Earth Observation / Remote Sensing An overview (mostly pretty pictures)

Transcription

1 Partner logo This project has received funding from the European Union s Horizon 2020 Research and Innovation Programme under grant agreement no Coastal Waters Research Synergy Framework Earth Observation / Remote Sensing An overview (mostly pretty pictures) Dr Steve Emsley (ARGANS)

2 Remote sensing Observation from a distance 2 Image Credit: NASA 2009 Shuttle Atlantis crew celebrate 400 th anniversary of Galileo s discovery of moons of Jupiter with replica telescope

3 Galilean Moons: Io, Europa, Ganymede & Europa 3 Image Credit: NASA/JPL/DLR Galileo, launched by shuttle Atlantis 1989, entered Jovian system in 1995, terminated 2003

4 Looking into the past 4 Hubble space telescope Image Credit: Pablo Bonet Image Credit: NASA Gran Telescopio de Canarias Largest single-aperture optical telescope The Giant Magellan Telescope, first-light 2021, will have x10 the resolving power of Hubble, and will image nearby exoplanets and back 13 billion years to the Big Bang Image Credit: GMTO

5 Earthrise 5 December 24 th 1968 Taken by William Anders, who along with Frank Borman & Jim Lovell were the first to orbit the moon in Apollo 8. A year later Image Credit: NASA Image Credit: NASA

6 The Blue Marble 6 YOU ARE HERE Image Credit: NASA There is perhaps no better demonstration of the folly of human conceits than this distant image of our tiny world Image Credit: NASA Carl Sagan

7 42 years later DSCOVR captures a full-disk view every 15 minutes 7 Image Credit: NASA Deep Space Climate Observatory Image Credit: NASA Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter

8 Geostationary Orbit 8 On a geo-stationary orbit the satellite orbit matches the Earth s rotation. Weather satellites: static view of the Earth Broadcast satellites: receiving antenna can be fixed 36, 000 km from the Equator Communication and GPS satellites have a lower orbit, to reduce lag Image Credit: NOAA

9 Geocentric Orbit Sun synchronous near polar 9

10 Active versus Passive Sensors 10 Synthetic Aperture Radar Microware Scatterometer Laser Flourosensor Laser / Radar Altimeter UV Imager Visible / NIR Spectrometer Thermal / IR Sensor Microwave Radiometer

11 The A-train 11 Image Credit: NASA / JPL

12 Operational Satellites In 1966 only the USA, Russia and France had launch capability, with the UK, Canada and Italy also having satellites Source: UCS Satellite Database

13 Operational Satellites Now there are roughly 1,500 operational satellites orbiting Earth with over 70 countries are operating these satellites. Source: UCS Satellite Database

14 Greenhouse Gases Ozone & Solar Radiation Reactive Gases Aerosols Landslides Forest Fires Floods Earthquakes & Volcanic Eruptions Oil Spills Humanitarian Crises Sea Ice Marine Safety Climate & Seasonal Forecasting Marine Resources 14 Marine & Coastal Environment ATMOSPHERE SECURITY Border Surveillance Deserts EMERGENCY LAND Forest Monitoring Snow & Ice Precision Farming Risk Mapping MARINE Atmospheric Monitoring Marine Environment Monitoring Maritime Surveillance Land Cover, Use & Change Detection Monitoring Bio- Geophysical Variable Mapping CLIMATE Land Monitoring

15 Cyanobacteria Bloom Baltic Sea 7 August 2015 Sentinel-2A 10m resolution 15 Arrow On August points 11 to Landsat a ship 8 possibly appears belonging to have imaged to the Finnish the same ALG@line bloom (not who true were monitoring colour) the situation Image Credit: ESA

16 Emiliana huxleyi Bloom July 14 th 1999 Landsat-7 ETM+ 16 ARGANS Image Credit: NASA

17 Algal Blooms 17 (left) 19 th August 2009 Barents Sea MERIS / ENVISAT (below) 3 rd June 2016 Iceland MODIS / TERRA Image Credit: ESA Image Credit: NASA

