Repellency of kaolin particle film to common pistachio psyllid, Agonoscena pistaciae under field conditions

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1 Bulletin of Insetology 69 (1): 7-12, 216 ISSN Repelleny of kolin prtile film to ommon pisthio psyllid, Agonosen pistie under field onditions Zhr SHEIBANI 1, Mhmoud SHOJAII 1, Mohmmd SHOJAADDINI 2, Sohr IMANI 1, Mohmmd Rez HASSANI 3 1 Deprtment of Entomology, Siene nd Reserh Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, Irn 2 Tehnil College of Agriulture, Tehnil nd Votionl University, Tehrn, Irn 3 Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Rfsnjn Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Rfsnjn, Irn Astrt The ommon pisthio psyllid, Agonosen pistie Burkhrdt et Luterer (Hemipter Psyllide) is the key pest of pisthio trees in Irn. Current mngement prties of this pest in pisthio orhrds re sed on insetiide pplitions, with s mny s 6 pplitions during the growing seson. In order to redue reline on insetiides, n lterntive my e the pplition of lterntive ompounds whih lter the ttrtiveness of pisthio trees for ommon pisthio psyllid feeding nd oviposition. In this study, the effet of different onentrtions of kolin prtile film (1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6 nd 7.5%) on oviposition rte nd nymph popultion density ws investigted utilizing rndomized omplete lok design under field onditions in 213 nd 214. Smpling ws rried out 2, 7, 14, 21 nd 28 dys fter tretment. Results indited 91% to 1% redution in oviposition t 5% onentrtions. Generlly, no eggs were found on the leflets of pisthio trees t ll smpling dtes with 7.5% onentrtion, nd t the first three smpling dtes for 6% onentrtion, in oth 213 nd 214. Signifint differenes etween 5% onentrtion nd 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions were noted only 28 dys fter tretment. The highest nd lowest redution of nymph popultion density ws oserved with 7.5% onentrtion (> 9%) nd with 1% onentrtion (> 2%), respetively. At the higher onentrtions tested, kolin prtile film signifintly redued ommon pisthio psyllid oviposition. Utiliztion of kolin prtile film my e n effetive strtegy in integrted mngement of ommon pisthio psyllid. Key words: Agonosen pistie, popultion density, kolin, prtile film tehnology, repelleny, physil rrier. Introdution The pisthio, Pisti ver L. (Spindles Anrdiee), is one of the most importnt eonomi rops in Irn (Mehrnejd, 21). The ommon pisthio psyllid (CPP), Agonosen pistie Burkhrdt et Luterer (Hemipter Psyllide), is one of the most detrimentl pests to pisthio trees (Rouhni et l., 212). The presene of high popultion densities of psyllid nymphs nd dults uses severe prolems in kernel development nd leds to susequent ud drop nd defolition, resulting in signifint eonomi losses. For this reson, psyllid infesttions hve reeived prtiulr ttention from pisthio-growers, who insist on sprying to redue the psyllid dmge (Mehrnejd, 21). Current mngement of this pest relies primrily on pplition of insetiides (s mny s 6 pplitions) in individul pisthio orhrds during the growing seson in Rfsnjn, Irn (Smih et l., 25). Unexpeted side effets of pestiide pplitions, suh s pest resistne, pest resurgene nd outreks of seondry pests my our when overuse of insetiides is employed in rops over prolonged periods. These hrmful side effets show the need for lterntive methods of ontrol tht do not rely on insetiides lone (Azimizdeh et l., 212). In mny ountries, there is n inresing effort to develop novel pprohes for mngement of inverterte rop pests. The physil environment of the pest n e modified in suh wy tht the inset no longer poses thret to the griulturl rops (Vinent et l., 23). Therefore, inorportion of methods whih redue the ttrtiveness of pisthio trees to CPP my serve to omplement nd