RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS. (Submitted by the Secretariat) Summary and Purpose of Document

Transcription

1 WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION COMMISSION FOR BASIC SYSTEMS OPEN PROGRAMME AREA GROUP ON INTEGRATED OBSERVING SYSTEMS EXPERT TEAM ON SATELLITE SYSTEMS ELEVENTH SESSION GENEVA, SWITZERLAND, 4-6 APRIL 2017 ET-SAT-11/Doc. 6.1 (1.IV.2017) ITEM: 6 Original: ENGLISH RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS (Submitted by the Secretariat) Summary and Purpose of Document It is among the responsibilities of ET-SAT to advise the Comm ission for Basic Systems (CBS) on satellite matters and, in particular, to keep under review the status and plans of the spacebased GOS in order to identify potential gaps and recommend appropriate actions. ACTION PROPOSED The Expert Team is invited to: - Consider the resulting Gap Analysis with reference to the Vision for the GOS in 2025 and express guidance as concerns the major anticipated gaps.

2 RISK ASSESSMENT AND GAP ANALYSIS This working paper is an updating of CGMS-43 WMO-WP-14, that introduced the issues at the time considered at risk: a) Geostationary coverage of Indian Ocean b) Transition to GOES-R in South America c) Geostationary infrared sounding (hyperspectral on some slots) d) Imagery and sounding on early morning orbit e) Continuity of afternoon primary missions f) Radio-occultation g) Altimetry h) Active ocean surface wind measurement i) Earth Radiation Budget j) Limb sounding. The current situation is presented, as resulting from the WMO OSCAR Gap analysis at in March A short description of the current structure and contents of the OSCAR Gap analysis is provided in Appendix. Comments to the described situation are offered, with draft recommendations, when appropriate. Out of the ten problem areas previously identified, two issues seem to be no longer an issue. The updated list of recommendations is: GEO coverage of Indian Ocean Transition to GOES-R in South America Geostationary infrared sounding Imagery and sounding in early morning Continuity of afternoon primary missions Radio-occultation Altimetry Active ocean surface wind Earth Radiation Budget Limb sounding No longer an issue. Role of CGMS on this issue considered exhausted. JMA, NOAA and KMA to implement hyperspectral sounding on the next generations of Himawari, GOES and GEO-KOMPSAT satellites. NOAA, with DoD, to care that the timeliness of DMSP MW imaging/sounding dissemination improves. NOAA and CMA to care that the Users are provided with all the information necessary for a seamless transition from SNPP to JPSS-1 and FY-3B to FY3D. NOAA to bring to success the effort to implement COSMIC-2B. CNES (for SWIM and KaRIN) and JAXA (for SHIOSAI) to continue and intensify their efforts on large-swath altimetry. Roscosmos and ISRO to manifest their long-term plan for the follow-on of Meteor-M N3 and OceanSat-3. CMA to investigate whether it is feasible to install ERM-2 on FY-3F. ERB instruments to be considered for future generations of GEO. Plans for limb sounding in IR and MW to be considered. Updated statement of the problems, analysis of the scenario and conclusions/recommendations are described in the following table.

3 Risk area Problem Situation as from in March 2017 Conclusion Long-standing problems of highquality observation and data availability a) Geostationary coverage of Indian Ocean b) Transition to GOES-R in South America c) Geostationary infrared sounding (hyperspectral on some slots) The receiving stations for GOES will change to the new standard (GRB) introduced with GOES-R. The overlap period with the current standard (HRIT and LRIT) will be very short. Receiving stations in South American risk to experience a gap in the availability of GOES images. Hyperspectral sounding from GEO is basic for high-vertical-resolution, frequent temperature and humidity profiling, and derived winds. After the experience initiated with FY-4A, other GEO programmes will follow, but current plans leave uncovered over one half of the Earth s surface. INSAT-3D. Position: 82 E. k) Launched on 25 July 2013, expected EOL l) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available. INSAT-3DR. Position; 74 E (commissioning). m) Launched on 8 September 2016, expected EOL n) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available. INSAT-3DS. Position: TBD. o) planned launch 2022, expected EOL Electro-L N2. Position 76*E. p) Launched on 11 December 2015, expected EOL q) NRT data available via HRIT and LRIT. DCS available. Meteosat-8. Position: 41.5 E.. r) IODC served since 1 February 2017, expected EOL s) NRT data available via EUMETCast. DCS available. GOES-13 or GOES-14 to ensure service at 75 E till GOES-R launched on 19 November Being under commissioning at 89.5 W. GOES-S to follow in East position (75 E) to be covered by GOES-R or GOES-S likely Waiting for the establishment and testing of GRB stations in South America, NOAA has planned early dissemination of a selection of GOES-R data by GEONETCast-Americas (GNC-A). FY-4, first launch occurred on 10 December 2016, is equipped with GIIRS (Geostationary Interferometric Infrared Sounder). MTG-S, first launch planned for 2022, will be equipped with the hyperspectral IRS (Infra- Red Sounder). Electro-M, first launch planned for 2025, will be equipped with IRFS-GS (Infra-Red Fourier-transform Spectrometer, Geostationary). These systems will cover the range of longitudes from ~ 30 W to ~ 130 E at the equator. Hyperspectral sounding is currently not planned for GOES, Himawari and GEO-KOMPSAT satellites (range of longitudes from ~ 100 E to ~ 40 W at the equator). The gap will last up to at least ~ 2036 (GOES), ~ 2031 (Himawari) and ~ 2030 (GEO-KOMPSAT). Coverage ensured by the concurrence of several satellites, also providing redundancy for contingency. Data availability satisfactory. Long-term continuity secured. No longer an issue. NOAA has undertaken to disseminate selected GOES-R images by GNC-A. The role of CGMS on this issue may be considered exhausted. According to the current plans, hyperspectral sounding will be missing over ~ 55% of the Earth surface (more before 2025). It is recommended that JMA, NOAA and KMA implement hyperspectral sounding on the next generations of Himawari, GOES and GEO- KOMPSAT satellites.

4 d) Imagery and sounding on early morning orbit e) Continuity of afternoon primary missions The descoping of the DoD plans for the follow-on DMSP programme leaves a serious gap in the ideal 3-orbit configuration necessary for ~ 4-hourly global imagery and sounding. The p.m. orbit is served by three satellite series, JPSS, Meteor-M and FY-3, that provide redundancy as a safeguard against large service interruptions. Continuity is necessary to mitigate the risks from adapting acquisition and processing chains when a satellite is replaced by its successor in the series. f) Radio-occultation COSMIC-1 has demonstrated the value of a regular distribution of radio-occultation soundings, as only a dedicated constellation can provide. Unfortunately, the number of active satellites in COSMIC-1 is continuously decreasing. Radio- Current programmes and plans are based on: in the mid-morning orbit (9:30-10:30 LST): Metop and follow-on Metop-SG Meteor-M and follow-on Meteor-MP FY-3; in the early-afternoon orbit (13:30-15:30 LST) SNPP and follow-on JPSS Meteor-M and follow-on Meteor-MP FY-3; in the early-morning orbit (5:30-07:00 LST) FY-3 (now very likely) DMSP and follow-on TBD, with no IR sounding and restricted access. The replacing policy between satellites of a series normally makes provision of a convenient time overlap between one satellite and its successor. Planning in the afternoon orbit is envisaged as follows: NOAA: SNPP: 2011 to 2017 JPSS-1: September 2017 to 2024 JPSS-2: 2021 to 2028 JPSS-3: 2026 to 2033 JPSS-4: 2031 to RosHydroMet: Meteor-M N2-1: 2017 to 2022 Meteor-M N2-3: 2020 to 2025 Meteor-M N2-5: 2022 to 2027 Meteor-MP N1: 2021 to CMA: FY-3B: 2010 to 2017 FY-3D: 2017 to 2022 FY-3G: 2021 to Radio-occultation payloads are carried or planned on operational satellites series and singleshot satellites; and on dedicated constellations. Operational satellite series: Metop (GRAS, ~650 soundings/day) and Metop-SG-A / SG-B (RO, ~1100 soundigs/day per satellite) FY-3 e.m., a.m. and p.m.; and FY-3RM (GNOSS, ~1100 soundings/day per satellite) Meteor-M a.m. and p.m. (Radiomet, ~750 soundings/day per satellite) and Meteor-MP a.m. and p.m. (ARMA-MP, ~2000 soundings/day per satellite) In the e.m. orbit, the level of redundancy is very limited. Optical images from DMSP are subject to restricted access, imaging/sounding in MW are available with considerable delay. NOAA is recommended to care, with DoD, that the timeliness of DMSP MW imaging/sounding dissemination improves. Two criticalities can be identified: between SNPP and JPSS- 1, also noting that JPSS-1 could be subject to long time for commissioning; between FY-3B and FY-3D, also noting that some FY- 3D instruments will be upgraded in respect of FY- 3B. NOAA and CMA should care that the Users are provided with all the information necessary for a seamless transition. Although the total number of radio-occultation soundings/day from operational and, at periods, single-shot satellites, is substantial, the contribution from dedicated constellations in drifting orbits is fundamental for the regularity of distribution.

