Corresponding author Keywords: Plodia interpunctella, Cultivars of date, population growth parameters INTRODUCTION

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1 Interntionl Journl of Frming nd Allied Sienes Avilble online t IJFAS Journl / ISSN IJFAS Comprison of popultion growth prmeters of the Plodi interpuntell Hübner (Lepidopter: Pyrlide) on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs of dte Hmideh Pourbehi 1*, Ali Asghr Tlebi 2, Abbs Ali Zmny 3, Shil Goldsteh 4, Nser Frrr 5 nd Nsrin Niknm 6 1. Grduted student (Ms), Entomology Deprtment, Islmi Azd University, Ark Brnh, Ark, Irn 2. Entomology Deprtment, Agriulturl fulty, Trbit Modres University, Tehrn, Irn 3. Plnt Protetion Deprtment, Rzi University, Kermnshh, Irn 4. Entomology Deprtment, Agriulturl fulty, Islmi Azd University, Ark Brnh, Ark, Irn 5. Agriulture nd Nturl Resoures Reserh Center of Bushehr 6. Grduted student (Ms), Deprtment of Agronomy, Fulty of Agriulture, Ysouj University, Irn Corresponding uthor Emil: poorbehi_h@yhoo.om ABSTRACT: The Indin mel moth, Plodi interpuntell (Hübner) (Lepidopter: Pyrlide) is one of the most ommonly reported pests of stored dte in Irn. The popultion growth prmeters of P. interpuntell were studied on three ultivrs (Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb) of dte. The experiments were onduted in lbortory onditions t temperture of 27±2 ºC, reltive humidity of 45±5% nd photoperiod of 16L: 8D hours. Dt were nlyzed ording to Jkknife method with SAS nd SPSS sttistil softwre. The net reprodution rtes were 55.28±5.8, 42.58±4.26 nd 36.3±4.67 femles per femle per genertion on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs, respetively. The intrinsi rte of inreses on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs were estimted /941±/2, /813±/2 nd /691±/2 femles per femle per dy, respetively. There ws signifint differene between intrinsi rte of inrese, finite rte of inrese, doubling time nd men genertion time on different ultivrs of dte. The longest nd shortest men genertion time ws obtined on Kbkb (51.984±.4 dys) nd Zhedi (42.655±.5 dys) ultivrs, respetively. Keywords: Plodi interpuntell,, popultion growth prmeters INTRODUCTION Plodi interpuntell Hubner (Indin mel moth) belongs Lepidopter order, Ditrysi suborder, Pyrloide superfmily, Pyrlide fmily, nd Phyitine sub-fmily (Borror et l., 1989). The Indin mel moth is world-wide inset pest of stored-produts nd proessed food ommodities. It n infest vriety of produts nd is perhps the most eonomilly importnt inset pest of proessed food (Mohndss et l., 27). This pest is monotype, polyphge nd osmopolite nd is importnt pests of nuts (Mrzbn, 1997). The inset to be found ll regions of Irn espeilly in south of Irn in storge of dte (Sepsgozrin, 1975) nd lrve of its is feeding from most of food stuffs tht hve plnt soure (Bhgeri zenoz, 1973) nd ttking wide rnge of stored produts inluding dried vegetble ommodities (N nd Ryoo, 2). All tivities of this moth tke ple overnight nd in drkness nd during the dy they sty in different shelters suh s rnny, door nd window sems, nd other shelters with no movement (Bhgeri zenoz, 1973). The single mle n mte with 6-7 femles during its life time nd single femle on n verge n mte with 4 mles (Brower 1975). Mting ourred within the first 24 hours (Silhek et l., 23) nd Adult femles begn to ly eggs within h fter mting (Mendoz nd Pen, 24). Egg-lying usully tkes ple t night (Ebeling, 22). Feundity of this pest differs gretly from one study to nother nd is

2 Intl J Frm & Alli Si. Vol., 2 (14): , 213 ftors, suh s type of food, size of the femle, provision of drinking wter, nd physiologil stte of the femle moths, Temperture, humidity re the importnt influentil ftors on Indin mel moth oviposition nd mximum feundity ourred t 3 ºC (Mbt, 1985). At 15 C nd 7% reltive humidity, lrve do not hth from the eggs s ll the eggs die due to old temperture (Bell, 1975). Eggs re lid on or ner the food surfe (Mullen nd Arbogst, 1977) individully or in 12 to 3 bthes (Sepsgozrin, 1975). Durtion of oviposition lsted for 1 to 8 dys. The most oviposition is in erly dys, nd the number of oviposition grdully dereses. Number of eggs vries ording to the types of food. In the ondition of 27 ºC nd the 5-6%, reltive humidity