redue reline on insetiides. A derese in ttrtiveness n result from negtive ttile response or through interferene with the host plnt physiology (hnge in olftory nd/or visul ues) (Peng et l., 211). The use of prtile film tehnologies hs reently een introdued s novel pproh to suppress rthropod pests of rops (Glenn et l., 1999). Prtile film tehnology synthesizes knowledge of minerl tehnology, inset ehviour nd light physis in order to ontrol pests (Glenn nd Puterk, 25). Kolin, the min omponent of these prtile films, is white, nonporous, non-swelling nd non-rsive luminosilite minerl (Al 4 Si 4 O 1 [OH] 8 ) tht esily disperses in wter nd is hemilly inert over wide ph rnge (Glenn et l., 1999). Powdered suspensions of proessed kolin use rrier nd repellent effet ginst insets (Glenn et l., 1999; Puterk et l., 2). Prtile films re effetive ginst mny key orders of rthropod pests ffeting rops, inluding homopterns, oleopterns, lepidopterns, dipterns nd rust mites (Glenn nd Puterk, 25). Suh tehnology hs effetively suppressed severl pests suh s Copsyll pyriol Foerster (Hemipter Psyllide) on pple nd per (Glenn et l., 1999; Psqulini et l., 22; Puterk et l., 25), Diphorin itri Kuwym on itrus (Hll et l., 27; Puterk et l., 25) nd Btroer olee (Rossi) (Sour nd Mkee, 23; Psul et l., 21). Kolinsed prtile films rete white powdery film fter sprying, whih serves s physil rrier repelling rthropods nd/or suppressing infesttions y mking the plnt visully or ttily unreognizle s host. Furthermore, it hmpers inset movement, feeding nd other physil tivities (Glenn et l., 1999; Puterk et l., 2; Showler, 22; Wyss nd Dniel, 24). Applition of kolin prtile film provides mny enefits; it is unlikely tht pests will develop resistne to it (Liu

2 nd Trumle, 24), it hs no phytotoxi effets, it lsts longer on the plnts thn most insetiides (Sugr et l., 25) nd it is non-toxi to humns nd reltively sfe to nturl enemies (Friedrih et l., 23; Delte nd Friedrih, 24). Kolin prtile film ould prevent inipient rdition, preserve het, regulte temperture nd enhne mturity in plnts (Wisniewski et l., 22; Wnd et l., 26). Additionlly, it forms suspension in wter, n e esily pplied using onventionl spry equipment nd my eventully redue the numer of pplitions of onventionl insetiides. A omplete nd uniform film oting on the plnt surfe is essentil for kolin prtile film to e effetive (Glenn et l., 1999; Lrentzki et l., 28). Although kolin prtile film hs previously een evluted for mngement of pisthio psyllid Agonosen trgionii (Lihtenstein), the effet different onentrtions of kolin on popultion density redution (eggs nd nymph) hs not een evluted. Therefore, the ims of the present study were: (1) to onfirm the repellent effet of kolin ginst CPP nd (2) to test different onentrtions of kolin in order to determine the optimum onentrtion for ontrol of CPP under field onditions on pisthio trees. Mterils nd methods Kolin prtile film The kolin prtile film (Sepidn ) used in this study ws hydrophili film (WP;.i. 95%) tht ws provided from Kimi Szvr Compny, Irn. Study site The tril ws onduted in 2-yer-old Akri pisthio orhrd with high density of CPP in Rfsnjn, Irn during summer The experimentl orhrd ws moderte density plnttion (1 trees/h). The orhrd onsisted of 3 rows with 34 trees per row. The trees (2.5 m height) were sped 4 m prt. The tril ws rrnged in ompletely rndomized lok design with four replitions (eh plot onsisted of 228 trees) nd seven tretments inluding (kolin 1, 2.5, 3.5, 5, 6 nd 7.5%), long with n untreted ontrol (wter tretment) under field onditions. Kolin ws pplied to trees y sprying them to runoff with smll motorized spryer equipped with n gittor. The trees were treted one per yer. Smpling of eggs For smpling of eh tretment, four trees in the entre of rows were seleted rndomly; from eh tree, five leves