Unit 2. Galaxies, Stars and the Solar System
|
|
- Maximilian Anthony
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Strand K Astrophysics Unit 2 Galaxies, Stars and the Solar System Contents Page The Early Universe 2 The Life Cycle of Stars 4 Features of the Solar System 7
2 K21 The Early Universe Running the current model of the expanding universe backwards some 13 billion years places the entire mass, and therefore the entire energy of the universe in a very small region of space (we call this region the singularity) This region would have been so hot and energetic that our current understanding of physics breaks down, because particle energies at this time were so vast Within 01s of the big bang however, the universe had expanded and cooled to K, and at this temperature subatomic particles such as electrons and quarks (quarks are the sub atomic particles from which protons and neutrons are made) could exist The universe continued to expand and cool, and 100s after the big bang the temperature had reduced (10 8 K), and the subatomic particles had reduced in energy such that quarks could come together, forming protons and neutrons For the next 100,000 years the universe remained in this state, continuing to expand and cool, allowing the formation of ionised hydrogen and helium gas Separation distances between particles became larger due to electromagnetic interactions and the universe became transparent to radiation It was at this point that the cosmic microwave background was emitted Stable, neutral atoms of hydrogen and helium then formed The universe remained dark for the next 100 million years, but continued to expand and cool The patchy gas of hydrogen and helium reduced in energy sufficiently for gravity to take affect, condensing the gas and increasing its temperature When these condensed regions of gas reached sufficient temperatures, fusion reactions could take place and the first few stars (emitting the first light in the universe) formed This period is known as the cosmic dawn The stars that we see in the night sky today are all part of our own Milky Way galaxy, a spiral arm galaxy with a diameter of approximately 150 million light years The sun is just one relatively ordinary star of a system of between 100 and 400 billion stars that form the galaxy, bound together by gravitation It is estimated that our own galaxy contains some 100 billion planets, and evidence suggests that the galaxy is rotating about a supermassive black hole (Sagittarius A*) at its center We now know that there are at least hundreds and possibly thousands of billions of galaxies in the observable universe The separation between galaxies is so vast that light from the furthest visible galaxies takes billions of years to reach us 2
3 Exercise K21 1 In terms of the big bang model, what is meant by the singularity? 2 The laws of physics as we understand them break down at the singularity (at the moment the big bang occurred) Why is this? 3 Protons and neutrons could not be formed until at least 100s after the big bang It took a further 100,000 years before neutral hydrogen atoms could form Why did it take so long? 4 How long would it take light from a star on one side of the milky way galaxy to reach an observer on the other side of the milky way galaxy? Challenge Question 5 Explain what is meant by the cosmic dawn 3
4 K22 The Lifecycle of Stars Stars are formed within giant hydrogen gas and dust clouds called nebulae Within the nebulae, clumps of gas and dust contract under gravitational forces to form a protostar As the protostar continues to contract under gravity it heats up until there is enough energy to force protons close enough together to fuse (15 million C), initiating a chain reaction and igniting the star The lifecycle of the star is predetermined by the mass of the star, and is shown diagrammatically in Figure K221 Nebula Average Star Massive Star Red Giant Red Super Giant White Dwarf Black Dwarf Supernovae Figure K221 Neutron Star Black Hole For a star of 15 solar masses (15 times the size of our own sun or less); The hydrogen within the star is fused together to form helium, releasing energy During this time the star expands due to the heat energy released in the fusion reaction, until the thermal expansion balances out the gravitational contraction The star is now in its stable burning period, which we call the main sequence The star remains in this phase for around 10 billion years, continually turning hydrogen into helium, which collects within the stars core (center) The hydrogen helium burn occurs only in the stars core during main sequence because here the thermal energy is greatest 4
5 As the hydrogen in the core begins to run out, the fusion reaction slows and the thermal energy reduces The thermal expansion no longer overcomes the force of gravity and the core contracts The fusion reaction shifts toward the outer shell of the star where hydrogen still remains, and the outer shell of the star expands, becoming larger and cooler The star has now reached the red giant phase Within the core of the red giant, energies become sufficient under the contraction to initiate the fusion of helium to form carbon Eventually the helium in the core runs out, and the outer shell of the red giant drifts away from the core to form a planetary nebulae The core of the star shrinks under gravity forming a white dwarf, a small hot remnant of a star Eventually the white dwarf cools such that it stops shining At this point the remnant of the star has become a black dwarf If the star is above 15 solar masses (some stars are in excess of 50 times the size of our sun), it starts off its lifecycle in just the same way as a small star, burning hydrogen to form helium during its main sequence burn However, the more massive the star the quicker it burns its supply of hydrogen Whereas an average sized star remains main sequence for 10 billion years, a large star can use up all the hydrogen in the core within 1 million years The core then shrinks and the outer layer expands, and forms a red super giant Within the red super giant the core of the star and hence the gravitational forces