durtion for hthing eggs ws minimum 2 nd mximum 3 dys (Mrzbn, 1997). In lbortory ondition t 27 ºC nd 45 ±5% reltive humidity, eh femle moth lys bout 4 to 275 eggs throughout their lifetime nd ly on 15 eggs in verge, nd fter 6 to 7 dys eggs on wlnut re opened (Bhgeri Zenoz, 1973). The egg hth vries from 88% nd 96%, on pisthio nd lmond respetively (Johnson, et l., 1992) nd 82%-95% on fresh grli seed (Mendoz nd Pen, 24). The inubtion period of P. interpuntell rered on whet diet t 25 ºC nd 7% reltive humidity vried from 4 to 6 dys nd from 3 to 5 dys in field nd lbortory strins, respetively (Bell, 1975). Adults moths re short lived (7-9 d) nd do not use ny diret dmge to stored food (Smbrju, 27). Allotey nd Goswmi (199) speified the durtion from egg phse to dult emerge of Indin mel moth in temperture 3 ºC nd reltive humidity of 76% bout 25.7 nd 46.1 dys on broken sorghum nd whet respetively. Also, the Development times from egg hth to dult emergene for P. interpuntell on fresh grli seed rnged from 42 to 47 dys, with n verge of 46.±8/ dys (Mendoz nd Pen, 24). N nd Ryoo (2) found the development tht when the moth ws rered on onions, the verge development time ws 54.1±6. nd 43.7±4.8 dys respetively t 25 ºC nd 28 ºC, nd t 7 8% reltive humidity. The men number of degree-dys for time of egg hth ws 28.2±5. on fresh grli seed nd the men number of degree-dys from egg hth to dult development ws 364.±6.9 (Mendoz nd Pen, 24). The experiment on dry pisthio with the temperture of 2 to 32.5 ºC, reltive humidity of 5±5% nd 16 hours of lighting round the lok hs speified tht the minimum temperture requirement for Indin mel moth is 13.1 ºC nd the totl temperture need for the ompletion of life yle of this inset is degree-dys (Bsirt nd Mehrnejd, 24). Pest ontmintion is the min problem of storge produts espeilly on dte, nd sine dte is signifintly onsumed nnully in the ountry or exported brod due to its speil qulity, therefore studying the biologil hrteristis of this pest ould hve n importnt role in business nd use the inrese of qulity of dte produt. The purpose of this reserh is to ompre biologil hrteristis, the prmeters of life tble, reprodution nd popultion growth of Plodi interpuntell on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs of dte. It n use the obtined results in the integrted pest mngement of dte. MATERIALS AND METHODS Contminted dtes were olleted from the storge of Bushehr provine in summer nd trnsferred to the lbortory, nd then Indin mel moth lrve were seprted from ontminted dtes nd were put in ulture dishes with dimensions of 12 13m for eh ultivr seprtely. Adults nd lrve were rered in ulture dishes under temperture of 27±2ºC, 45±5% reltive humidity nd photoperiod of 16L:8D hours (light: drk) seprtely on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs for one genertion. Hving pssed the first genertion, from rered insets were took egg seprtely on eh dte ultivrs. One hundred Petri dish were prepred for eh dte ultivr. 1 Indin mel moth eggs were put on three dte ultivrs (Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb) in Petri dish. The egg ws put in eh Petri dish, whih ontined vrious dte ultivrs. To filitte nlysis of lrve ged 1 nd 2, different dte ultivrs were first hopped into smll prtiles to the pproximte size of 1 entimeter. During the time nd the ompletion of initil food soure, some food were dded to the growth medium with regrd to the lrve requirements nd the wstes of lrve were removed from the ulture environment. Inset ontiners were studied dily from egg phse to the end of the dult s life. Survey of popultion growth prmeters of Plodi interpuntell To lulte popultion growth prmeters, the dt obtined from the experiment inluding ge (x), the rtio survivl of femle insets t ge x (l x ) nd the men reprodued femle s egg t ge x (m x ) were entered into tble. To nlyze the popultion growth prmeters were used SAS (SAS Institute, 23), Minitb (MINITAB, 2), nd figures were drwing using Exel softwre. In order to lulte frequeny nd men of prmeters, jkknife sttistil method (Mi et l., 2) hs been used to lulte prmeters. 418