from eh side (totlly, 2 leves) were piked rndomly. The numers of eggs lid on upper nd lower sides of eh pil leflet in eh plot were ounted under stereomirosope. Smpling ws undertken 2, 7, 14, 21 nd 28 dys fter kolin pplition. Oviposition deterrent perentge (O.D. %) of the kolin tretment ws lulted ording to the following formul (Lundgren, 1975): O.D. % = (B A) / (A + B) 1 where, A = men numer of eggs lid on the tretment, B = men numer of eggs lid on the ontrol. Smpling of nymph popultion The smpling ws rried out dy efore tretment nd 2, 7, 14, 21 nd 28 dys post-tretment. Smpling ws undertken in the sme wy s egg smpling. The nymphs of CPP on upper nd lower sides of eh pil leflet were ounted nd reorded. Men mortlity ws lulted nd dt orreted y Henderson-Tilton formul s elow: Effiy % = [1 (T / C) (C / T)] 1 where, T = men numer of living pests in treted plot fter tretment, C = men numer of living pests in ontrol plot fter tretment, C = men numer of living pests in ontrol plot efore tretment, T = men numer of living pests in treted plot efore tretment (Henderson nd Tilton, 1955). Sttistil nlysis All dt (%) were rsine squre-root trnsformed efore sttistil nlysis. Dt were sujeted to nlysis of vrine (ANOVA) using the generl liner model (GLM) (SPSS 16, In). The mens were seprted y Tukey s test (P <.5). Results Oviposition redution 213 There were signifint differenes in perentge of oviposition redution mong different kolin tretments 2 dys (F = 34.1; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 7 dys (F = 95.41; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 14 dys (F = 32.41; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 21 dys (F = 296.4; df = 5, 3; P =.1) nd 28 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1) fter tretment (P <.5). The lest nd gretest repelleny were found in 1% (47.25%) nd 7.5% (1%) tretments, respetively 2 dys fter tretment (figure 1). Generlly, three lower onentrtions (1, 2.5 nd 3.5%) showed signifint differenes t ll smpling dtes (figure 1). There were no signifint differ- Oviposition redution (%) dy 7 dy 14 dy 21 dy 28 dy dddd edeee edee f d Kolin onentrtion (%) Figure 1. Mens (± SE) perent redution of CPP eggs t different times fter tretment in 213. The mens, in the dy fter tretment, followed y the sme letters do not differ signifintly (p <.5, Tukey s test). (In olour t 8

3 enes etween 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions exept 28 dys fter tretment (figure 1). As shown, no eggs were oserved in 6% onentrtion t the first three dtes. Therefore, 21 dys fter tretment for the first time, eggs were oserved in 6% onentrtion (99.47% oviposition redution). In ontrst, t ll smpling dtes, no eggs were found in 7.5% onentrtion. Finlly, 28 dys fter tretment, the lowest nd highest redutions in oviposition were reorded nd 1% in 1 nd 7.5% onentrtions, respetively (figure 1). 214 Results indited tht there were signifint differenes in perentge of oviposition redution mong different kolin tretments 2 d (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 7 d (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 14 d (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 21 d (F = 57.77; df = 5, 3; P =.1) nd 28 d (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1) fter tretment (P <.5). The lowest oviposition redution ws reorded in 1% onentrtion (41.75%), while no eggs were found (1% oviposition redution) in 5, 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions 2 dys fter pplition (figure 2). Two weeks fter kolin pplition, for the first time, eggs were oserved in 5% onentrtion ut showed no signifint differenes with 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions (figure 2). The third week, 6% onentrtion (99.23%) showed no signifint differenes with 5 (96.23%) nd 