18 Chl-a Climatology Average distribution of chlorophyll by month 18

19 Sentinel-3A OLCI 19 Image Credit: EUMETSAT/ESA Water-leaving reflectance, algal pigment, diffuse attenuation coefficient, PAR, aerosol optical thickness, total suspended matter, coloured detrital & dissolved material, water column vapour

20 Harmful Algal Bloom 22 November 2008 Gulf of Oman / MERIS 20 Image Credit: ESA

21 Coral Bleaching Adelaide Reef (GBR) Sentinel-2 MSI 21 Image Credit: ESA / ARGANS The sen2coral project has developed tools to aid monitoring

22 Coral Monitoring Tonga Sentinel-2A MSI 22 Satellite bathymetry, habitat mapping, seafloor reflectance and sea temperature are used Image Credit: ESA

23 Nautical Charting Using Satellite Derived Bathymetry 23 Image Credit: ARGANS / SHOM

24 Sea Surface Temperature (SST) 24 Image Credit: EUMETSAT

25 Soil Moisture and 25 Ocean Salinity (SMOS) SMOS/Microwave Imaging Radiometer using Aperture Synthesis (MIRAS)/ESA

26 SMOS+ Rainfall Monitoring fresh-water flux using changes in sea surface salinity 26 Sea Surface Salinity (SMOS) Microwave Radiometer rain rate

27 SMOS on acid Monitoring ocean alkalinity 27 Image Credit: Ifremer/ESA/CNES

28 Sentinel-3 SAR Altimeter 28 Sea-surface height Significant Wave Height Surface Wind Speed Used to analyse and forecast ocean currents Marine safety, Ship routing Predicting fate of pollution Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2016)

29 Ocean Currents 29 Greater Agulhas Current ASAR ENVISAT Sept 2007

30 Monitoring Sea Ice 30 Interferogram produced from S-1 radar images from 7 and 14 April 2017 Ice flow velocities Credit: Copernicus Sentinel data (2017), Hogg/CPOM/Priestley Centre

31 LiDAR 31 Mapping the Seafloor LIDAR: Light Detection and Ranging Planes are fitted with a LiDAR sensors to map the shape of the seafloor.

32 Monitoring Land Use Sentinal-2 Plymouth UK Map of green spaces in the city of Plymouth Image Credit: Copernicus/ESA Image Credit: Pixalytics

33 Monitoring Land Use Sentinel-2 6 th July 2016 Toulouse 33 Image Credit: Copernicus/ESA/University of Louvain/CESBIO

34 Monitoring Land Use Sentinel-2A False Colour Saudi Arabia 34

35 SMOS Soil Moisture 2011 was exceptionally warm and dry 35 Image Credit: ESA

36 Precision Agriculture 36 crop density - dark blue and green indicate lush vegetation, reds indicate areas of bare soil water deficit - green and blue indicate wet soil and reds indicate dry soil crops are under serious stress - indicated by red and yellow pixels Maricopa Agricultural Centre, Arizona Daedalus sensor/nasa

37 Monitoring Earthquakes Sentinel-1 SAR images before/after 24 August quake 37 Interferogram highlights area of surface deformation Image Credit: ESA/IREA-CNR

38 Monitoring Volcanoes 38 Calbuco Volcano, Chile 22 April April March 2015 Sentinel-1 SAR Interferogram Landsat 8 - Operational Land Imager sensor. 30m spatial resolution Image Credit: ESA

39 Monitoring Landslides Sentinel-1 SAR California Highway 1 / Big Sur 39 Small Baseline Subset Interferogram can detect movement as small as 70mm / year. Image Credit: ESA/Norut

40 Tracking Wildlife 40 Sooty Shearwater migration (Shaffer et al 2006) Killer whale migration (Durban and Pitman 2011)

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