3 Intrinsi rte of inrese Net reprodution rte Intl J Frm & Alli Si. Vol., 2 (14): , 213 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The popultion growth prmeters of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte hve been shown in tble 1. The net reprodution rte indites the totl produed femle of Indin mel moth by femle during its lifetime with the intervention of the survivl rte ftor. The mximum nd the minimum net reprodution rte (R o ) hve been lulted to be 55/28±5/8 nd 36/3±4/67 femles per femle per genertion on Zhedi nd Kbkb ultivrs respetively (Tble 1). In this prmeter, there hs been no signifint differene between Shhbi & Kbkb ultivrs nd Zhedi & Shhbi ultivrs, while it is signifint differene in Zhedi nd Kbkb ultivrs (df=59, F=3. 94, P=. 26) ( Figure 1). The Net reprodution rte of Btrhedr mydrul hs been lulted to be 9/39 offspring t temperture of 3±1ºC, 6±5% reltive humidity in the omplete drkness on prepred rtifiil food mde from Ghsb dte powder (4g), whet flour (4g), honey (15g), yest (25g) nd liquid glyerin (12ml) (Rhmni, et l., 28) nd lso the net reprodution rte of Etomyelois ertonie ws 3.64±.59 on dte t temperture of 3±1ºC, 75±2% reltive humidity nd photoperiod of 16L: 8D (Light: drk) (Norozi, 27) b Figure 1. Comprison of Net reprodution rte of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte Intrinsi rte of inrese is onsisting of inrese rte per eh femle under speified ondition nd without limiter ftor. The intrinsi rte of inrese of this moth hs shown signifint differene on three dte ultivrs (df=59, F= , P=.). The mximum vlue of this prmeter on Zhedi ultivr hs been speified to be /941±/25 femles per femle per dy nd the minimum vlue of this prmeter on Kbkb ultivr is equl to /691± /24 femles per femle per dy (Figure 2). There hs been no signifint differene between the intrinsi rte of inrese of E. ertonie on pomegrnte (/17±/13) nd pisthio (/1±/3) but these two soures were signifintly higher thn fig (/55±/3) nd dte (/18±/2), Also signifint differene ws observed between fig nd dte food soures (Norozi, 27). The intrinsi rte of inrese of B. mydrul hs been lulted to be /39 (dy/1) on prepred rtifiil food (Rhmni, et l., 28)..1 b Figure 2. Comprison of Intrinsi rte of inrese of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte 419

4 Double time of pupultion Finite rte of inrese Intl J Frm & Alli Si. Vol., 2 (14): , 213 The finite rte of inrese indites tht the popultion growth inreses per dy s ompred to the previous dy. The vlue of this prmeter hs been lulted to be 1/986±/1, 1/846±/1 nd 1/714±/1 on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs respetively (Figure 3). The finite rte of inrese of this moth hs shown signifint differene on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs (df=59, F= , P=.). The finite rte of inrese of E. ertonie to be 1/11± /3, 1/11±/3, 1/6± /3 nd 1/18± /2 on pomegrnte, pisthio, fig nd dte respetively (Norozi, 27) nd the Finite rte of inrese of B. mydrul hs been lulted to be 1/398 (dy/1) on prepred rtifiil food (Rhmni, et l., 28). 1.2 b Figure 3. Comprison of Finite rte of inrese of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte Doubling time (DT) of popultion of P. interpuntell to be 7/353±/199, 8/514±/235 nd 1/16±/366 dys on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs respetively, whih shows the popultion of this moth on Zhedi ultivr hs been doubled in shorter period s ompred with other two ultivrs. This mens tht the Indin mel moth on Zhedi ultivr needs 7/353±/199 dys for its popultion to be doubled (Figure 4). This prmeter hs shown signifint differene on Zhedi, Shhbi nd Kbkb ultivrs (df=59, F=23.417, P=.). Doubling time of popultion of E. ertonie hs been lulted to be 37.46±5.82 on dte (Norozi, 27), whih is more thn the results obtined from the present reserh b Figure 4. Comprison of Doubling time of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte The men of genertion time (T) of P. interpuntell hs shown signifint differene on three ultivrs (df=59, F= , P=.) (Figure 5). The mximum nd the minimum men of genertion time hve been lulted on Kbkb nd Zhedi ultivrs respetively (Tble 1). The men of Genertion time of B. mydrul is 57/37 dys on prepred rtifiil food mde from Ghsb dte powder (4g), whet flour (4g), honey (15g), yest (25g) nd liquid glyerin (12ml), whih is more thn the results obtined from this reserh (Rhmni, et l., 42