7.5% (1%) onentrtions (figure 2). At the 28 dys smpling dte in 7.5% onentrtion there were no eggs; the lowest oviposition redution (23.73%) ws reorded for 1% onentrtion. Also, only on 28 dys smpling dte, 5% onentrtion (91.7%) showed signifint differenes etween onentrtions 6 (98.27%) nd 7.5% (1%) (figure 2). A deresing trend of repelleny ws oserved for ll the tretments with the pssing of time exept for 7.5% nd 6% onentrtions (figure 2). Redution of nymph popultion density 213 There were signifint differenes in nymph density mong different kolin tretments 2 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 7 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 14 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 21 dys (F = 255.6; df = 5, 3; P =.1) nd 28 dys (F = 26.17; df = 5, 3; P =.1) fter tretment (P <.5). 2 dys fter tretment the gretest nd lest redution of nymph density were found in 7.5% (93.7%) nd 1% (24.54%) onentrtions, respetively (figure 3). On this dy, 1, 2.5 nd 3.5% onentrtions showed no signifint differenes. Also there were no signifint differenes mong 5, 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions (figure 3). There were signifint differenes mong ll onentrtions 7 dys post-tretment (figure 3). Also, there were no signifint differenes etween 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions 14, 21 nd 28 dys fter pplition (figure 3). Finlly, t the 28 dys smpling dte, the highest nd lowest nymph density redution were reorded in 7.5% (92.35%) nd 1% (2.2%) onentrtions, respetively (figure 3). Oviposition redution (%) dy 7 dy 14 dy 21 dy 28 dy dddd dddde e ddde f d Kolin onentrtion (%) Figure 2. Mens (± SE) perent redution of CPP eggs t different times fter tretment in 214. The mens, in the dy fter tretment, followed y the sme letters do not differ signifintly (p <.5, Tukey s test). (In olour t Nymph popultion redution (%) dy 7dy 14dy 21dy 28dy e f e e ee ee dd dd Kolin onentrtion (%) Figure 3. Mens (± SE) perent redution of CPP nymphs t different times fter tretment in 213. The mens, in the dy fter tretment, followed y the sme letters do not differ signifintly (p <.5, Tukey s test). (In olour t Results indited tht there were signifint differenes in nymph density mong different kolin tretments 2 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 7 dys (F = 51.82; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 14 dys (F = 272.5; df = 5, 3; P =.1), 21 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1) nd 28 dys (F = ; df = 5, 3; P =.1) fter tretment (P <.5). There were no signifint differenes etween 2.5 nd 3.5% onentrtions nd lso etween 5 nd 6% onentrtions t 2 dys fter tretment (figure 4). At the 2 dys smpling dte, the highest nymph density redution ws reorded in 7.5% onentrtion (92.5%), whih t 7 dys fter tretment showed slight inrese (94.2%). Also t 2 dys, lowest nymph density redution ws found in 1% onentrtion (23.35%), whih t 7 dys fter kolin 9

4 Nymph popultion redution (%) Figure 4. Mens (± SE) perent redution of CPP nymphs t different times fter tretment in 214. The mens, in the dy fter tretment, followed y the sme letters do not differ signifintly (p <.5, Tukey s test). (In olour t pplition showed further derese (21.38%) (figure 4). At the 14 dy smpling dte, 5% onentrtion (78.36%) ws not signifintly different from 6% onentrtion (84.48%). Also, there were no signifint differenes mong two lower onentrtions 1 (22.31%) nd 2.5% (29.94%) on dy 14 (figure 4). There were signifint differenes mong the ll onentrtions t 2, 21 nd 28 dys fter tretment. Finlly, t the 28 dys smpling dte, the highest nd lowest nymph density redution ws reorded t 92.73% nd 19.99% in 1 nd 7.5% onentrtions, respetively (figure 4). Disussion 2dy 7dy 14dy 21dy 28dy d dd e ee d f d f f Kolin onentrtion (%) In