5 occultation payloads on operational satellites may substantially contribute. Payloads hosted on single-shot satellites also are valuable, provided that their data are made openly available. The COSMIC-2 constellation to replace COSMIC-1 and extend the coverage of low latitudes is extremely important. g) Altimetry Altimetry is the primary mission for ocean circulation and accurate geoid determination. After a few decades of utilisation mainly for geodesy and climate, the use has been extended to NWP and operational oceanography. h) Active ocean surface wind measurement The viewing capability limited to the nadir requires many satellites for implementing a coverage suitable for daily operations. Many satellites imply many providing Agencies, thus intensive inter-agency cooperation for orbit coordination and data exchange. Extension to small-scale application (coastal zone, seastate) pushes development towards (relatively) large-swath by multi-beam radar or interferometry. Wind vectors on the sea surface has become an increasingly important input for NWP. Correspondingly, the number of JASON CS (Tri-G, ~2000 soundings/day) Total soundings/day: up to ~10,000, continuity ensured Single-shot satellites: KOMPSAT-5 (AOPOD, ~600 soundings/day) OceanSat-2 (ROSA, ~250 soundings/day) GRACE(BlackJack, ~150 soundings/day) and GRACE-FO (Tri-G, ~300 soundings/day) TerraSAR-X and TSX-NG (IGOR, ~200 soundings/day) TanDEM-X (IGOR, ~100 soundings/day) SEOSAR/Paz (ROHPP, ~250 sounding/day) Megha-Tropiques (ROSA, ~650 soundings/day) Total soundings/day: up to ~2000, continuity not foreseen. Constellations: COSMIC-1 (4 sats survived) (IGOR, ~1500 soundings/day), high-inclination orbits COSMIC-2A (6 sats) (TGRS, ~6600 soundings/day), low-inclination orbits) COSMIC-2B (6 sats) (TGRS, ~6600 soundings/day), high-inclination orbits). Several satellites embarking radar altimeters are currently in orbit or planned: In sunsynchronous orbits: at 06:00 LST: HY-2A, HY-2B and HY-2E (covered time range: 2011 to 2025), with ALT at 06:00 LST: SARAL (2013 to 2018) with Altika at 07:00 LST: CFOSAT and CFOSAT-FO ( 2018 to 2027) with SWIM (large swath) at 10:00 LST: Sentinel-3A and Sentinel 3B (2016 to 2024) with SRAL (along-track SAR capability). In the geodetic orbit (1336 km altitude, 66 inclination): JASON-2 and JASON-3 (2008 to 2021), with Poseidon-3 A/B JASON-CS-A and JASON-CS-B ( 2020 to 2033), with SRAL (with along-track SAR capability) HY-2C, HY-2D, HY-2F and HY-2G ( 2019 to 2027), with ALT. In other drifting orbits: CryoSat-2 (2010 to 2017) with SIRAL (with along-track SAR capability) SWOT (mission concept, 2020 to 2023), with Altimeter and KaRIN (large swath) COMPIRA (mission concept, 2019 to 2024), with Altimeter and SHIOSAI (large swath). Cooperation for data exchange is very active. EUMETSAT, that is responsible of distributing oceanographic data from JASON 2 & 3 and Sentinel-3, also has taken over the NRT distribution of HY-2 data after agreement with the Chinese NSOAS. Several satellites embarking radar scatterometers are currently in orbit or planned: at 06:00 LST: HY-2A, HY-2B and HY-2E (2011 to 2025), with SCAT at 06:00 LST: FY-3E and FY-3H ( 2018 to 2028) with WindRad at 07:00 LST: CFOSAT and CFOSAT-FO ( 2018 to 2027) with SCAT COSMIC-2A in low-orbit is basic for balanced distribution across latitude. COSMIC-2B is basic for regular distribution across longitude. Noting that COSMIC-2A is close to launch, NOAA is recommended to bring to success the effort to implement COSMIC-2B as well. For the purpose of ocean topography and geodesy the availability of altimeters, currently and in the long term, seems sufficient. The alongtrack SAR capability enables accurate contour detection of sea-ice. Applications marginally served are: sea-level in coastal zones and sea-state, that require higher resolution, frequent observation and timely data availability. It is recommended that CNES (for SWIM and KaRIN) and JAXA (for SHIOSAI) continue and intensify their efforts on large-swath altimetry. The coverage in the early- and mid-morning is provided by several satellites, some belonging to operational series.