5 Men time of genertion Intl J Frm & Alli Si. Vol., 2 (14): , ) nd the men of Genertion time of E. ertonie is 72/13±1/26 dys on dte, whih is more thn the results obtined from the present reserh (Norozi, 27) b Figure 5. Comprison of Men genertion time of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte Tble 1. Popultion growth prmeters of P. interpuntell on three ultivrs of dte Prmeters Zhedi Shhbi Kbkb Unit Net reprodution rte 55/28±5/8 42/58±4/26 b 36/3±4/67 b Femles/femle/genertion Intrinsi rte of inrese /941±/25 /813±/22 b /691±/24 Femles/femle/dy Finite rte of inrese 1/986±/1 1/846±/1 b 1/714±/1 dy Doubling time 7/353±/199 8/514±/235 b 1/16±/366 dy Genertion time 42/655±/5 46/178±/6 b 51/984±/4 dy * Sme letters in eh row re not signifintly different t 5% level CONCLUSION The rered moths hve the higher intrinsi rte of inrese nd the shorter lifetime on Zhedi ultivr nd the rered moths hve the lowest intrinsi rte of inrese nd the longest lifetime on Kbkb ultivr. Zhedi ultivr is the most sensitive nd Kbkb ultivr is the most resistnt ultivrs for Plodi interpuntell growth. Therefore, it is reommended to use Kbkb ultivr for inresing durtion of dte storge. REFERENCES Allotey, J. nd Goswmi, L Comprtive biology of two phytid moths, Plodi interpuntell (hubn.) nd Ephesti utell (wlk.) on some seleted food medi. Inset nd Siene its Applition 11: Bgheri Zenoz, A Plodi interpuntell et ses ennemis nturels. Journl of Entomologil Soiety of Irn 1 (1) Bell, C. H Effets of temperture nd humidity on development of four pyrlid moth pests. Journl of Stored Produts Reserh 11: Bsirt, M. nd Mehrnejd, M. 24. The study of lower threshold temperture nd therml onstnt for two inset pests of stored nuts plodi interpuntell (Lep.: Pyrlide) nd Apomyelois ertonie (Lep.: Pyrlide). Journl of Entomologil Soiety of Irn 24 (2): Borror, D. J., Triplehorn, C. A. nd Johnson, N. F An introdution to the study of insets. Sunders College publishing 6ed, 875 pp. Brower, J. H Plodi interpuntell: effet of sex rtio on reprodutivity. Ann. Entomol. So. Am 68: Ebeling, W. 22. Pests of stored food produts. Urbn Entomology. Chpter 7. Johnson, J.A., Wofford, P.L. nd Whitehnd, L.C Effet of diet nd temperture on development rtes, survivl nd reprodution of the Indin mel moth (Lepidopter: Pyrlide). Journl of Eonomi Entomology. 85: Mi, A. H. N., Luiz, A. J. B. nd Cmpnhol, C. (2) Sttistil inferene on ssoited fertility life tble prmeters using Jkknife tehnique: Computtionl spets. Journl of Eonomi Entomology 93(2): Mrzbn, R Biologil ontrol of Plodi interpuntell in nuts (pisthio, wlnut nd lmond) by Billus thuringiensis bteri. M.S thesis, Trbit Modres University, 119 pp. Mbt, G.N Some physil nd biologil ftors ffeting oviposition by Plodi interpuntell (Hubner) (Lepidopter: Pyrlide). Inset Siene nd its Applition 6: Mendoz, J. P. nd Pen, M. A. 24. Development, reprodution, nd ontrol of the Indin mel moth, Plodi interpuntell (Lep.: Pyrlide) in stored seed grli in Mexio. Journl of Stored Produts Reserh 4: Mohndss, S., Arthur, F. H., Zhu, K. Y. nd Throne, J. E. 27. Biology nd mngement of Plodi interpuntell (Lepidopter: Pyrlide) in stored produts. Journl of Stored Produts Reserh 43:

6 Intl J Frm & Alli Si. Vol., 2 (14): , 213 Mullen, M.A. nd Arbogst, R.T Influene of substrte on oviposition by 2 speies of stored produt moths. Environmentl Entomology 6: N, J.H. nd Ryoo, M.I. 2. The influene of temperture on development of Plodi interpuntell (Lep.: Pyrlide) on dried vegetble ommodities. Journl of Stored Produts Reserh 36: Norozi, A. 27. Influene of four food soures (pomegrnte, pisthio, fig nd dte) on demogrphy prmeters of Etomyelois ertonie (Lep.: Pyrlide) in lbortory onditions. M.S Thesis, Trbit Modres University, 99 pp. Rhmni, Sh., Mrouf, A., Abolhssni, A. nd Amir mfi, M. 28. Demogrphy of Btrhedr mydrul (Lep.: Btrhedrride) under lbortory onditions. Appllied Entomology nd Phytopthology 76 (1): Smbrju, K. 27. Studies on ftors ffeting behvior, eology nd reprodutive suess of the Indin mel moth, Plodi interpuntell. Thesis (Phd).142 pp. Sepsgozrin, H storge pests of Irn nd the their ontrol. Tehrn University publition, 212 pp. Silhek, D., Murphy, C. nd Arbogst, R.T. 23. Behvior nd movements of indin mel moths Plodi interpuntell (Hubner) during ommodityinfesttion. Journl of Stored Produts Reserh 39: