Codling moth management by insecticides in Ohio apple orchards, Final report to DuPont, Valent, FMC, and Dow, 12/30/2010

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Amos Daniels
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1 Codling mngement by insecticides in Ohio pple orchrds, 2010 Finl report to DuPont, Vlent, FMC, nd Dow, 12/30/2010 Celeste Welty, Associte Professor of Entomology, The Ohio Stte University Rothenbuhler Lbortory, 2501 Crmck Rd., Columbus OH ; e-mil: phone: ; fx: Introduction: New insecticides were evluted for control of, which is chllenging in some Ohio orchrds due to resistnce to orgnophosphte insecticides. Efficcy of (chlorntrniliprole) on stndrd timing schedule nd n experimentl timing schedule, nd the stndrd orgnophosphte Imidn (phosmet) were evluted lone, nd Dnitol (fenpropthrin) nd Belef (flonicmid) were evluted in combintion with Delegte (spinetorm). This tril lso hd mite component for evlution of Europen red mite control nd survivl of its nturl predtors under Dnitol versus stndrd progrm, in comprison with untreted plots. Mterils & Methods The tril ws conducted in block of 8-yer old pple trees t Ohio Stte University s Wtermn Lbortory in Columbus, Frnklin County, Ohio. There were six tretments, ech with four replictes in rndomized complete block design. There were five djcent Red Delicious trees per plot. There were three gurd rows between djcent tretment rows; gurd rows were spryed with oil t tight cluster nd with Avunt t petl-fll, but no other insecticides. The dult popultion ws monitored with three pheromone trps: one with stndrd long-life lure (Trécé) in Multipher-1 trp, one with stndrd long-life lure in stndrd unitrp, nd one with the DA lure (Trécé) in Multipher-1 trp. Two dditionl trps, one stndrd nd one DA, were locted in nother pple block tht ws 50 m from the tril block. Trps were checked dily from bloom through biofix, then 3 dys per week for the rest of the seson. Lesser ppleworm nd orientl fruit (OFM) were lso monitored by pheromone trps, but those for OFM were discontinued fter no s were cught in April or My. The trget timing of insecticide for control of first genertion for the stndrd schedule ws 200 to 250 degree-dys fter biofix, followed by two more sprys t 14-dy intervls. This ws used for nd Imidn. Dnitol ws pplied on the sme schedule but in only two sprys followed by Imidn for the third spry. The trget timing for the experimentl schedule of ws 100 degree-dys fter biofix, followed by second ppliction t 350 degree-dys fter biofix, nd third ppliction 14 dys lter. The first spry of Belef ws the sme s the but it ws followed by three more sprys t 14-dy intervls. The trp-bsed biofix ws 30 April. The timing nd sequence of insecticide sprys is summrized in Tble 1. Insecticides were pplied on 13 My, which ws 173 degree-dys fter biofix, for the stndrd timing of nd Imidn, ech followed by second ppliction on 27 My nd third ppliction on 10 June. Appliction for the experimentl timing of ws on 6 My, which ws 105 degree-dys fter biofix, followed by second ppliction t 344 degree-dys, on 25 My, nd third ppliction on 8 June. Belef ws lso pplied, on 6 My, followed by three pplictions on 20 My, 3 June, nd 22 June. Second-genertion ws controlled fter second-genertion biofix on 2 July, which ws 1207 degree-dys fter first-genertion biofix., Delegte, nd Imidn on the stndrd timing schedule were pplied on 8 July, which ws 171 degree-dys fter the new biofix, nd gin on 22 July nd 5 August. The experimentl ppliction of ws on 6 July, which ws 115 degree-dys fter the new biofix, nd gin on 15 July (348 degree-dys) nd 29 July. After surge in trp ctch in mid-august indicted the strt of prtil third genertion, n eighth cover spry of Imidn ws mde over ll 5 tretments on 19 August. Insecticides s well s fungicides, nutrients, nd thinners were pplied by n AgTech 4002 irblst spryer operted t pressure of 20 psi, with TeeJet 6510 nd 6520 nozzle tips, in volume of 75