6 satellites equipped with radar scatterometer has steadily increased. Since sea-surface wind is also valuable for nowcasting, NRT data availability has become a stringent requirement, that needs to be faced by tight cooperation between the Agencies responsible of the various systems. i) Earth Radiation Budget Although ERB was measured since the earliest stage of space meteorology, it was still considered a scientific issue till recently. With the increasing importance of the climate issue and the interest of NWP (before, for model validation, now for initialisation), ERB measurement from space has become a stringent requirement. However, because of the historical background, the current and planned satellite system architecture is not optimal for ERB. A focused effort is needed, both to optimise the observing systems, and to structure the procedures for the specifically severe problems of intercalibration. at 08:45 LST: ScatSat-1 (2016 to 2021), with OSCAT at 09:30: Metop-A, Metop-B and Metop-C ( 2006 to 2024) with ASCAT; and Metop-SG- B1, Metop-SG-B2 and Metop-SG-B3 ( 2022 to 2043), with SCA at 12:00 LST: Meteor-M N3 ( 2021 to 2026) with SCAT at 12:00 LST: OceanSat-3 ( 2018 to 2023) with OSCAT drifting orbit: HY-2C, HY-2D, HY-2F and HY-2G ( 2019 to 2027), with SCAT. Cooperation for data exchange is very active. EUMETSAT, responsible for Metop, has taken over the NRT distribution of HY-2 and OcenSat/ScatSat data after agreement with NSOAS and ISRO. The situation of ERB measurements is as follows. Short- and Long-wave broad-band from LEO: at 06:00 LST: FY-2E and FY-H ( 2018 to 2028) with ERM-2 at 10:15 LST: FY-3C (1913 to 2018) with ERM-1 at 10:30 LST: Terra (1999 to 2017) with CERES at 13:30 LST: Aqua (2002 to 2017) with CERES at 13:30 LST: SNPP (2011 to 2017) with CERES; and JPSS-1, JPSS-2, JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 ( 2017 to 2038) with RBI drifting; Megha-Tropiques (2003 to 2017), with ScaRaB. Short- and Long-wave broad-band from GEO or L1 at 4 W-10 E: Meteosat-9, Meteosat-10 and Meteosat-11 (2005 to 2022) with GERB at 0 : Electro-M N3 ( 2029 to 2039) with ERBR at 41.5 E: Meteosat-8/IODC (2017 to 2019) with GERB at E: Electro-M N1 and Electro-M N2 ( 2025 to 2035) with ERBR at L1: DSCOVR (2015 to 2025) with NISTAR. Solar irradiance at TOA from LEO SORCE (2003 to 2017), total (TIM) and spectral (SIM) SIDAR (TSIS on the ISS) ( 2018 to 2023), total (TIM) and spectral (SIM) FY-3A, FY-3C (1913 to 2018) with SIM-1, and FY-2E and FY-H ( 2018 to 2028) with SIM-2. Solar irradiance at TOA from GEO or Molniya: Electro-L N1, Electro-L N2, Electro-L N3, Electro-L N4, Electro-L N5 (2011 to 2034) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M Electro-M N1, Electro-M N2, Electro-M N3 ( 2025 to 2039) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M Arctica-M N1, Arctica-M N2, Arctica-M N3, Arctica-M N4 and Arctica-M N5 ( 2017 to 2030) with GGAK-E/ISP-2M. In the late-morning / early afternoon the commitment to long-term