acting are so large that the helium laid down in the main sequence burn is fused to form carbon Then the carbon is fused to form oxygen and so on, the series of fusion reactions forming layers of heavier and heavier elements down on the core much like the layers of an onion, with the heaviest elements at the center as shown by Figure K222 Core Hydrogen Helium Carbon Oxygen Silicon Iron Figure K222 When the star reaches the point at which energies arising from gravitational forces are insufficient to initiate a fusion reaction of the next heaviest element, or if the star is sufficiently massive and the iron fusion stage is reached (iron can not be burnt in a fusion reaction) the stars core goes out, and collapses in on itself In less than a second the star explodes in a process known as supernovae, for a short time burning brighter than all the stars in an entire galaxy combined, blowing off the outer shell of the star, and forming all the elements in the periodic table in the explosion that were not formed during the core burn A stars lifecycle is the only process in which elements heavier than helium are made naturally, and as such the elements from which the computer you are using or the page that you are reading (or the carbon and oxygen that make up the largest percentage of your body) were made within a long dead star, and distributed throughout the galaxy by a supernovae 5
6 Sometimes part of the stars core survives the supernovae as a core remnant If the core remnant is less than 15 solar masses, the core collapses under gravity until the coulombic repulsion between electrons and protons balances the force of gravity The core becomes stable forming a black dwarf If the remnant is between 15 and 3 solar masses, the coulombic repulsion is insufficient to balance the gravitational force squeezing the core The core continues to shrink, causing the protons within the core to spontaneously change into neutrons The star continues to shrink, until the strong nuclear force turns repulsive and balances the gravitational forces At this point a super dense neutron star is formed This star so dense that a single cubic meter of material from a neutron star would weigh the same as the entire Atlantic Ocean Neutron stars are typically around 8 miles in diameter, and yet can be 05 million times heavier than the Earth, and spin at 700 revolutions per second! If the core remnant is greater than 3 solar masses, not even the strong nuclear force is enough to stop the core collapsing in on itself under gravitation and forming a black hole The gravitational pull in a black hole is so great that nothing can escape from it, not even light, and the density of matter in a black hole cannot be measured Black holes distort the space around them, and can often suck neighboring matter into them, including stars! Exercise K22 1 Explain the following terms; A Nebulae B Protostar C Main Sequence Star D Core remnant 2 Why does hydrogen fuse to form helium only in the core of a main sequence star? 3 When does a star become a red giant? 4 Consider the following table Which of these stars will form red super giants and then explode in a supernovae? Star Solar Mass 1 Cygnus OB Sirius 2 3 Sun 1 Challenge Question 5 Describe the lifecycle of our nearest star (the Sun) from birth to death 6
7 Mercury K23 Features of the Solar System The Solar System is a system of objects that orbit the Sun in either circular or elliptical motion, bound by gravity These objects include our own planet, plus seven other planets, dwarf planets, moons, comets, asteroids and dust clouds Scientists believe that the solar system was formed 5 billion years ago when a giant interstellar gas cloud collapsed to form the Sun, with the left overs coalescing to form the planets 9985% of the mass in the solar system is contained within the Sun It is a yellow dwarf star, with a surface temperature of approximately 6000 C and a diameter approximately 109 times the diameter of the Earth By mass the sun is made up of 71% Hydrogen, 28% Helium and the remaining 1% comprising heavier atoms such as Carbon, Nitrogen, Oxygen, Silicon and Iron It has no fixed surface and the temperature is too high for matter to exist as a solid or a liquid Due to this different parts of the sun rotate at different rates The parts of the surface near the equator complete a rotation in 25 Earth days, whereas the parts near the pole take 36 days Of the remaining 015%, the majority makes up the planets sown by Figure K231 Here the diameters of each planet are shown to scale In addition the separation between planets is also to scale, but the diameter of the planets and the separation are not to scale relative to each other If they were, and Jupiter were to remain the same diameter as shown, the distance between the Sun and Pluto would be greater than 100 page widths A tediously accurate representation of the diameter and separation of the planets in the solar system may be found here Earth Sun Mars Venus Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto 10AU 20AU 30AU 1AU = 1 Earth-Sun distance = 149,598,000 kilometers Figure K231 The first four planets, Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars are known as the Inner Planets, since they are the closest to the Sun, or as the Terrestrial Planets because they all comprise of rock and metal, just like our own planet Venus, Earth and Mars have substantial atmospheres whist Mercury has virtually no atmosphere The Earth has one natural satellite, the moon, whereas Mars has two moons, Deimos and Phobos Mercury is the smallest of the eight planets in the solar system and has the closest orbit to the sun It has no known moons Mercury has a diameter of approximately 3000 miles It is made up of a high percentage of metal, making it the densest planet in the solar system It takes Mercury 88 Earth days to orbit 7