2 gllons of wter per cre for insecticides nd in 150 gllons of wter per cre for oil, fungicides, nd plnt growth regultors. Products used for control of were chlorntrniliprole ( 35WG, 3 oz/a), fenpropthrin (Dnitol 2.4EC, 21.3 fl oz/a for the first spry nd 16 oz/a for the second spry), flonicmid (Belef 50SG, 2.8 oz/a), phosmet (Imidn 70WP, 3 lb/a), nd spinetorm (Delegte 25WG, 5.2 oz/a). To ssess the effects of Belef on retention of fruit, 5-gllon pil ws plced under the cnopy of the center tree in ech plot of Belef nd untreted check on 5 My. Dropped pples in these pils were collected t weekly intervls for 5 weeks, nd were counted, mesured, nd evluted for type of insect injury. Injury by ll insects ws evluted on 100 rndomly selected fruit from the center of ech plot, non-destructively on 28 June, nd destructively t hrvest on 10 September. For control of Sn Jose scle nd mites, oil (PureSpry, 1%) ws pplied in ll plots except the untreted checks t tight cluster on 6 April. For control of rosy pple phid t the pink bud stge on 8 April, esfenvlerte (Asn XL, 4.8 fl oz/a) ws used in plots in which ws to be used for control, nd chlorpyrifos (Lorsbn 50W, 3 lb/a) ws used in plots in which Dnitol/Delegte, Belef/Delegte, nd Imidn were to be used for control. For control of plum curculio nd other pests t petl-fll on 27 April, indoxcrb (Avunt 30WDG, 6 oz/a) ws pplied to ll plots except the untreted checks. Fungicides, nutrients, nd thinners were pplied to ll trees, including check plots nd gurd rows. For fireblight control, Kocide 3000 (1 lb/100 gl) ws used t the delyed dormnt stge on 30 Mrch, nd AgriMycin (8 oz/100 gl) ws used t bloom on 13 April. For scb control, fter Kocide on 30 Mrch, Cptn 80WSG (2 lbs/100 gl) ws pplied t bloom on 13 April, t bloom on 20 April, nd t petl-fll on 27 April; Zirm 76DF (2 lbs/100 gl) ws pplied on 6 My; Cptn gin on 1 June, 17 June, nd 1 July; Zirm gin on 13 July; nd Cptn gin on 27 July nd 10 August. Folir nutrients pplied t petl-fll on 27 April were boron (Solubor, 1 lb/100gl), nd Nutrilef N-P-K (2 lbs/100 gl). For fruit thinning, NAA (7.5 ppm, Fruitone N) plus Regulid (1 pt/100 gl) ws pplied on 29 April, nd Sevin XLR Plus (1 qt/a) ws pplied on 13 My. For mite control, pre-bloom oil ws used s stndrd tretment, which ws to be followed by hexythizox (Onger) t threshold in plots tht were not treted with Dnitol. The threshold ws never reched, so Onger ws never pplied. Mite popultions were smpled six times t 14- to 29-dy intervls from lte April until August. This smpling ws less frequent thn usul due to low mite density. A smple of 25 rndomly selected leves ws tken from one tree t the center of ech plot. Leves were brushed with mite-brushing mchine, nd mites were counted in sub-smples to determine the verge number of Europen red mite nd stigmeid nd phytoseiid predtory mites per lef. The density of pple rust mite ws rted s low (<5 mites per lef), moderte (5 to 50 mites per lef), or high (>50 mites per lef) for ech smple. Cumultive mite-dys were clculted by plot using the number of dys in the intervl between counts. Dt were subjected to nlysis of vrince (ANOVA) nd men comprisons by lest significnt difference (LSD) tests in the SAS 9.1 microcomputer sttistics progrm. Percentge dt were trnsformed by rcsine squre root before nlysis. Results & Discussion Both nd lesser ppleworm were present (Fig. 1); orientl fruit ws bsent. In lte June, the percentge of fruit dmged by the first genertion of internl Lepidopter ws significntly lower in ll five insecticide tretments thn in the untreted check (P = ; Tble 2). Control by in two timing tretments did not differ sttisticlly from ech other or from Dnitol or Imidn. Control by Belef ws significntly better thn untreted plots but significntly less effective thn, Dnitol, or Imidn (Tble 2). Injury by plum curculio nd trnished plnt bug ws found in lte June but did not differ significntly by tretment (Tble 2). Dropped fruit were most bundnt on 19 My when trend of more dropped fruit nd lrger dropped fruit were found in Belef plots thn in untreted checks but there ws no difference in the insect injury index on dropped fruit (Tble 3). At hrvest in September, the percentge of fruit dmged by internl Lepidopter gin ws significntly lower in ll five insecticide tretments thn in the untreted check (P = 0.001; Tble 4). Control by in two timing tretments did not differ sttisticlly from ech other. Among the five insecticide progrms, control by either timing of ws sttisticlly better thn control by Imidn, Dnitol/Delegte, or Belef/Delegte (Tble 4). Other insects tht cused dmge to fruit were trnished plnt bug, plum curculio, lefrollers, nd rosy pple phid, nd trce of Sn Jose scle nd woolly pple 2

