Honors Biology Midterm Exam Study Guide--January 2019

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1 Objective Response Reflection 3 = I totally know this! :) 2 = I remember this somewhat 1 = I don't remember this at all Explain the difference between independent and dependent variables. Explain what a control is and how it is used. How is a control group different from a control varialble (constant)? A scientist thinks that pumpkins will grow larger if given milk instead of water. She plants two fields of the same variety of pumpkins. Field A is watered with a total of 80L of water per week. Field B is given 80L of milk per week. The size of the pumpkins is measured and compared. List the 6 main elements found in living things. What is the independent variable? What is the dependent variable? What is the control? Describe two possible constants: Define biology. Define homeostasis and give an example of how the body maintains it. State and briefly describe the life processes as done in class. Which of the life functions is required for the survival of the species but not an individual? Explain why this is true.

2 What is ATP? How is energy harvested from it? What does the term "organic" mean? Give an example of an organic molecule. Give an example of a molecule that would be inorganic. Definition: Organic example: Inorganic example: How many covalent bonds does carbon tend to form? Why? Explain the relationship between a monomer and polymer. What are dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis? Identify which process is involved in digestion. List the monomers of each macromolecule, its function, and a food example. Carbohydrates: Lipids: Proteins Nucleic acids: Explain the function of enzymes using the term activation energy in your explanation. Draw a series of diagrams showing how enzymes work. Label each of the following: enzyme, substrate, product. Explain the functions of each of the following cell parts. *Be able to recognize cell types and organelles from a diagram. nucleus: ribosome: mitochondria: chloroplast: vacuole: endoplasmic reticulum: cell membrane: cell wall:

3 What are the 3 parts of the Cell Theory? golgi apparatus: vesicle: What is the basic (smallest) unit of life? Distinguish between plant and animal cells. Distinguish between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Explain how molecules move during osmosis, diffusion, and facilitated diffusion. Explain what happened to the egg in the osmosis demo. WHY did this happen? Be specific. Define selective permeability. Compare and contrast active and passive transport. Describe the structure of a phospholipid and how it relates to the plasma membrane. Write the equations, using compounds and names, for photosynthesis and cellular respiration. Where do photosynthesis and cellular respiration occur?

4 Compare and contrast heterotrophs and autotrophs. Give an example of each. What are the reactants and products of the light reactions? The light independent (Calvin) reactions? Describe the purpose of fermentation and when it might occur. What are the different types of fermentation? Give an example of an organism each occurs within. Briefly describe what happens in each phase of mitosis. prophase: metaphase: anaphase: telophase: Draw and label cells in each phase of mitosis. What is cytokinesis? How is different in plant cells and animal cells? Why does sexual reproduction result in more genetic variation than asexual reproduction? Describe what happens in each of the phases of the cell cycle. *Be able to identify the stages of the cell cycle G1: S:

5 and mitosis from a diagram. G2: M: G0: What type of cells are formed during meiosis? Meiosis starts with one cell and ends with how many cells? Are the cells produced by mitosis identical? Are the cells produced by meiosis identical? Mutations in which type of cells can be passed on to the offspring/children? How many chromosomes are in your somatic cells? Your sex cells? Distinguish between the terms homozygous and heterozygous. mitosis: meiosis: somatic cells: sex cells: Explain how incomplete dominance differs from regular dominance. What is a test cross and when is it used? What are the sex chromosomes for a female? Male? How do you draw each of the following in a pedigree? Be able to analyze a pedigree for all of the following: relationships between individuals, pattern of inheritance (dominant/recessive, autosomal/sex-linked) Define each of the terms: female: male: normal male: normal female: gene: affected male: affected female:

6 allele: dominant: recessive: genotype: phenotype: chromosome: sex-linked: gamete: zygote: What is a karyotype? Give an example of a condition that results from a trisomy. What is an autosome? How many are on a karyotype of a normal human? Why are chromosomes shown in pairs on a karyotype? Be able to complete and analyze a dihybrid Punnett square. Be able to complete and analyze non-mendelian trait crosses such as codominance, incomplete dominance, and sex-linked traits. Accurately describe the appearance of both male and female Drosophila. Identify the fly traits (eye color and wing shape) as either autosomal or sex-linked. male: female:

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