8 the sun The fast orbit however is offset by the planets slow spin 1 day on Mercury is 59 Earth days long Venus is the second planet from the sun Its orbit lies between the orbits of Mercury and Earth and has no known moons It is the closest planet to the Earth and after the moon is the most brilliant natural object in the night sky Venus has a diameter of approximately 12,100 km making it slightly smaller than Earth (Earth s diameter is approximately 12,750 km) Although further away from the sun than Mercury, Venus is the hottest planet in the solar system This is because it has a very large atmosphere made up mostly of Carbon Dioxide This thick, dense atmosphere traps the heat radiated from the planet s surface and the sun (greenhouse effect) making the average temperature on Venus about 460 C Venus spins about its axis very slowly, taking 243 Earth days to complete one rotation, which is the length of a day on Venus It completes one orbital revolution of the sun in 225 Earth days making Venus the only planet where a day is longer than a year Venus rotates about its axis in a retrograde motion ie in a direction opposite to the other planets Venus and Neptune are the only planets which rotate counter clockwise while the other 6 planets rotate clockwise Earth is the third planet from the sun It is the only planet that hosts all known life Its orbit lies between Venus and Mars and has one moon The Earth has a diameter at the equator of 12,756km It spins about its axis once every 24 hours (1 Earth day) and takes days to orbit the sun The Earth s atmosphere is made up of 78% Nitrogen, 21% Oxygen and the remaining 1% consists of other gases such as Argon, Carbon Dioxide, Methane and Hydrogen Mars is the fourth planet from the sun The orbit of Mars lies between Earth s orbit and Jupiter s orbit Between Mars and Jupiter lies the main asteroid belt Mars has two small moons, Phobos and Deimos, and is the second smallest planet in the solar system Its diameter at the equator is approximately 6,800km It takes Mars 687 days to complete one revolution of the sun Thus, one year on Mars is equivalent to almost 2 Earth years Mars is called the red planet due to the reddish brown Iron Oxide on its surface Its atmosphere is made up mostly of Carbon Dioxide, however the atmosphere is very thin making the average temperature on the surface average about -70 C Between Mars and Jupiter lies the Asteroid Belt Asteroids are leftovers that never quite made it to be a planet It is estimated that there are more than 750,000 of them with diameters larger than 1 km and millions of smaller asteroids A little known dwarf planet called Ceres, about 950 km in diameter, resides here The next four Outer Planets are giant planets, known as the Jovian Planets (Jovian means Jupiter like ) Jupiter and Saturn are large Gas Giants, and are made mostly of hydrogen and helium 8
9 Jupiter is by far the largest planet in the solar system with a mass 25 times the mass of the rest of the planets combined Whilst it may have a solid core it does not have a solid surface Jupiter has a volume 1,321 times the volume of Earth, and yet is only 318 times as massive It also has 69 known natural satellites The four largest moons, Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Callisto are some of the largest in the solar system, visible from Earth with binoculars, and are collectively known as the Galilean moons Jupiter completes one rotation in 9 hours 55 minutes, which is the length of one Jupiter day, and it takes about 119 earth years to orbit the sun Saturn is 95 times the size of the Earth and probably has a rocky core After Jupiter it is the second largest planet in the solar system Saturn takes 30 Earth years to complete one revolution around the sun, and one day on Saturn is 108 hours Saturn is surrounded by a ring system composed of ice particles, rocky debris and dust 62 moons are known to orbit Saturn, of which fifty-three are officially named! Titan is Saturn's largest moon, and the second largest in the Solar System Titan is larger than the planet Mercury, although less massive, and is the only moon in the Solar System to have a substantial atmosphere The next two Jovian planets are Uranus and Neptune Both are Ice Giants because they primarily consist of ice, and are far less massive than Jupiter or Saturn Both Neptune and Uranus are less than 20 times the mass of the Earth Uranus and Neptune have similar liquid interiors due to very high temperatures and pressures inside the planets They are made up of the melted ices of water, methane and ammonia, along with molten rock and metals and small amounts of Hydrogen and Helium They each have massive atmospheres made up of approximately 75% Hydrogen and 25% Helium with small amounts of methane, water and ammonia Finally comes, Pluto 39 AU from the Sun Once considered the ninth planet of the solar system, Pluto was downgraded to a dwarf planet in 2006 due to the discovery of multiple objects in orbit around the Sun that were larger (the dwarf planet Eris for example) Charon, the largest of Pluto's moons, is sometimes described as part of a binary system with Pluto, as the two bodies orbit a center of gravity above their surfaces (ie they appear to orbit each other) An easy way to remember the order of the planets (including poor Pluto) is the mnemonic My Very Easy Method Just Speeds Up Naming Planets, to give Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto (not a planet ) 9
10 The planets and asteroid belt are locked into circular or elliptical orbits around the Sun by the Sun s immense gravitational pull, which stops the planets flying off into space The planets orbit in a similar, singular plane with the exception of Pluto, which orbits on a tilt as shown by Figure K232 Halley s Comet Notice the arrow passing through each planet signifying the axis of rotation of the planet All planets including the Earth have a tilted Figure K232 rotational axis It is this tilt, combined with the orbit of the Earth about the Sun that gives rise to the seasons In the first half of the Earths orbit the northern hemisphere gets direct rays from the Sun and in the second half of the orbit the southern hemisphere gets direct rays from the Sun (its not about a difference in distance, that is a misconception) A planet such as Uranus rotates on a tilt in excess of 90, and so must experience seasons of extremes! Comets, such as Halley s comet, also orbit the Sun Comets have extreme elliptical orbits, Halley s comet orbits in an ellipse which extends nearly out to the orbit of Pluto, completing an orbit once every 79 years (Halley was last visible from Earth in 1986 and wont appear again until 2061) A comet is essentially a dirty ice ball, comprising of rock, dust, and frozen gases When heated by the Sun, the gases sublimate and produce an atmosphere surrounding the comet known as the coma The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar wind cause an enormous tail to form, which always points away from the Sun Exercise K23 1 List the planets in order of distance from the sun, starting with the nearest 2 Identify which planets are terrestrial, and which are Jovian 3 Which two planets are classed as ice giants? 