3 phid (Tble 4). No pple mggot ws detected. All five insecticide progrms resulted in significntly more clen fruit thn the untreted check (Tble 4). The percentge of clen fruit ws significntly higher in ll five insecticide tretments thn in the untreted check. No phytotoxicity ws observed. The popultion of Europen red mite (ERM) ws unusully low for the entire seson, both for motile stges (Tble 5) nd eggs (Tble 6). Frequent hevy rins from April through June re the likely cuse of the low popultion, long with presence of predtors. Stigmeid predtory mites were found in most plots throughout the seson (Tble 7), while phytoseiid predtory mites were detected somewht lter nd t lower density (Tble 8). Apple rust mite ws found t low density in ll tretments throughout the seson (Tble 9). Significnt tretment effects on ERM were found only on 25 My, when there were significntly more ERM motiles in the check plots thn in treted plots, nd in cumultive mite-dys, when there were significntly more mite-dys in the check plots nd stndrd plots thn in the Dnitol/Delegte plots, timing, nd Imidn plots, while mite-dys were intermedite in Belef/Delegte plots (Tble 5). The stigmeid mites showed significnt tretment effects in July nd August nd in cumultive mite-dys; predtors were most bundnt in the untreted plots nd lest bundnt in the Dnitol/Delegte plots (Tble 7). No significnt tretment effects were found in the Phytoseiid or pple rust mite popultions (Tbles 8 nd 9). Acknowledgements: Technicl ssistnce from Mrk Schmittgen, Glenn Mills, Adm Philpott, nd Elen Lrue ws gretly pprecited. Funding nd products were supplied by DuPont, Vlent, FMC, nd Dow. Products supplied by Gown were lso pprecited. Figure 1. Sesonl trends in nd lesser ppleworm dult popultions s detected by pheromone trps in pple orchrds t Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio, 2010; men of 3 trps with stndrd lure for nd men of 2 trps with stndrd lure for lesser ppleworm. 3

4 Tble 1. Sequence of insecticide sprys in experimentl plots of pples, Columbus, Ohio, Intended timing Actul timing Pink 4/6 4/8 4/27 5/6 (105 DD) Prepink Stge Petlfll First cover (1C) 2C 3C 4C 5C, 6C, 7C 8C Erly Lte Erly Lte Erly Lte Erly Erly Lte Lte 100 DD 200 DD 350 DD 14 d 14 d 14 d 14 d Sme s first or 14 d genertion 5/13 (173 DD) 5/20 (344 DD) or 5/25 1 oil Asn Avunt - (5/25) 5/27 6/3 or 6/8 6/10 6/22 7/6, 7/15, 7/ (6/8) 2 oil Asn Avunt Imidn 3 oil Lorsbn Avunt - Dnitol 21.3 oz/a - Dnitol 16 oz/a - Imidn - - Delegte Imidn 4 oil Lorsbn Avunt Belef - Belef (5/20) - Belef (6/3) - Belef - Delegte Imidn 5 oil Lorsbn Avunt - Imidn - Imidn - Imidn - - Imidn Imidn /8, 7/22, 8/5 8/19 Tble 2. Insect injury to pple fruit fter tretment by six insecticide progrms, evluted non-destructively on 28 June 2010; men of four blocked replictes t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. (product nd timing) % Internl Lepidopter % Plum Entry Sting Totl curculio, oviposition % Trnished plnt bug 0.0 C 0.25 BC 0.25 C A norml 0.5 BC 0.00 C 0.50 C AB % Clen Dnitol norml 0.0 C 0.25 BC 0.25 C ABC Imidn norml 0.5 BC 0.25 BC 0.75 C BC Belef 3.0 B 1.25 AB 4.25 B C untreted 9.5 A 3.00 A A D probbility P= P= P< P=0.57 P=0.30 P= Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. 4

