Claude Duguay University of Waterloo
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1 Claude Duguay University of Waterloo with contributions from K. Kang and H. Kheyrollah Pour 2nd Annual EarthTemp Network Meeting Surface temperature in data-sparse and extreme regions June 2013 Copenhagen, Denmark
2 Content Recent variability and trends in near-surface air and surface (skin) temperatures SWIPA (Snow, Water, Ice and Permafrost in the Arctic) Scientific Assessment Report 2011 Arctic Report Card: 2012 update Arctic land surface temperature (LST) from satellite observations Validation (radiometers) and comparison (near-surface air and ground temperatures) from station measurements Intercomparison: satellite and reanalysis products Recent variations observed by MODIS ( ) Concluding remarks
3 Arctic Climate: Recent Variations Annual surface air temperature anomalies relative to mean Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp)
4 Arctic Climate: Recent Variations Seasonal surface air temperature anomalies relative to mean Source: NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies ( data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp)
5 Seasonal anomaly patterns for near-surface air temperatures 2012 relative to the reference period Data (NCEP/NCAR Reanalysis) are from NOAA/ESRL, Boulder, CO: Overland et al., 2013
6 Comparison of 2010, 2011 and 2012 summer (JJA) mean LST anomalies (relative to 2000 to 2010) for 16 glaciated regions of the Arctic based on the MODIS (Terra) MOD11A2 LST product Greenland Ice Sheet Ice sheet-wide JJA surface temperature from MODIS increased 3.4ºC between 2000 and 2012, from an average value of -9ºC in 2000 to -5.6ºC in 2012 Tedesco et al., 2013 Wolken et al., 2013
7 MODIS L2 (collection 5) LST products (MOD11L2.5 and MYD11L2.5) obtained by the satellites Terra and Aqua Thermal camera* installed on Samoylov Island, Lena River Delta Langer et al., 2010 Good correspondence, but misses in cloud cover detection result in MODIS LST 5 to 15 K colder than that inferred from the thermal camera * VARIOCAM HRTM, Infratec GmbH, Dresden, Germany) 2008
8 MODIS L2 (collection 5) LST products (MOD11L2.5 and MYD11L2.5) obtained by the satellites Terra and Aqua Westermann et al., 2011 Thermal camera installed on the Brøgger Peninsula in NW Svalbard 2008 Weekly averages calculated from the thermal imaging system and from MODIS LST agree within less than 2 K (larger for cases with undetected clouds) * VARIOCAM HRTM, Infratec GmbH, Dresden, Germany)
9 Arctic Case Study: Matchup Database Barrow ARM site, Alaska, 1 January - 31 March 2012 LST satellite minus in situ LST satellite minus 2-m air temp. Mean bias Data produced by Darren Ghent, U. Leceister
10 MOD11A1 (Terra) and MYD11AI (Aqua) Level-3 Version 5 (1 km) ( period) Comparison of LST day, night and day/night average with air temperature at 11 sites. Combining Aqua and Terra LST-day and LST-night acquisitions into a mean daily value a better overall agreement with Tair. R = 0.97; mean difference (MD) = 1.8 C; and standard deviation of MD (SD) = 4.0 C Hachem et al., 2012
11 LST vs air temp. Imnavait Basin, AK Kuujjuaq, QC Hachem et al., 2012
12 Imnavait Basin, AK Kuujjuaq, QC LST vs ground temp. (3-5 cm below the surface) Hachem et al., 2012
13 UW-L3 LST weekly and monthly (1-25 km) products derived from combination of Terra and Aqua L2 data (top) 25 km x 25 km grid cells Soliman et al., 2012
14 UW-L3 LST monthly product intercomparison Monthly MODIS (Terra and Aqua combined) and clear-sky monthly average of NARR and SSM/I LST, and AMSR-E screen-height air temperature for July Mean difference in the order of 1-2 K between MODIS and other products during snow-free conditions. SSM/I: Royer and Poirier, 2010 AMSR-E: Jones et al., km x 25 km grid cells Soliman et al., 2012
15 KETT Muskett, 2013 Figure 5. Changeof land-surfacemonthly temperature s above 65 N: (A) MODIS-Terra relative 10:30 and (B) MODISAqua relative 13:30 local equator crossing times. Note the Decadal Changes MOD11A1 (Terra) and MYD11AI (Aqua) Level-3 Version 5 from March 2000 through July 2012 Change of land-surface monthly temperatures above 65o N: (A)MODIS-Terra relative 10:30 and (B)MODIS- Aqua relative 13:30 local equator crossing times.
16 Spring (MAM) anomaly (2012 vs mean ) March April 2012 spring snow cover duration was the second shortest on record for both the North American and Eurasian sectors of the Arctic because of earlier than normal snow melt A new record low May SCE was also established over Eurasia. (Derksen and Brown, 2013; Arctic Report May Card 2012) Derived from UW-L3 LST (25 km x 25 km)
17 Summer (JJA) anomaly (2012 vs mean ) June July A new record low June snow cover extent (SCE) for the Northern Hemisphere (when snow cover is mainly located over the Arctic) was set in (Derksen and Brown, 2013; Arctic Report Card 2012) Aug. Derived from UW-L3 LST (25 km x 25 km)
18 Spring and summer LST and 2-m air temperature anomalies (Churchill, Canada) Derived from UW-L3 LST (25 km x 25 km)
19 Concluding remarks LST and surface air temperature do not represent the same thing. They are complementary observations. Differences are in the order of 1-2 K between LST in situ (radiometric) and satellite-derived observations. Average differences are in the order of 1-2 K between various satellite and other gridded products (e.g., reanalysis) during snow-free conditions. Greater differences are observed spatially and in other periods of the year. The source(s) of these differences need to be more fully investigated. MODIS Level 2 (Aqua/Terra) and derived products (e.g., UW-L3) allow for the examination of monthly and seasonal anomalies, and changes over the last decade (although the historical record is too short to draw any strong conclusion regarding any trends).
20 2nd Annual EarthTemp Network Meeting Surface temperature in data-sparse and extreme regions June 2013 Copenhagen, Denmark
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