4 List 3 naturally occurring features of the solar system that are NOT planets Challenge Question 5 Explain how the tilt of the Earth s rotational axis gives rise to summer and winter You may need to research your answer 10
Describe the lifecycle of a star in chronological order and explain the main stages, relating the stellar evolution to initial mass
Learning Objectives At the end of this unit you should be able to; Explain the major events in the evolution of the universe according to the Big Bang Theory, in chronological order, backing up your arguments
More informationUniverse Celestial Object Galaxy Solar System
ASTRONOMY Universe- Includes all known matter (everything). Celestial Object Any object outside or above Earth s atmosphere. Galaxy- A large group (billions) of stars (held together by gravity). Our galaxy
More informationChapter 17 Solar System
Chapter 17 Solar System Rotation Earth spinning on its axis (like a top) "TOP" imaginary rod running through the center of the Earth from North pole to South pole The Earth is tilted on its axis at an
More informationCST Prep- 8 th Grade Astronomy
CST Prep- 8 th Grade Astronomy Chapter 15 (Part 1) 1. The theory of how the universe was created is called the 2. Which equation states that matter and energy are interchangeable? 3. All matter in the
More informationUnit 1: The Earth in the Universe
Unit 1: The Earth in the Universe 1. The Universe 1.1. First ideas about the Universe 1.2. Components and origin 1.3. Sizes and distances 2. The Solar System 3. The planet Earth 3.1. Movements of the Earth
More informationAstronomy Unit Notes Name:
Astronomy Unit Notes Name: (DO NOT LOSE!) To help with the planets order 1 My = M 2 V = Venus 3 Eager = E 4 M = Mars 5 Just = J 6 Served = Saturn 7 Us = Uranus 8 N = N 1 Orbit: The path (usually elliptical)
More informationThe Solar System 6/23
6/23 The Solar System I. Earth A. Earth is the prototype terrestrial planet 1. Only planet in the solar system (we know of so far) with life 2. Temperature 290 K B. Physical Characteristics 1. Mass: 6
More informationThe Big Bang Theory (page 854)
Name Class Date Space Homework Packet Homework #1 Hubble s Law (pages 852 853) 1. How can astronomers use the Doppler effect? 2. The shift in the light of a galaxy toward the red wavelengths is called
More informationUNIT 3: Chapter 8: The Solar System (pages )
CORNELL NOTES Directions: You must create a minimum of 5 questions in this column per page (average). Use these to study your notes and prepare for tests and quizzes. Notes will be turned in to your teacher
More informationA star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars.
A star is a massive sphere of gases with a core like a thermonuclear reactor. They are the most common celestial bodies in the universe are stars. They radiate energy (electromagnetic radiation) from a
More informationInner and Outer Planets
Inner and Outer Planets SPI 0607.6.2 Explain how the relative distance of objects from the earth affects how they appear. Inner Planets Terrestrial planets are those that are closest to the Sun. Terrestrial
More informationChapter 23: Touring Our Solar System
Chapter 23: Touring Our Solar System The Sun The is the center of our solar system. The Sun makes up of all the mass of our solar system. The Sun s force holds the planets in their orbits around the Sun.
More informationCoriolis Effect - the apparent curved paths of projectiles, winds, and ocean currents
Regents Earth Science Unit 5: Astronomy Models of the Universe Earliest models of the universe were based on the idea that the Sun, Moon, and planets all orbit the Earth models needed to explain how the
More information4. THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1.1. THE SUN. Exercises
4. THE SOLAR SYSTEM 1.1. THE SUN The sun is the star located in the center of the solar system. The sun is a yellow star, since its superficial temperature is about 5.500 C (although, the temperature can
More informationStarting from closest to the Sun, name the orbiting planets in order.
Chapter 9 Section 1: Our Solar System Solar System: The solar system includes the sun, planets and many smaller structures. A planet and its moon(s) make up smaller systems in the solar system. Scientist
More informationThe Universe and Galaxies
The Universe and Galaxies 16.1 http://dingo.care-mail.com/cards/flash/5409/galaxy.swf Universe The sum of all matter and energy that exists, that has ever existed, and that will ever exist. We will focus
More information21/11/ /11/2017 Space Physics AQA Physics topic 8
Space Physics AQA Physics topic 8 8.1 Solar System, Orbits and Satellites The eight planets of our Solar System Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune As well as the eight planets, the
More informationAnswers. The Universe. Year 10 Science Chapter 6
Answers The Universe Year 10 Science Chapter 6 p133 1 The universe is considered to be the whole of all matter, energy, planets, solar systems, galaxies, and space. Many definitions of the universe also
More informationLife Cycle of a Star - Activities
Name: Class Period: Life Cycle of a Star - Activities A STAR IS BORN STAGES COMMON TO ALL STARS All stars start as a nebula. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust. Gravity can pull some of the gas
More informationWHAT WE KNOW. Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So..
