Contents. Part I. Measurement of precipitation...1

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1 Contents Part I. Measurement of precipitation...1 Chapter 1 The 2D-Video-Distrometer...3 Michael Schönhuber, Günter Lammer, Walter L. Randeu 1.1 Introduction About distrometer types Principle of measurement by 2D-Video-Distrometer Design of the instrument Measurable and derived quantities Current implementation Specifications Maintenance procedures Experiences Scientific merits Outlook...28 References...29 Chapter 2 Using vibrating-wire technology for precipitation measurements...33 Claude E. Duchon 2.1 Introduction Principles of operation Description of field site and data acquisition Advantages of using three vibrating wires Calibration-verification Temperature sensitivity Rain rate estimation Very low precipitation events Summary...56 References...58

2 XXII Contents Chapter 3 Measurements of light rain, drizzle and heavy fog...59 Ismail Gultepe 3.1 Introduction FRAM field projects and observations FD12P measurements VRG101 measurements POSS measurements Total Precipitation Sensor (TPS) measurements FMD and CIP measurements Analysis Results Case studies Overall comparisons Discussion Light precipitation and drizzle measurements Visibility calculations Uncertainties Conclusions...79 References...80 Chapter 4 The Droplet Spectrometer a measuring concept for detailed precipitation characterization...83 Sebastian Glasl, Magnus Anselm 4.1 Introduction Physical basis Drop size calculation Calibration The measuring concept The droplet sensor The software Rainalyser Discussion and applications Measuring range Influence of wind Drop shapes and drag coefficient Significance of the impulse of the drops Application possibilities Future plans and improvements Appendix...97 References...99

3 Contents XXIII Chapter 5 Quality control of precipitation data Thomas Einfalt, Silas Michaelides 5.1 Introduction Quality Control of rain gauge data Gaps in the data Physically impossible values Constant values Values above set thresholds Improbable zero values Unusually low daily values Unusually high daily values Data check time series Station data quality Generalization and future work Conclusion: what can we do automatically? Quality Control of radar data Data Quality report of COST Error sources Data Quality Index Correction methods Future developments References Part II. Estimation of precipitation i. Space estimation Chapter 6 Global precipitation measurement Arthur Y. Hou, Gail Skofronick-Jackson, Christian D. Kummerow, James Marshall Shepherd 6.1 Introduction Microwave precipitation sensors Rainfall measurement with combined use of active and passive techniques The Global Precipitation Measurement (GPM) mission GPM mission concept and status GPM core sensor instrumentation Ground validation plans Precipitation retrieval algorithm methodologies Active retrieval methods Combined retrieval methods for GPM...157

4 XXIV Contents Passive retrieval methods Merged microwave/infrared methods Summary References Chapter 7 Operational discrimination of raining from non-raining clouds in mid-latitudes using multispectral satellite data Thomas Nauss, Boris Thies, Andreas Turek, Jörg Bendix, Alexander Kokhanovsky 7.1 Introduction Conceptual model for the discrimination of raining from non-raining mid-latitude cloud systems Retrieval of the cloud properties using multispectral satellite data Application of the conceptual model to Meteosat Second Generation SEVIRI data The daytime approach The night-time approach Evaluation of the new rain area delineation scheme Evaluation study using daytime scenes Evaluation study using night-time scenes Conclusions References Chapter 8 Estimation of precipitation from space-based platforms Itamar M. Lensky, Vincenzo Levizzani 8.1 Introduction Estimating rainfall from space VIS/IR Passive microwave Active sensors Blended techniques Retrieval of precipitation formation processes using microphysical data Rain estimates using microphysical considerations Retrieval of precipitation formation processes Future developments Abbreviation References...213

5 Contents XXV Chapter 9 Combined radar radiometer retrievals from satellite observations Mircea Grecu, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou 9.1 Introduction Background General formulation Concluding remarks References Part II. Estimation of precipitation ii. Ground estimation Chapter 10 Rain microstructure from polarimetric radar and advanced disdrometers Merhala Thurai, V. N. Bringi 10.1 Introduction Background Rain microstructure: relevance Relating rain microstructure to polarimetric radar measurements Drop size distributions Variability DSD models DSD estimation from polarimetric radar measurements DSD estimation from advanced disdrometers Global DSD characteristics Seasonal variation Drop shapes Axis ratio measurements from an artificial rain experiment Drop contours Consistency with polarimetric radar measurements Drop orientation angles Fall velocities Summary References...279

