DNA 2. Students will explain the basic process of transcription and/or translation and their roles in the expression of genes. a. DNA replication occurs in two steps: i. Transcription 1. DNA unzips and unwinds the double helix; RNA inserts RNA into each strand as a place holder a. Base pairs must match! & 2. DNA then adds the appropriate matching nucleotide a. Again, base pairs must match! & 3. DNA links the two strands of DNA together and to be sure base pairs are matched correctly 4. Each strand of DNA makes strands of cell DNA! DNA to DNA DNA to RNA

5 b. After DNA replication has begun, the process of protein synthesis simultaneously begins: i. Once the first stage of has occurred (DNA base pairs match with base pairs), the is sent out of the and moves towards the through a process called ii. Once in the, the RNA strand is converted to (building blocks of ) through the use of iii. You must be able to read a codon table: AUG-UCA-CAA 3. Students will describe gene and chromosomal mutations. a. Sometimes the processes of DNA replication and protein synthesis will become, resulting in i. Mutations: 1. Passed from one cell to cells 2. Transmitted to if it occurs in cells 3. Most will have 4. Gene mutation: 5. Chromosome mutation: a. Can be or caused by mutagens (radiation, chemicals, etc) Mendel & Inheritance SC.912.L.16.1 Use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance. 1. Students will use Mendel s laws of segregation and independent assortment to analyze patterns of inheritance.

6 a. Mendel s Law of Segregation: gene pairs separate when (sex cells) are formed; each gamete is only allele of each gene pair i. Heterozygous = the two alleles are (hybrid) or ii. Homozygous = the two alleles are the ( or ) b. Mendel s Law of Independent Assortment: different pairs of genes separate of each other when gametes are formed i. This means when chromosomes in pairs during of meiosis, that not ALL of moms chromosomes are on one side and not ALL of dads chromosomes are on one side they are c. Dominant Traits: shown with letters; controlling trait i. Example: d. Recessive Traits: shown with letters; hidden allele i. Example: ii. Carrier: has one dominant and one, but disease is not expressed e. Inheritance can be predicted using a i. Results show the of an offspring receiving that trait, and may be expressed in percent, ratios, or fractions f. Two types of crosses: i. Monohybrid: contains boxes; a cross between two would produce a genotype ratio and a phenotype ratio ii. Dihybrid: contains boxes; a dihybrid cross involves traits for each parent and a cross between two parents would produce a phenotypic ratio

7 2. Students will identify, analyze, and/or predict inheritance patterns caused by various models of inheritance. a. Sex Chromosomes:, = males, = females b. Sex-Linked Traits: traits linked with particular sexes, traits are inherited on chromosome from mother (examples: ); more common in since females have another c. Multiple Alleles: presence of more than two alleles for a trait ( ) d. Polygenic Trait: one trait controlled by many (hair color, skin color); genes may be on the same or different chromosomes e. Codominance: phenotypes of both parents are produced in offspring so both alleles are expressed (black + white chickens = chicken; ) f. Incomplete Dominance: phenotype of a is a mix of the two parents; neither allele is, but combine to display both traits (red flower + white flower = flower) g. A may be used to show patterns of inheritance i. Squares = ; circles = ii. Shaded = ; half-shaded =