ASTRONOMY THE BIG BANG THEORY WHAT WE KNOW Scientists observe that every object in the universe is moving away from each other. Objects furthest away are moving the fastest. So.. WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? If
More informationJoy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life
Joy of Science Experience the evolution of the Universe, Earth and Life Review Introduction Main contents Quiz Unless otherwise noted, all pictures are taken from wikipedia.org Review 1 The presence of
More informationFCAT Review Space Science
FCAT Review Space Science The Law of Universal Gravitation The law of universal gravitation states that ALL matter in the universe attracts each other. Gravity is greatly impacted by both mass and distance
More informationTEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION
TEACHER BACKGROUND INFORMATION (The Universe) A. THE UNIVERSE: The universe encompasses all matter in existence. According to the Big Bang Theory, the universe was formed 10-20 billion years ago from a
More informationSun Mercury Venus. Earth Mars Jupiter
Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Venus is the hottest planet in our solar system. The thick clouds on Venus hold the heat in. The sun s lights reflect off Venus s clouds making it look like the brightest
More informationEarth s Formation Unit [Astronomy] Student Success Sheets (SSS)
Page1 Earth s Formation Unit [Astronomy] Student Success Sheets (SSS) HS-ESSI-1; HS-ESS1-2; HS-ESS1-3; HS-ESSI-4 NGSS Civic Memorial High School - Earth Science A Concept # What we will be learning Mandatory
More informationExploring Our Solar System
Exploring Our Solar System Our Solar System What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement
More informationChapter 15 & 16 Science Review (PATTERNS IN THE SKY, OUR SOLAR SYSTEM)
Chapter 15 & 16 Science Review (PATTERNS IN THE SKY, OUR SOLAR SYSTEM) The Milky Way the galaxy that contains our solar system Our solar system is a speck in the Milky Way galaxy Pluto is now considered
More informationOur Solar System and Its Place in the Universe
Our Solar System and Its Place in the Universe The Formation of the Solar System Our Solar System includes: Planets Dwarf Planets Moons Small Solar System bodies Sun Outer portion created Planets and their
More informationInner and Outer Planets
Inner and Outer Planets Inner Planets Terrestrial planets are those that are closest to the Sun. Terrestrial planets are made mostly of rock and have similar characteristics to Earth. There are four terrestrial
More informationOur Planetary System. Chapter 7
Our Planetary System Chapter 7 Key Concepts for Chapter 7 and 8 Inventory of the Solar System Origin of the Solar System What does the Solar System consist of? The Sun: It has 99.85% of the mass of the
More information1UNIT. The Universe. What do you remember? Key language. Content objectives
1UNIT The Universe What do you remember? What are the points of light in this photo? What is the difference between a star and a planet? a moon and a comet? Content objectives In this unit, you will Learn
More informationThe Solar System. Sun. Rotates and revolves around the Milky Way galaxy at such a slow pace that we do not notice any effects.
The Solar System Sun Center of the solar system About 150,000,000 km from the Earth An averaged sized, yellow star Spherical in shape due to gravity Made of about ¾ hydrogen and ¼ helium, both of which
More informationCh 23 Touring Our Solar System 23.1 The Solar System 23.2 The Terrestrial Planet 23.3 The Outer Planets 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System
Ch 23 Touring Our Solar System 23.1 The Solar System 23.2 The Terrestrial Planet 23.3 The Outer Planets 23.4 Minor Members of the Solar System Ch 23.1 The Solar System Terrestrial planets- Small Rocky
More informationAstronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999
Astronomy 1504 Section 10 Final Exam Version 1 May 6, 1999 Reminder: When I write these questions, I believe that there is one one correct answer. The questions consist of all parts a e. Read the entire
More informationWhat s in Our Solar System?
The Planets What s in Our Solar System? Our Solar System consists of a central star (the Sun), the main eight planets orbiting the sun, the dwarf planets, moons, asteroids, comets, meteors, interplanetary
More informationUnit 2 Lesson 1 What Objects Are Part of the Solar System? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 2 Lesson 1 What Objects Are Part of the Solar System? Florida Benchmarks SC.5.E.5.2 Recognize the major common characteristics of all planets and compare/contrast the properties of inner and outer
More informationName: Date: Hour: 179 degrees celsius. 5% of Earth A 70 pound person would weigh 27 pounds on Mercury.
Planet Exploration- http://www.kidsastronomy.com/solar_.htm Mercury 1 87.9 days 58.6 days 57 million Km 465 degrees celsius Minimum -184 degrees celsius 179 degrees celsius Moons Terrestrial or Gaseous?
More informationLESSON topic: formation of the solar system Solar system formation Star formation Models of the solar system Planets in our solar system
Unit 2 Lesson 1 LESSON topic: formation of the solar system - Solar system formation - Star formation - Models of the solar system - Planets in our solar system Big bang theory Origin of the universe According
More informationNSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS
NSCI 314 LIFE IN THE COSMOS 2 BASIC ASTRONOMY, AND STARS AND THEIR EVOLUTION Dr. Karen Kolehmainen Department of Physics CSUSB COURSE WEBPAGE: http://physics.csusb.edu/~karen MOTIONS IN THE SOLAR SYSTEM
More informationIntroduction to the Universe
What makes up the Universe? Introduction to the Universe Book page 642-644 Objects in the Universe Astrophysics is the science that tries to make sense of the universe by - describing the Universe (Astronomy)
More information~15 GA. (Giga Annum: Billion Years) today
~15 GA (Giga Annum: Billion Years) today ~ 300,000 years after the Big Bang The first map of the Universe. Not homogeneous. Cosmic microwave background (CMB) anisotropy. First detected by the COBE DMR
More information1 The Life Cycle of a Star
CHAPTER 1 The Life Cycle of a Star Describe the life cycle of various size stars. Rings of glowing gas encircling Supernova 1987A, about 179,000 light-years away in the Large Magellanic Cloud, one of the
More informationFormation of the Universe & What is in Space? The Big Bang Theory and components of the Universe
Formation of the Universe & What is in Space? The Big Bang Theory and components of the Universe The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory The Big Bang Theory is the most widely accepted scientific explanation
More informationYour task for each planet...