6 XXVI Contents Chapter 11 On the use of spectral polarimetry to observe ice cloud microphysics with radar Herman Russchenberg, Lennert Spek, Dmitri Moisseev, Christine Unal, Yann Dufournet, Chandrasekhar Venkatachalam 11.1 Introduction The concept of spectral polarimetry Microphysical model of ice particles The shape of ice crystals Canting angles of ice crystals Mass density of ice crystals Velocity of ice crystals Bulk parameters Radar observables of ice particles Retrieval of microphysical parameters Dependence on DSD parameters of plates and aggregates The curve fitting procedure Quality of retrieval technique Application to radar data Retrieval algorithm results Comparison of IWC with LWC Relation between IWC and reflectivity Influence of the shape parameter of the DSD Summary and conclusions References Chapter 12 Performance of algorithms for rainfall retrieval from dual-polarization X-band radar measurements Marios N. Anagnostou, Emmanouil N. Anagnostou 12.1 Introduction X-band dual-polarization systems Attenuation correction schemes for X-band dual-polarization radar observations Rainfall estimation algorithms Review of microphysical retrieval algorithms Rainfall retrieval algorithms Data...325

7 Contents XXVII 12.5 Algorithm evaluation Evaluation of the DSD retrieval techniques Evaluation of rainfall retrieval techniques Closing remarks References Part II. Estimation of precipitation iii. Underwater estimation Chapter 13 Underwater acoustic measurements of rainfall Eyal Amitai, Jeffrey A. Nystuen 13.1 Introduction Why measure rainfall at sea? Why listen to rainfall underwater? What instrumentation is used to measure rainfall at sea? Using sound to measure drop size distribution and rain rate Listening to rainfall in a shallow water pond Oceanic field studies of the acoustic measurement of rainfall Listening to rainfall 2000 meters underwater the Ionian Sea Rainfall Experiment Rain type classification and wind speed estimates Conclusions and outlook References Part III. Prediction of precipitation Chapter 14 Probabilistic evaluation of ensemble precipitation forecasts Bodo Ahrens, Simon Jaun 14.1 Introduction Rain station precipitation data Forecast data by the limited-area prediction system COSMO-LEPS Observational references Skill scores...376

8 XXVIII Contents 14.6 Results and discussion Conclusions References Chapter 15 Improved nowcasting of precipitation based on convective analysis fields Thomas Haiden, Martin Steinheimer 15.1 Introduction The INCA system Advection forecast Convective analysis fields Cell evolution algorithm Verification and parameter sensitivity Orographic effects in convective initiation Conclusions References Chapter 16 Overview of methods for the verification of quantitative precipitation forecasts Andrea Rossa, Pertti Nurmi, Elizabeth Ebert 16.1 Introduction Traditional verification of QPF and limitations for high resolution verification Common scores The double penalty issue Scale-dependent techniques Neighborhood methods Spatial decomposition methods Object and entity-based techniques Stratification Seasonal, geographical and temporal stratification Weather-type dependent stratification Which verification approach should I use? References...449

9 Contents XXIX Chapter 17 Objective verification of spatial precipitation forecasts Nazario Tartaglione, Stefano Mariani, Christophe Accadia, Silas Michaelides, Marco Casaioli 17.1 Introduction The problem of observations in objective verification Use of rainfall adjusted field for verifying precipitation Statistical interpretation of position errors as derived by object-oriented methods Assessing the difference between CMS indices from two different forecast systems Conclusions References Part IV. Integration of measurement, estimation and prediction of precipitation Chapter 18 Combined use of weather radar and limited area model for wintertime precipitation type discrimination Roberto Cremonini, Renzo Bechini, Valentina Campana, Luca Tomassone 18.1 Introduction Data source and precipitation type discriminating algorithms Data sources Precipitation type discriminating algorithms Algorithm s validation Results Ground network 2 m air temperature LAMI freezing level LAMI wet-bulb temperature Summary and conclusions References Chapter 19 Adjusting ground radar using space TRMM Precipitation Radar Marco Gabella, Silas Michaelides 19.1 Introduction Monitoring hardware stability and measurements reproducibility Calibration versus absolute calibration...494

10 XXX Contents Adjustment Why to adjust Ground-based Radar (GR) data? Radar/Gauge factor: range-dependence as seen by gauges Adjustment not directly related to physical variables Adjustment factor related to some physical variables Comparing ground-based and spaceborne radar Range-dependence as seen by the TPR Instrumentation and data description The TRMM Precipitation Radar (TPR) The Ground-based Radar (GR) in Cyprus Results Bias and range-dependence derived from single overpasses A robust range-adjustment equation: integrating more overpasses Comparing TPR and GR echoes Summary and lessons learned References Chapter 20 Implementing a multiplatform precipitation experiment Giovanni Perona, Marco Gabella, Riccardo Casale 20.1 Introduction Scientific/technological objectives of the VOLTAIRE project Project organization VOLTAIRE project summary and recommendations Summary Main lessons learned Recommendations VOLTAIRE technical conclusions Outlook for QPE using radar Where we stand today Proposed solution: use of many inexpensive, redundant, short-range radars General conclusions Appendix References Author index Subject index...535

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