5 Tble 3. Number, size, nd insect injury on dropped pple fruit s intercepted by one 5-gllon pil under the center tree of ech plot for one-week periods, fter petl-fll spry of Avunt on 27 April, Belef sprys on 6 nd 20 My nd 3 June, nd fruit thinner sprys on 29 April (NAA) nd 13 My (Sevin); men of 4 replicte blocks. Dte collected Number of fruit Fruit dimeter (mm) Injury index 12 My 19 My 26 My 2 June 9 June Untreted Belef P = 0.68 P = 0.30 P = 0.63 Untreted Belef P = 0.61 P =0.07 P = 0.96 Untreted A (N = 4) Belef B (N = 2) P = 0.09 P = 0.77 P < Untreted (N = 2) 0.00 (N = 2) Belef (N = 2) 0.25 (N = 2) P = Untreted (N = 1) 0.00 Belef (N = 3) 0.00 P = Injury index: sum of presence/bsence scores for 3 types of injury:, plum curculio, nd trnished plnt bug. Totl insect injuries on ll smples: 7 cod (1 on 5/12; 4 on 5/19; 1 on 5/26; 1 on 6/2) 3 plum curculio (1 on 5/12; 2 on 5/19) 1 trnished plnt bug (on 5/19) Tble 4. Insect injury to pple fruit fter tretment by six insecticide progrms, evluted on 10 September 2010; men of four blocked replictes t OSU s Wtermn Lb, Columbus, Ohio. % Internl Lepidopter % % Plum curculio codtion cod- ovi- feed- 2 nd gener- Entry Sting Totl Trnished Lte plnt position ing bug Lefroller (lte) Rosy pple phid Sn Jose scle Woolly pple phid 1.0 C 2.0 D 3.0 C A % Clen 1.5 C 2.2 CD 3.8 C A Imidn Imidn 6.2 B 4.2 BC 10.5 B A Dnitol Dele-gte 6.0 B 5.2 B 11.2 B A Belef Dele-gte 8.0 B 3.2 BCD 11.2 B A Untreted Untreted 38.8 A 8.8 A 47.5 A B Probbility < < Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Vlues shown re ctul percentges but ANOVA bsed on trnsformed vlues. 5

6 Tble 5. Europen red mite (ERM) density of motiles on Delicious pple leves in 2010, Columbus, Ohio. 26 April Men density on six smpling dtes 25 My 18 June 2 July 19 July 9 August Cumultive mite-dys B AB B C Oil, Lorsbn Imidn Imidn B C Oil, Lorsbn Dnitol Delegte B C Oil, Lorsbn Belef Delegte B BC Untreted Untreted Untreted A A ANOVA P = 0.45 P = P = 0.06 P = P = Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. Tble 6. Europen red mite (ERM) egg density on Delicious pple leves in 2010, Columbus, Ohio. Men density on six smpling dtes 26 April 25 My 18 June 2 July 19 July 9 August Oil, Lorsbn Imidn Imidn Oil, Lorsbn Dnitol Delegte Oil, Lorsbn Belef Delegte Untreted Untreted Untreted ANOVA - P = 0.14 P = 0.30 P = 0.92 P = Tble 7. Stigmeid predtory mite density on Delicious pple leves in 2010, Columbus, Ohio. Men density on six smpling dtes 26 April 25 My 18 June 2 July 19 July 9 August Cumult ive mitedys B 0.28 BC 0.59 BC 17 BC B 0.18 BC 0.92 AB 16 BC Oil, Lorsbn Imidn Imidn B 0.24 BC 0.48 BC 13 BC Oil, Lorsbn Dnitol Delegte B 0.00 C 0.14 C 3 C Oil, Lorsbn Belef Delegte B 0.36 B 1.00 AB 28 B Untreted Untreted Untreted A 0.97 A 1.28 A 49 A ANOVA P = 0.70 P = 0.60 P = 0.06 P = P < P = Within ech column, mens followed by sme letter re not significntly different (P>0.05); men seprtions by LSD. P =

7 Tble 8. Phytoseiid predtory mite density on Delicious pple leves in 2010, Columbus, Ohio. 26 April Men density on six smpling dtes 25 My 18 June 2 July 19 July 9 August Oil, Lorsbn Imidn Imidn Oil, Lorsbn Dnitol Delegte Oil, Lorsbn Belef Delegte Untreted Untreted Untreted Cumultive mitedys ANOVA - P = 0.86 P = 0.21 P = 0.43 P = 0.07 P = 0.64 P = 0.14 Tble 9. Apple rust mite density rting on Delicious pple leves in 2010, Columbus, Ohio. Men density rting on six smpling dtes 26 April 25 My 18 June 2 July 19 July 9 August Oil, Lorsbn Imidn Imidn Oil, Lorsbn Dnitol Delegte Oil, Lorsbn Belef Delegte Untreted Untreted Untreted ANOVA P = 0.92 P = 0.45 P = 0.45 P = 0.60 P = 0.45 P = 0.69 Density rting scle: 0 = none; 1 = low (<5 per lef); 2 = moderte (5 to 50 per lef); 3 = high (>50 per lef). 7

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