Solar System Your task for each planet... Slide 1: What type of planet is it? (either rocky terrestrial world, gas giant or ice giant) What is it made of? Does it have any moons? What is its mass relative
More informationIntroduction to Astronomy
Introduction to Astronomy Have you ever wondered what is out there in space besides Earth? As you see the stars and moon, many questions come up with the universe, possibility of living on another planet
More informationStars and Galaxies. Evolution of Stars
Stars and Galaxies Evolution of Stars What do you think? Read the two statements below and decide whether you agree or disagree with them. Place an A in the Before column if you agree with the statement
More information1. Cosmology is the study of. a. The sun is the center of the Universe. b. The Earth is the center of the Universe
Section 1: The Universe 1. Cosmology is the study of. 2. Identify the type of cosmology a. The sun is the center of the Universe b. The Earth is the center of the Universe 3. The two most abundant gases
More informationRadiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium
SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES ENERGY TRANSFERS Radiation - a process in which energy travels through vacuum (without a medium) Conduction a process in which energy travels through a medium Convection - The transfer
More informationOur Solar System. Lesson 5. Distances Between the Sun and the Planets
Our Solar System Lesson 5 T he Solar System consists of the Sun, the Moon, planets, dwarf planets, asteroids, comets, meteors and other celestial bodies. All these celestial bodies are bound to the Sun
More informationIntroduction to the Universe. What makes up the Universe?
Introduction to the Universe What makes up the Universe? Objects in the Universe Astrophysics is the science that tries to make sense of the universe by - describing the Universe (Astronomy) - understanding
More informationPhysical Science 1 Chapter 16 INTRODUCTION. Astronomy is the study of the universe, which includes all matter, energy, space and time.
INTRODUCTION Astronomy is the study of the universe, which includes all matter, energy, space and time. Although the universe is vast and almost beyond imagination, much is known about its make-up and
More informationThe History of the Earth
The History of the Earth We have talked about how the universe and sun formed, but what about the planets and moons? Review: Origin of the Universe The universe began about 13.7 billion years ago The Big
More informationGALAXIES AND STARS. 2. Which star has a higher luminosity and a lower temperature than the Sun? A Rigel B Barnard s Star C Alpha Centauri D Aldebaran
GALAXIES AND STARS 1. Compared with our Sun, the star Betelgeuse is A smaller, hotter, and less luminous B smaller, cooler, and more luminous C larger, hotter, and less luminous D larger, cooler, and more
More informationUnit 12 Lesson 1 What Objects Are Part of the Solar System?
Unit 12 Lesson 1 What Objects Are Part of the Solar System? The Solar System Earth, other planets, and the moon are part of a solar system. A solar system is made up of a star and the planets and other
More informationCosmology, Galaxies, and Stars OUR VISIBLE UNIVERSE
Cosmology, Galaxies, and Stars OUR VISIBLE UNIVERSE Cosmology Cosmology is the study of the universe; its nature, origin and evolution. General Relativity is the mathematical basis of cosmology from which
More informationWhat is a star? A body of gases that gives off tremendous amounts of energy in the form of light & heat. What star is closest to the earth?
Stars What is a star? A body of gases that gives off tremendous amounts of energy in the form of light & heat. What star is closest to the earth? Answer: The SUN It s about 150,000,000 km from earth =
More informationThe Outer Planets. Video Script: The Outer Planets. Visual Learning Company
11 Video Script: 1. For thousands of years people have looked up at the night sky pondering the limits of our solar system. 2. Perhaps you too, have looked up at the evening stars and planets, and wondered
More informationAST Section 2: Test 2
AST1002 - Section 2: Test 2 Date: 11/05/2009 Name: Equations: E = m c 2 Question 1: The Sun is a stable star because 1. gravity balances forces from pressure. (!) Miniquiz 7, Q3 2. the rate of fusion equals
More informationBeyond Our Solar System Chapter 24
Beyond Our Solar System Chapter 24 PROPERTIES OF STARS Distance Measuring a star's distance can be very difficult Stellar parallax Used for measuring distance to a star Apparent shift in a star's position
More informationChapter 29. The Solar System. The Solar System. Section 29.1 Models of the Solar System notes Models of the Solar System
The Solar System Chapter 29 The Solar System Section 29.1 Models of the Solar System 29.1 notes Models of the Solar System Geocentric: : Earth-centered model of the solar system. (Everything revolves around
More informationEdmonds Community College Astronomy 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Exam # 2
Edmonds Community College Astronomy 100 Winter Quarter 2007 Sample Exam # 2 Instructor: L. M. Khandro 1. Relatively speaking, objects with high temperatures emit their peak radiation in short wavelengths
More informationApparent Motion. How do celestial objects appear to move across the sky?
