1. a) Describe the principle characteristics and uses of the following types of PV cell: Single Crystal Silicon Poly Crystal Silicon

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1 ) Describe the principle chrcteristics nd uses of the following types of PV cell: Single Crystl Silicon Poly Crystl Silicon Amorphous Silicon CIS/CIGS Gllium Arsenide Multijunction (12 mrks) b) A PV module hs n open circuit voltge of 16 V nd short circuit current of 3.2 A under stndrd rting conditions of 25ºC nd 1000 W m -2. Its fill fctor is If the open circuit voltge drops by 0.4% per ºC temperture rise, estimte the mximum power vilble from the module when the module temperture is 55ºC nd the insoltion is 800 W m -2. If, under these conditions, such modules re required to fully chrge 50 Ampere-hour 24 V bttery within five hours, how mny modules would suffice nd how mny would be in series nd in prllel, ssuming tht Pek Power Trcking electronics is not vilble? (8 mrks) 2. ) Define the terms used in the Hottel-Whillier-Bliss eqution below nd give the rnge of vlues likely to be encountered. q A F G η U T T (10 mrks) c = c R t 0 [ ( )] ci How cn the HWB eqution be modified for esier use in indirect systems? (2 mrks) b) At the beginning of the dy, solr collector is observed to be 60% efficient when both inlet temperture nd mbient temperture re 20ºC. ter in the dy, when the inlet temperture is 35ºC, the mbient temperture is 25ºC nd the insoltion is 500 W m -2, its mesured efficiency is 50%. Clculte F Rη0 nd F RU for the collector. (4 mrks) If, when the mbient temperture is 30ºC nd insoltion is 900 m -2, the het trnsfer fluid pump fils, clculte the temperture tht the collector must withstnd. (4 mrks)

2 3. You re in the process of designing stndrd wter heting solr system using the f-chrt method. In the month of Mrch the wter-heting lod is 2GJ, nd the men mbient temperture is 4ºC. Investigte the effect on f m (the frction of the monthly lod supplied by solr energy) of vrying the collector re between 5 m 2 nd 20 m 2 in 5 m 2 modules, nd of using both the stndrd store volume of 75 litres m -2 collector nd 300 litres m -2 collector. The mins wter supply temperture is 2ºC nd the required hot wter supply temperture T w is 60ºC. If the collector cost is 160 m -2 nd the store cost is 300 m -2 clculte the cost of ech system, nd by compring cost nd clculted vlues of f m suggest which store size is preferble (bsed on the dt for Mrch). Briefly discuss how you would decide on the optimum collector re. System dt: F R ( het removl fctor x de Winter het exchnge fctor) = 0.75 η = U = 4.0 W m -2 K -1 H = 12.7 MJ dy -1 t where the symbols hve their usul menings. f-chrt equtions (you my use either the grph provided in Figure 1 or the eqution below): f m = Y 65 X Y X Y 3 where: X = Y = ' AC FRU Q ' AC FRη 0H Q M ( T T ) REF M t N t A c = collector re (m 2 ) N = number of dys in the month Q M = monthly lod (J) T = men monthly mbient temperture (ºC) t = number of seconds in the month

3 To convert X for vrying store size, multiply by: Actul store size Stndrd size 0.25 To convert X for wter heting only system, multiply by: T W T 100 T MAINS 2.32T The llowble rnges of X nd Y re: 0 X 15 0 Y 3 (20 mrks) Figure 1

4 4. Give nswers to three of the following: ) Explin the operting principle of desiccnt wheel cooling, nd how it cn be used with solr collectors to provide solr powered ir conditioning. (7 mrks) b) Describe the operting principles nd construction of evcuted tube solr collectors, indicting typicl performnce nd costs. (7 mrks) c) Dynmic stll significntly increses blde lods on both horizontl xis nd verticl xis wind turbines. [7mrks] i) Briefly explin dynmic stll nd its importnce in blde loding. ii) Drw simple lift coefficient versus ngle of ttck grph describing the phenomenon. iii) Using simple vector digrm of blde tngentil velocity nd wind velocity reltive to the blde explin how strong winds nd low blde speed rtio cn expose verticl xis rotor to dynmic stll. d) Wind turbine rotor solidity nd tip speed rtio re importnt prmeters in the chrcteristion of wind turbine rotors. i) Sketch typicl torque coefficient ginst tip-speed-rtio chrcteristics for both high solidity nd low solidity rotors. ii) Explin why high solidity rotors usully hve inferior efficiency (in terms of power out per unit of swept re) compred to low solidity types nd why low tip-speed rtio rotors need high solidity. Other things being equl, if tip-speed-rtio were hlved, how much would solidity need to be incresed to mintin roughly constnt xil interference? [7mrks]

5 5. ) Using simple nlysis show how stresses within wind turbine rotors re not sensitive to the effects of scle except for those rising from grvity. For this nlysis consider: i) fltwise bending of the bldes of horizontl xis mchine under erodynmic loding, ii) centripetl bending stress in the cntilevered bldes of stright blded verticl xis mchines, iii) edgewise bending stresses in horizontl xis mchine bldes rising from grvity. Rotor rottionl xis Blde element mss m re A R Figure 2: model of blde element. (Hint: eqution for stress in bems M/I=s/y, centripetl ccelertion = rw 2 ) [10 mrks] b) Drw up tble of the blde lengths required for one, two nd three blded horizontl xis wind turbines of unit rdius, nd of the blde lengths required for the three min configurtions of verticl xis wind turbines, lso equipped with unit rdius rotors. In dditionl columns in the tble clculte swept re nd re divided by blde length for ech mchine. Use this informtion to discuss the reltive merits of the vrious configurtions nd explin why is there should be long term interest in verticl xis mchines. [10 mrks]

6 6. Electricity supply is gin going through period of trnsition. ) Describe how the industry in Englnd nd Wles hs been structured fter the privtistion in 1989/ [5 mrks] b) Explin why the NFFO system ws set up nd how it hs helped to promote renewble energies in the UK. [5 mrks] c) Restrictions on the sle of electricity to householders hve recently been relxed. Discuss how the new system, including green triffs, works. [4 mrks] d) The NFFO is presently being replced. Describe how the new Renewbles Obligtion will work. [3 mrks] e) Discuss the dvntges of embedded genertion in utility grid like tht in the UK, [3 mrks] 7. Figure 3 shows the lift nd drg chrcteristics for NACA 4415 erofoil. ) Using sketches s necessry show how the most efficient operting point (in the sense of most lift for lest drg) cn be obtined from the grphs. [5 mrks] b) Using the grphs determine the best operting point (ngle of ttck) for the NACA 4415 erofoil for n Re (Reynold s number) of Wht re the vlues of lift coefficient nd drg coefficient t this best point nd wht re those t sttic stll? [3 mrks] c) Drw velocity vector digrm of the irflow round section of blde of prllel xis wind turbine showing oncoming wind, tngentil velocity, pprent wind on the blde, dvnce ngle, blde pitch, ngle of ttck nd resultnt lift nd drg. Hence confirm tht: driving force = lift sin (dvnce ngle) drg cos (dvnce ngle) [5 mrks] d) For wind turbine the best operting point s found in (b) bove my not be best for costeffective opertion; higher torque (t the expense of higher drg) my be better. For section of blde nd using the vlues of C nd C D lredy obtined, clculte the rtio of driving force if the blde were on the point of stll to tht t the best operting point for locl blde speed rtio of 5. [7 mrks]

7 C 2.0 C b c b c [ ] C d : Re = b: Re = c: Re = NACA 4415 y/c x/c Figure 3 END.

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