the present study, not only were no eggs on upper nd lower side of leflets of pisthio trees t ll smpling dtes in 7.5% onentrtion ut these results were lso oserved t the first three smpling dtes in 6% onentrtion in 213 nd 214. Therefore, 7.5% onentrtion showed the strongest repelleny to femles nd deterred oviposition t different dys fter tretment. Repelleny to femle oviposition ws deresed t 1, 2.5 nd 3.5% onentrtions espeilly 28 dys fter kolin pplition while 6 nd 7.5 nd 5% onentrtions remined highly effetive four weeks fter pplition. On the other hnd, trend towrds deresing repelleny effet for ll tretments ws oserved with the pssge of time, exept in 7.5 nd 6% onentrtions (figures 1 nd 2); in 5% onentrtion, only slight derese ws oserved fter 28 dys. Generlly, kolin tretment t 5, 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions suppressed the CPP infesttions, while 1 nd 2.5% onentrtions filed to do so. The onentrtion 3.5% did not provide dequte protetion ginst CPP dmge. The redution of oviposition due to kolin ould e ttriuted to the repelleny effet of kolin. Our study lerly demonstrted tht kolin protets pisthio trees ginst infesttions of CPP. Results of present study re onsistent with results of Erler nd Cetin (27) tht reported oviposition deterreny of 1% onentrtion kolin prtile film on per psyll t levels of 5.5 nd 66.9% fter four weeks, in 24 nd 25, respetively. Also, Psqulini et l. (22) reported kolin hs very good effiy (99-1% redution in men egg numers) in omprison to minerl oil nd untreted ontrol on Copsyll pyri (L.). As well s, Hll et l. (27) showed tht the numers of eggs of D. itri on kolin-treted itrus trees (3%) per flush shoot ws redued y 85%. When kolin prtiles ling to the ody of the inset pest, the insets struggle on treted surfes, thus leding to feeding nd oviposition redution (Glenn nd Puterk, 25). Moreover, Peng et l. (211) reported potto psyllid dults, Bterier okerelli (Sul) ould lnd on kolin-treted plnts when no hoie ws given, ut fewer eggs were lid. When given hoie, psyllids voided treted plnts under lortory nd field onditions. Sour (25) reported tht kolin-spryed pisthio trees throughout two yers of trils were helthier nd more vigorous thn pisthio trees treted with hemil insetiide for ontrol of A. trgionii. Although the modes of tion of kolin prtiles on insets nd mites were not fully understood, it ppers tht these effets my e ttriuted to olour (white) treted surfe, whih repels the insets from lnding (Ling nd Liu, 22) nd disrupts inset feeding nd oviposition (Ling nd Liu, 22; Liu nd Trumle, 24). In ddition, Glenn et l. (1999) reported tht per psyll oviposition ould lso e severely redued y the tthment of kolin prtiles to dult s ody s they rwled upon the prtile film. These reports showed tht dults were distrted, either trying to remove the prtiles from their ody prts or remining motionless ompred to untreted dults (feed nd ly eggs tively). Due to the effet of kolin prtiles on the feeding ehviour of per psyll dults, Glenn et l. (1999) suggested tht the ehviour of the dults ws disrupted y the linging prtiles to their ody; onsequently, they were unle to feed nd eventully strved fter 3 dys. Nymph popultion density in the present study ws redued in different onentrtions of kolin, espeilly in 5, 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions over the two study yers. The highest nd lowest redution in popultion density ws oserved in 7.5% nd 1% onentrtions, respetively. Our findings re supported y Psqulini et l. (22) whih showed tht two pplitions of kolin in Ferury nd Mrh used 99 1% redution of C. pyri nymphs. In this study, kolintreted plots showed lower levels of nymph instrs depending on onentrtion utilized nd espeilly in 5, 6 nd 7.5% onentrtions. The present dt showed tht kolin prtile film ws highly effetive to ontrol of CPP y preventing egg lying nd susequent uild-up of popultion density. Puterk et l. (25) noted tht in kolin-treted trees (3%), young nymphs of C. pyriol were showed moderte levels of erly mortlity. Hll et l. (27) showed tht the numers of itrus psyllid nymphs per flush shoot were redued y 78% in kolin prtile film-treted trees. Repelleny of kolin prtile film to vrious insets hs een reported in the literture. 1