Apparent Motion How do celestial objects appear to move across the sky? 1 Apparent Motions Geocentric Universe - idea that Earth was at the center of the solar system Stars all rotate around the Earth
More information1. Galaxy (a) the length of a planet s day. 2. Rotational Period (b) dust and gases floating in space
Vocabulary: Match the vocabulary terms on the left with the definitions on the right 1. Galaxy (a) the length of a planet s day 2. Rotational Period (b) dust and gases floating in space 3. Orbital Period
More informationUnit 6 Lesson 4 What Are the Planets in Our Solar System? Copyright Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Unit 6 Lesson 4 What Are the Planets in Our Solar System? What other objects are near Earth in this part of space? Earth and millions of other objects make up our solar system. In Our Corner of Space A
More informationOUR SOLAR SYSTEM. James Martin. Facebook.com/groups/AstroLSSC Twitter.com/AstroLSSC
OUR SOLAR SYSTEM James Martin Facebook.com/groups/AstroLSSC Twitter.com/AstroLSSC It s time for the human race to enter the solar system. -Dan Quayle Structure of the Solar System Our Solar System contains
More informationWhich of the following planets are all made up of gas? When a planets orbit around the Sun looks like an oval, it s called a(n)
When a planets orbit around the Sun looks like an oval, it s called a(n) - ellipse - circle - axis - rotation Which of the following planets are all made up of gas? - Venus, Mars, Saturn and Pluto - Jupiter,
More information25.2 Stellar Evolution. By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star.
25.2 Stellar Evolution By studying stars of different ages, astronomers have been able to piece together the evolution of a star. Star Birth The birthplaces of stars are dark, cool interstellar clouds,
More informationSolar System revised.notebook October 12, 2016 Solar Nebula Theory
Solar System revised.notebook The Solar System Solar Nebula Theory Solar Nebula was a rotating disk of dust and gas w/ a dense center dense center eventually becomes the sun start to condense b/c of gravity
More informationMotion of the planets
Our Solar system Motion of the planets Our solar system is made up of the sun and the 9 planets that revolve around the sun Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune & Pluto (maybe?)
More informationASTRONOMY 1 FINAL EXAM 1 Name
ASTRONOMY 1 FINAL EXAM 1 Name Multiple Choice (2 pts each) 1. Sullivan Star is an F spectral class star that is part of a binary star system. It has a MS lifetime of 5 billion years. Its life will eventually
More information1. Star: A object made of gas found in outer space that radiates.
1. Star: A object made of gas found in outer space that radiates. 2. Stars produce extremely great quantities of energy through the process of. The chemical formula for nuclear fusion looks like this:
More informationCosmology Vocabulary
Cosmology Vocabulary Vocabulary Words Terrestrial Planets The Sun Gravity Galaxy Lightyear Axis Comets Kuiper Belt Oort Cloud Meteors AU Nebula Solar System Cosmology Universe Coalescence Jovian Planets
More informationSOLAR SYSTEM, STABILITY OF ORBITAL MOTIONS, SATELLITES
SOLAR SYSTEM, STABILITY OF ORBITAL MOTIONS, SATELLITES Q1. The figure below shows what scientists over 1000 years ago thought the solar system was like. Give one way that the historical model of the solar
More informationThe Solar System consists of
The Universe The Milky Way Galaxy, one of billions of other galaxies in the universe, contains about 400 billion stars and countless other objects. Why is it called the Milky Way? Welcome to your Solar
More informationSOLAR SYSTEM NOTES. Scientists believe its at least 4.6 billion years old!!! 10/26/2017 ENERGY TRANSFERS RADIATION FROM THE SUN
SOLAR SYSTEM NOTES Our Solar System is composed of: 1. The Sun 2. The Planets 3. Asteroids 4. Comets 5. Meteors 6. Natural & Artificial satellites Remember: How old is our Solar System? Scientists believe
More informationScience Practice Astronomy (AstronomyJSuber)
Name: Date: 1. The pull of gravity on Earth is a direct result of the A. mass of Earth. B. magnetic field of Earth. C. rotation of Earth on its axis. D. weight of Earth's atmosphere. This online assessment
More informationGraspIT Questions AQA GCSE Physics Space physics
A. Solar system: stability of orbital motions; satellites (physics only) 1. Put these astronomical objects in order of size from largest to smallest. (3) Fill in the boxes in the correct order. the Moon
More informationWhat is the solar system?
Notes Astronomy What is the solar system? 11.1 Structure of the Solar System Our solar system includes planets and dwarf planets, their moons, a star called the Sun, asteroids and comets. Planets, dwarf
More informationExplain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere.
Chapter 29 and 30 Explain how the sun converts matter into energy in its core. Describe the three layers of the sun s atmosphere. Explain how sunspots are related to powerful magnetic fields on the sun.