continuity after Meteor-MP N3 and OceanSat-3 has not yet been expressed (some HY-2 satellites in drifting orbit mitigates this problem). Roscosmos and ISRO should manifest their long-term plan for the follow-on of Meteor-M N3 and OceanSat-3. As concerns broad-band ERB in LEO, the long-term plan is based on FY-3 in early morning, and JPSS in early afternoon. This might not be sufficient to deal with the diurnal variation affected by rapidly-evolving clouds and water vapour. GEO observation is supposed to complement LEO for diurnal variation but, in the long-term, is only planned for Electro-M, covering only Europe and Asia. DSCOVR observes all longitudes, but only in daylight, and its long-term future is not known. Solar irradiance at TOA, in the long-term, is planned for FY-3 in GEO and Electro L/M and Arctica in GEO and Molniya. The most evident gaps for ERB are the lack of broad-band radiometry from LEO in midmorning, and the poor longitudinal coverage from GEO. CMA could investigate

7 j) Limb sounding Major missions for limb sounding (e.g., Envisat with SCIAMACHY, MIPAS and GOMOS) are no longer active, and many others (e.g. Aura with TES and MLS) are being operated beyond their expected EOL. Future plans for limb sounding are focusing on ozone, whereas the requirements from atmospheric chemistry, particularly for climate and global environment, include many more species. The situation of limb sounding is as follows: Missions operating beyond their expected EOL: SCISAT (2003 to 2017) with ACE-FTS (SWIR, MWIR and TIR) and MAESTRO (from UV to NIR, by sun occultation) TIMED (2001 to 2017) with TIDI (wind in thermosphere and mesosphere by highresolution VIS/NIR spectroscopy) SNPP (2011 to 2017) with OMPS (from UV to NIR) Aura (2004 to 2017) with TES (MWIR and TIR) and MLS (MW up to 2500 GHz) Odin (2001 to 2017) with OSIRIS (UV to NIR) and SMR (MW up to 580 GHz). Just-launched or planned missions: SAGE-III on the ISS (2017 to 2022), UV to SWIR, operating by sun occultation ICON ( 2017 to 2022) with MIGHTI (wind and temperature in the thermosphere by highresolution VIS/NIR spectroscopy) JPSS-2, JPSS-3 and JPSS-4 ( 2021 to 2038) with OMPS (from UV to NIR) Meteor-MP N1 and N2 ( 2021 to 2030), with ACS (from UV to SWIR) FY-3F ( 2019 to 2024) with OMS (UV and VIS). whether it is feasible to install ERM-2 on FY-3F, currently planned for launch in 2019 in the a.m. orbit. Its is recommended that ERB instruments are planned for future generations of GEO satellites to capture diurnal variations. The long-term scenario indicates that, limited to SW sounding, sufficient coverage will be provided by JPSS, Meteor-MP and FY-3. This is sufficient for ozone and a few aggressive species. There is no plan for IR, that includes several green-house species, and important ozoneaffecting species such as CFC s and HNO3. Because of the lack of MW limb sounders the very important OH and HCl will be missing. It is recommended that plans for limb sounding in IR and MW are considered.