5 Kolin ws suessfully used in lortory nd field experiments ginst the Europen per suker, C. pyri, signifintly reduing the popultion density of this polyvoltine speies (Dniel et l., 25; Erler nd Cetin, 27). Results of Peng et l. (211) regrding the effet of kolin on potto psyllid, B. okerelli showed the presene of fewer numers of dults, eggs nd nymphs on kolin prtile film-treted plnts thn on ontrol plnts. As well, results of this study re onsistent with finding of other reserh undertken on severl psyllid speies (Puterk et l., 2; Psqulini et l., 22; Dniel et l., 25; Sour et l., 25). Glenn et l. (1999) nd Puterk et l. (2) reported oviposition of the winter nd summer form of per psyll ws signifintly suppressed y the pplition of kolin, nd suppression of oviposition resulted in signifintly fewer nymphs in prtile film tretments ompred with untreted ontrols. Due to the mehnism (s) involved in suppressing oviposition, Puterk et l. (2; 25) suggested tht ltertions of olour nd/or utile struture of tree rk y the pplition of kolin ould e responsile for redued oviposition of per psyll. The nonrsive nd soft nture of kolin indites tht this ompound is ineffetive s n insetiidl gent (Glenn et l., 1999). Therefore, kolin prtile film mode of tion is to prevent psyllids from feeding ehviour, s reported with phids. The erly onset of hnge in these pests ehviour my e relted to ltered visul or ttile ues of plnt (Glenn et l., 1999; Burgel et l., 25). CPP mngement in Irn is direted primrily towrd reduing the popultion density prior to the pisthio rpid growth kernel stge using syntheti insetiides. This study suggests tht kolin my offer suitle lterntive to ontrol of this key pest efore this ritil stge nd prevent erly seson popultion uild-up. Although it is not ler whether kolin prtile film n ompletely reple hemil insetiides in the mngement of CPP on pisthio, it my e useful nd less toxi lterntive within n integrted pest mngement strtegy. As well, use of otnil oils nd essentil oils n enhne kolin effiy, s previously demonstrted (Ling nd Liu, 22; Reitz et l., 28), where pplition of kolin nd oils ws studied to evlute the synergist effet of oil on kolin. Sine rinfll levels re very low in pisthio plnting res of Irn, pplition of kolin seems to e suitle strtegy for CPP ontrol. Our results, like those reported in other studies, hve shown tht non-hemil kolin is n effetive insetiide, without side-effets suh s phytotoxiity on treted plnts. In summry, the present study hs lerly indited the potentil of kolin prtile film s repellent to ommon pisthio psyllid, A. pistie nd hs demonstrted tht kolin prtile film might e n eonomilly vile nd environmentlly sound omponent of n integrted pproh for ontrol of CPP nd relted pests. Aknowledgements The uthors wish to thnk D. W. Goerzen (Ssk Lefutters Assoition, Cnd) for ritil editing the mnusript. Referenes AZIMIZADEH N., AHMADI K., IMANI S., TAKALLOOZADEH H., SARAFRAZI A., Toxi effets of some pestiides on Dereooris lutesens in the lortory.- Bulletin of Insetology, 65 (1): BURGEL K. C., DANIEL C., WYSS E., 25.- Effets of utumn kolin tretments on the rosy pple phid, Dysphis plntgine (Pss.) nd possile modes of tion.- Journl of Applied Entomology, 129: COTTRELL T. E., WOOD B. W., REILLY C. 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MEHRNEJAD M., 21.- Potentil iologil ontrol gents of the ommon pisthio psyll, Agonosen pistie, review.- Entomofun, 31 (21): PASCUAL S., COBOS G., SERIS E., GONZALEZ-NUNEZ M., 21.- Effets of proessed kolin on pests nd non-trget rthropods in Spnish olive grove.- Journl of Pest Siene, 83:

6 PASQUALINI E., CIVOLANI S., CORELLI GRAPPADELLI L., 22.- Prtile film tehnology: pproh for iortionl ontrol of Copsyll pyri (Rynhot Psyllide) in Northern Itly.- Bulletin of Insetology, 55: PASQUALINI E., CIVOLANI S., CORELLI GRAPPADELLI L., 24.- Control of per psyllid with kolin film.- Informtore Agrrio, 6 (11): PENG L., TRUMBLE J. T., MUNYANEZA J. E., LIU T-X., Repelleny of kolin prtile film to potto psyllid, Bterier okerelli (Hemipter: Psyllide), on tomto under lortorynd field onditions.- Pest Mngement Siene, 67 (7): PORCEL M., COTES B., CAMPOS M., Biologil nd ehviourl effets of kolin prtile film on lrve nd dults of Chrysoperl rne (Neuropter:Chrysopide).- Biologil Control, 59 (2): PUTERKA G. J., GLENN D. M., SEKUTOWSKI D. G., UNRUH T. R., JONES S. K., 2.- Progress towrds liquid formultions of prtile films for inset nd disese ontrol in per.- Environmentl Entomology, 29: PUTERKA G. J., GLENN D. M., PLUT R. C., 25.- Ation of prtile films on the iology nd ehvior of per psyll (Homopter: Psyllide).- Journl of Eonomi Entomology, 98: REITZ S. R., MAIORINO G., OLSON S., SPRENKEL R., CRESCENZI A., MOMOL M. T., 28.- Integrting plnt essentil oils nd kolin for the sustinle mngement of thrips nd tomto spotted wilt on tomto.- Plnt Disese, 92: ROUHANI M., SAMIH M. A., ESMAEILIZADEH M., Evlution of effets of two spring pplitions of mironutrients on the popultion density of ommon pisthio psyll (Agonosen pistie) in pisthio orhrds.- Journl of Plnt Protetion Reserh, 52 (3): SAMIH M. A., ALIZADEH A., SABERI RISEH R., 25.- Pisthio pests nd diseses in Irn nd their IPM.- Orgniztion of Jihd-e-University, Tehrn, Irn. SAOUR G., 25.- Effiy of kolin prtile film nd seleted syntheti insetiides ginst pisthio psyllid Agonosen trgionii (Homopter: Psyllide) infesttion.- Crop Protetion, 24: SAOUR G., MAKEE H., 23.- A kolin-sed prtile film for suppression of the olive fruit fly Btroer olee Gmelin (Dip: Tephritide) in olive groves.- Journl of Applied Entomology, 127: 1-4. SHOWLER A. T., 22.- Effets of kolin-sed prtile film pplition on oll weevil (Coleopter: Curulionide) injury to otton.- Journl of Eonomi Entomology, 95: SHOWLER A. T., SETAMOU M., 24.- Effets of kolin prtile film pplition on seleted nontrget rthropod popultions in otton in the Lower Rio Grnde Vlley of Texs.- Southwestern Entomologist, 29: SUGAR D., HILTON R. J., VANBUSKIRK P. D., 25.- Effets of kolin prtile film nd rootstok on tree performne nd fruit qulity in Doyenne du Comie per.- HortSiene, 4: VINCENT C., HALLMAN G., PANNETON B., FLEURAT-LESSARD F., 23.- Mngement of griulturl insets with physil ontrol methods.- Annul Review of Entomology, 48: WAND S. J. E., THERON K. I., ACKERMAN J., MARAIS S. J. S., 26.- Hrvest nd post-hrvest pple fruit qulity following pplitions of kolin prtile film in South Afrin orhrds.- Sienti Hortiulture, 17: WISNIEWSKI M., GLENN D. M., FULLER M. P., 22.- Use of hydrophoi prtile film s rrier to extrinsi ie nuletion in tomto plnts.- Amerin Soiety for Hortiulturl Siene, 127: WYSS E., DANIEL C., 24.- Effets of utumn kolin nd pyrethrin tretments on the spring popultion of Dysphis plntgine in pple orhrds.- Journl of Applied Entomology, 128: Authors ddresses: Zhr SHEIBANI (orresponding uthor, zsheini21@yhoo.om), Mhmoud SHOJAII, Sohr IMANI, Deprtment of Entomology, Siene nd Reserh Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Tehrn, Irn; Mohmmd SHOJAADDINI, Tehnil College of Agriulture, Tehnil nd Votionl University, Tehrn, Irn; Mohmmd Rez HASSANI, Deprtment of Plnt Protetion, Rfsnjn Brnh, Islmi Azd University, Rfsnjn, Irn Reeived Ferury 22, 215. Aepted Novemer 23,