More informationFormation of the Universe
A. The Universe 1. 2. 3. How did the universe begin? Only one exists or are there more? Composed of space and 100 billion galaxies A galaxy is a grouping of millions or billions of stars kept together
More informationChapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Lesson 4 Chapter Wrap-Up
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 The Structure of the Solar System Lesson 2 The Inner Planets Lesson 3 The Outer Planets Lesson 4 Dwarf Planets and Other Objects Chapter Wrap-Up NASA/JPL/USGS What kinds of
More informationAstronomy Study Guide Answer Key
Astronomy Study Guide Answer Key Section 1: The Universe 1. Cosmology is the study of how the universe is arranged. 2. Identify the type of cosmology a. The sun is the center of the Universe Heliocentric
More informationComparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight
Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 06 Oct. 09, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)
More informationTopic 1: Earth s Motion Topic 2: The Moon Earth s Satellite Topic 3: Solar System Topic 4: The Planets Topic 5: Stars & Galaxies
Topic 1: Earth s Motion Topic 2: The Moon Earth s Satellite Topic 3: Solar System Topic 4: The Planets Topic 5: Stars & Galaxies Topic 1: Earth s Motion Essential Question: What causes the cycle of seasons
More informationASTRONOMY. S6E1 a, b, c, d, e, f S6E2 a, b, c,
ASTRONOMY S6E1 a, b, c, d, e, f S6E2 a, b, c, UNIVERSE Age 13.7 billion years old The Big Bang Theory Protons and Neutrons formed hydrogen and helium. This created heat that formed the stars. Other elements
More informationThe Earth and the Universe
The Earth and the Universe The exploration of space is called astronomy. Most of our observations in space have come from using telescopes of different kinds. Observing the universe from the ground has
More informationCHAPTER 9: STARS AND GALAXIES
CHAPTER 9: STARS AND GALAXIES Characteristics of the Sun 1. The Sun is located about 150 million kilometres from the Earth. 2. The Sun is made up of hot gases, mostly hydrogen and helium. 3. The size of
More information-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher
-Melissa Greenberg, Arielle Hoffman, Zachary Feldmann, Ryan Pozin, Elizabeth Weeks, Christopher Pesota, & Sara Pilcher Formation Overview All explanations as to how the solar system was formed are only
More informationGalaxies: enormous collections of gases, dust and stars held together by gravity Our galaxy is called the milky way
Celestial bodies are all of the natural objects in space ex. stars moons, planets, comets etc. Star: celestial body of hot gas that gives off light and heat the closest star to earth is the sun Planet:
More informationAstronomy Final Exam Study Guide
Astronomy Final Exam Study Guide 1. Daily motion is diurnal. Yearly motion is annual. 2. The Celestial equator lies directly above the Earth s equator. The Celestial North Pole lies directly above the
More informationIX. Dwarf Planets A. A planet is defined to be an object that is large enough to coalesce into a sphere and to have cleared its orbit of other
7/1 VII. VIII. Uranus A. Gas Giant 1. Rings but not visible 2. HUGE axial tilt 97! 3. Mostly hydrogen and helium 4. Medium rotation rate 5. Cold 55 K at the cloud tops B. Physical characteristics 1. Mass:
More informationAnnouncement Test 2. is coming up on Mar 19. Start preparing! This test will cover the classes from Feb 27 - Mar points, scantron, 1 hr.
Announcement Test 2 is coming up on Mar 19. Start preparing! This test will cover the classes from Feb 27 - Mar 14. 50 points, scantron, 1 hr. 1 AST103 Ch. 7 Our Planetary System Earth, as viewed by the
More informationUNIT 1: EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM.
UNIT 1: EARTH AND THE SOLAR SYSTEM. 1) A BRIEF HISTORY Theories of the Universe In the second century BC, the astronomer Ptolemy proposed that the Earth was the centre of the Universe, and that the Sun,
More informationLesson 3 THE SOLAR SYSTEM
Lesson 3 THE SOLAR SYSTEM THE NATURE OF THE SUN At the center of our solar system is the Sun which is a typical medium sized star. Composed mainly of Hydrogen (73% by mass), 23% helium and the rest is
More informationLife Cycle of a Star Worksheet
Life Cycle of a Star Worksheet A STAR IS BORN STAGES COMMON TO ALL STARS All stars start as a nebula. A nebula is a large cloud of gas and dust. Gravity can pull some of the gas and dust in a nebula together.
More informationLearning About Our Solar System
Learning About Our Solar System By debbie Routh COPYRIGHT 2004 Mark Twain Media, Inc. ISBN 978-1-58037-876-5 Printing No. 404007-EB Mark Twain Media, Inc., Publishers Distributed by Carson-Dellosa Publishing
More informationComparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System. Chapter Eight
Comparative Planetology II: The Origin of Our Solar System Chapter Eight ASTR 111 003 Fall 2007 Lecture 07 Oct. 15, 2007 Introduction To Modern Astronomy I: Solar System Introducing Astronomy (chap. 1-6)
More informationComparative Planetology I: Our Solar System
Comparative Planetology I: Our Solar System Guiding Questions 1. Are all the other planets similar to Earth, or are they very different? 2. Do other planets have moons like Earth s Moon? 3. How do astronomers
More informationPrentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE
Prentice Hall EARTH SCIENCE Tarbuck Lutgens Chapter 25 Beyond Our Solar System 25.1 Properties of Stars Characteristics of Stars A constellation is an apparent group of stars originally named for mythical
More informationRead each slide then use the red or some underlined words to complete the organizer.
Read each slide then use the red or some underlined words to complete the organizer. 1B Did it start as a bang! 1B The Expanding Universe A. The Big Bang Theory: Idea that all matter began in an infinitely
More information