8 ET-SAT-11/Doc.6.1, p. 8 APPENDIX - INFORMATION ON THE OSCAR GAP ANALYSIS 1. Structure of the OSCAR Gap analysis The Gap analysis is split according to two options: by Variable by Mission. 2. Gap analysis by Variable The Gap analysis by Variable is simply implemented by plotting in temporal bar charts the instruments (past, current and planned) capable (in principle) to measure the addressed Variable. Currently, there are 122 EO and 69 SW variables addressed (other ones are mentioned, but not processed, for one or another reason). They are split according to 11 Domains: Basic atmospheric Clouds and precipitation Aerosol and radiation Ocean Sea ice Land surface Solid Earth and magnetic field Atmospheric chemistry Ionospheric disturbances Energetic particles and solar wind Solar monitoring. After selecting the Domain and the desired Variable, the timeline is displayed, showing the relevant instruments, ordered by orbital information (GEO longitude or ECT or inclination). The measurement overall quality is imported from the originating instrument page. The bar chart is followed by the full list of instruments potentially capable of measuring the Variable, with indication of the overall measurement quality and the possible operational limitations. 3. Gap analysis by Mission The Gap analysis by Mission is designed is response to the long-term Vision developed by CGMS and WMO as a guidance for future development. The following Missions are currently defined: Multi-purpose VIS/IR imagery from LEO Multi-purpose VIS/IR imagery from GEO IR temperature/humidity sounding from LEO IR temperature/humidity sounding from GEO MW temperature/humidity sounding from LEO MW temperature/humidity sounding from GEO MW imagery Radio occultation sounding Earth radiation budget from LEO

9 ET-SAT-11/Doc.6.1, p. 9 Earth radiation budget from GEO Sea-surface wind by active and passive MW Radar altimetry Ocean colour imagery from LEO Ocean colour imagery from GEO Imagery with special viewing geometry Lightning imagery from GEO or LEO Cloud and precipitation profiling by radar Cross-nadir SW spectrometry (for chemistry) from LEO Cross-nadir SW spectrometry (for chemistry) from GEO Cross-nadir IR spectrometry (for chemistry) from LEO Cross-nadir IR spectrometry (for chemistry) from GEO Limb-sounding spectrometry High-resolution imagery for land observation Synthetic Aperture Radar Space weather: solar activity monitoring Space weather: solar wind and deep space monitoring Space weather: magnetospheric particle monitoring Space weather: ionosphere and magnetosphere monitoring Gravity field measuring systems Precise positioning Data Collection Systems and Search-and-Rescue For each Mission, the criteria to identify the main instrument characteristics necessary to contribute to measuring the variables advocated by the Mission are enunciated. Depending on these technical features, the various instruments relevant to the Mission are rated. The timeline of the instruments contributing to the Mission is displayed, ordered by orbital information (GEO longitude or ECT or inclination). The instrument is rated according to the level of compliance with the mission objective. The bar chart is followed by the full list of instruments contributing to the Mission. As regards the list of Missions, it should be noted that: the Space weather missions, recently introduced, are handled only in a very preliminary way; the EO missions are being carried forward since long, and their analysis is rather consolidated. However, it is perhaps time to review their objectives in the light of recent technological developments and changing user requirements. Table 1 - Geophysical variables processed in OSCAR in the Earth observation area 122 entries as of March 2017 Domain: Basic atmospheric Domain: Sea ice 13 Atmospheric temperature 135 Sea-ice cover 161 Specific humidity 136 Sea-ice elevation 162 Integrated Water Vapour (IWV) 138 Sea-ice thickness 179 Wind (horizontal) 139 Sea-ice type 80 Height of the top of PBL 81 Height of the tropopause Domain: Land surface 164 Temperature of the tropopause 96 Land surface temperature 181 Wind speed over the surface (horizontal) 149 Soil moisture at surface

10 ET-SAT-11/Doc.6.1, p Wind vector over the surface (horizontal) 148 Soil moisture (in the roots region) 216 Atmospheric density 15 Biomass 66 Fraction of vegetated land Domain: Clouds and precipitation 172 Vegetation type 36 Cloud top temperature 98 Leaf Area Index (LAI) 35 Cloud top height 107 Normalised Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) 37 Cloud type 60 Fire fractional cover 27 Cloud cover 62 Fire temperature 26 Cloud base height 61 Fire radiative power 34 Cloud optical depth 144 Snow status (wet/dry) 32 Cloud liquid water (CLW) 143 Snow cover 33 Cloud liquid water (CLW) total column 145 Snow water equivalent 28 Cloud drop effective radius 150 Soil type 29 Cloud ice 95 Land cover 30 Cloud ice (total column) 97 Land surface topography 31 Cloud ice effective radius 69 Glacier cover 67 Freezing level height in clouds 70 Glacier motion 101 Melting layer depth in clouds 71 Glacier topography 127 Precipitation (liquid or solid) 85 Ice sheet topography 128 Precipitation intensity at surface (liquid or solid) 1 Accumulated precipitation (over 24 h) Domain: Solid Earth and magnetic field 99 Lightning detection 68 Geoid 46 Crustal plates positioning Domain: Aerosol and radiation 45 Crustal motion (horizontal and vertical) 6 Aerosol Optical Depth 72 Gravity field 5 Aerosol mass mixing ratio 73 Gravity gradients 2 Aerosol column burden 171 Geomagnetic field 3 Aerosol effective radius 9 Aerosol type Domain: Atmospheric chemistry 173 Aerosol volcanic ash 108 O3 174 Aerosol volcanic ash (Total column) 109 O3 (Total column) 51 Downward short-wave irradiance at TOA 16 BrO 168 Upward spectral radiance at TOA 17 C2H2 169 Upward long-wave irradiance at TOA 18 C2H6 167 Upward short-wave irradiance at TOA 19 CFC Short-wave cloud reflectance 20 CFC Downward long-wave irradiance at Earth s surface 23 CH4 50 Downward short-wave irradiance at Earth s surface 24 ClO 54 Earth s surface albedo 25 ClONO2 55 Earth s surface short-wave bi-directional reflectance 38 CO 170 Upward long-way irradiance at Earth s surface 39 CO2 100 Long-wave Earth surface emissivity 43 COS 126 Photosynthetically Active Radiation (PAR) 76 H2O 65 Fraction of Absorbed PAR (FAPAR) 21 HCHO 22 HCHO (Total column) Domain: Ocean 77 HCl 110 Ocean chlorophyll concentration 78 HDO 42 Colour Dissolved Organic Matter (CDOM) 84 HNO3 117 Ocean suspended sediments concentration 102 N2O 111 Ocean Diffuse Attenuation Coefficient (DAC) 103 N2O5 121 Oil spill cover 104 NO 134 Sea Surface Temperature 105 NO2 133 Sea surface salinity 106 NO2 (Total column) 112 Ocean dynamic topography 120 OH 40 Coastal sea level (tide) 122 PAN 142 Significant wave height 131 PSC occurrence 48 Dominant wave direction 140 SF6 49 Dominant wave period 146 SO2 176 Wave directional energy frequency spectrum 147 SO2 (Total column)

11 ET-SAT-11/Doc.6.1, p. 11 Table 2 - Geophysical variables processed in OSCAR in the Space weather area 69 entries as of March 2017 Domain: Ionospheric disturbances Domain: Solar monitoring 214 Aurora 247 EUV flux 212 Electric Field 262 EUV flux spectrum 56 Electron Density 298 EUV sky image 279 Ionospheric plasma density 255 Gamma-ray flux 88 Ionospheric plasma velocity 254 Gamma-ray flux spectrum 89 Ionospheric Radio Absorption 82 Heliospheric image 90 Ionospheric Scintillation 257 Radio-waves 91 Ionospheric Vertical Total Electron Content (VTEC) 151 Solar Ca II-K image 183 Wind vector over the surface (horizontal) 178 Solar coronagraphic image 216 Atmospheric density 256 Solar electric field 58 Solar EUV flux Domain: Energetic particles and solar wind 245 Solar EUV flux spectrum 299 Alpha particles differential directional flux 152 Solar EUV image 300 Alpha particles integral directional flux 253 Solar gamma-ray flux 44 Cosmic ray neutron flux 252 Solar gamma-ray flux spectrum 221 Cosmic ray neutron flux spectrum 153 Solar H-alpha image 217 Electron differential directional flux 276 Solar Lyman-alpha flux 218 Electron flux density 275 Solar Lyman-alpha image 57 Electron flux energy spectrum 154 Solar magnetic field 219 Electron integral directional flux 155 Solar radio flux 264 Electrostatic charge 59 Solar radio flux spectrum 225 Heavy ion angular flux energy and mass spectrum 301 Solar radio image 271 Heavy ion differential directional flux 240 Solar UV flux 79 Heavy ion flux energy and mass spectrum 238 Solar UV flux spectrum 226 Heavy ion integral directional flux 241 Solar UV image 87 Interplanetary magnetic field 258 Solar velocity fields 130 Proton differential directional flux 265 Solar VIS flux 220 Proton integral directional flux 234 Solar VIS flux spectrum 215 Radiation Dose Rate 235 Solar VIS image 157 Solar wind density 156 Solar white light image 158 Solar wind temperature 184 Solar X-ray flux 159 Solar wind velocity 249 Solar X-ray flux spectrum 160 Solar X-ray image 243 UV flux 304 UV flux spectrum 244 UV sky image 251 X-ray flux 250 X-ray flux spectrum 263 X-ray sky image