Tropospheric Chemistry from space: past, present and future science. Paul Palmer [Slides from Ken Juckes, Ben Veihelmann, and Kelly Chance]

Transcription

1 Tropospheric Chemistry from space: past, present and future science Paul Palmer [Slides from Ken Juckes, Ben Veihelmann, and Kelly Chance]

2 Surface processes, atmospheric chemistry and transport result in a wide variety of chemical signatures

3 PAST (since 1995) What can we measure? How do we use it?

4 Chamber Missing Temporal & Spatial Scale Filled by Satellite data Temporal century year day Flux Tower PBL observation Background Monitoring Network hr 10m 1km 100km Global Spatial (Significant) ongoing challenges: 1) Traceability between measurements and science and policy needs; &/or 2) Complementary data used for eg source attribution.

5 Early work used UV Solar Backscatter measurements designed to monitor the stratosphere Nadir Elevation Angle Solar Zenith Angle Zenith km Horizon Global Ozone Monitoring Experiment (GOME, 1995 launch), SCIAMACHY (2002), OMI (2004), GOME-2 (2006)

6 First quantitative HCHO columns from GOME High yield product of VOC oxidation Lots of daily variability GOME July [10 16 molec cm -2 ] HCHO fitted in UV (~340 nm) 1σ uncertainty: 4 x molec/cm 2 Pixel: 320 x 40 km 2 Chance et al, 2001 July The Ozarks isoprene volcano

7 Relating HCHO Columns to VOC Emissions VOC hours OH HCHO hours hν, OH Net E VOC = k HCHO (k VOC Y VOC HCHO ) Ω HCHO Local linear relationship between HCHO and E Ω HCHO Isoprene a-pinene 100 km VOC source propane Distance downwind E VOC : Ω HCHO from GEOS-CHEM CTM and MEGAN isoprene emission model Palmer et al, JGR, 2003.

8 1996 GOME Isoprene Emissions: May Jun Jul Aug Sep G98 fitted to GOME data G98 Modeled curves [10 12 molecules cm -2 s -1 ] Palmer et al, JGR, GOME Isoprene Emissions [10 12 atoms C cm -2 s -1 ] NCEP Surface Temperature [K]

9 Analysis of HCHO covers most continents Biogenic emissions Palmer et al, Abbot et al, Millet et al Palmer et al, Barkley et al x 3 South Atlantic Anomaly Curci et al Biomass burning Fu et al, Shim et al Data: c/o Chance et al GOME HCHO columns: July 1998 [10 16 molec cm -2 ]

10 Top-Down Constraints on NOx & SOx Emissions Inverse Modeling SCIAMACHY Tropospheric NO2 (1015 molec cm-2) NOx emissions (1011 atoms N cm-2 s-1) Martin et al., Tg S yr SCIAMACHY SO2 (1016 molec cm-2) SOx emissions (1011 atoms N cm-2 s-1) Lee et al., 2011

11 Measurement Of Pollution In The Troposphere (MOPITT): a first glimpse of the scale of long-range transport of pollution April 30, 2000 October 30, 2000 Launched in 1999 to much excitement and skepticism Figure c/o Louisa Emmons

12 PRESENT How do we optimally use these data? What is the value of combining data?

13 Dust CO 2 CH 4 Infrared Atmospheric Sounding Interferometer (IASI) O 3 (0-6 km) CO NH 3 Thermal wavelengths have peak sensitivity in free troposphere Lots of tropospheric species Available in NRT Multiple instruments supported High data volume HCOOH CH 3 OH O 3 HNO 3 SO 2 Figure c/o Clerbaux and Crevosier

14 Integrating satellite data into measurement campaigns BORTAS-B flights, 2011 Used to: 1) help forecast plumes and deploy BAe-146, 2) interpret the ground-based and aircraft data, and 3) relate the campaign data to larger and longer regions and periods

15 BORTAS-B: The view from space IASI (Moore, U. Leicester) CO HCOOH ESA IASI CO (Clerbaux) Atmospheric Chemistry ExperimentFTS (Tereszchuk, U.York)

16 Ozone profiles from the NASA Tropospheric Emission Spectrometer (TES) over Thunderbay ON, 26 th July 2011 BAe-146 NASA TES BAe-146 (comparable to TES) Palmer et al, 2013

17 Data assimilation/inverse model tools statistically fit a CTM to data Transported corrected model fields Estimate chemical fields, surface fluxes, or parameters that relate to the emission process or the chemistry Devil in the detail Efficient algorithms required to process Tbs of data

18 FUTURE Are we making the right measurements? (type, duration, resolution) [Sergey Brin wearing a Google Glass prototype] How do we use the growing volume of data?

19 Earth Observation Missions handled by ESA METEOSAT M-1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 METEOSAT Second Generation MSG-1, -2, -3 MetOp-A, -B, -C METEOSAT Third Generation MTG EPS Second Generation EPS-SG Operational for NWP in cooperation with EUMETSAT ERS-1, -2 Earth Explorers ENVISAT Earth Watch Atmospheric composition GOCE Gravity and Ocean Circulation SMOS Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity CryoSat2 ADM/Aeolus SWARM Polar Ice Monitoring Atmospheric Dynamics Earth s Magnetic Field EarthCARE Sentinel-1 Land surface properties, seaice Sentinel-2 Vegetation, soil, water cover ESA UNCLASSIFIED For Official Use Sentinel-5 (on EPS-SG) Clouds, Aerosols & Radiation Sentinel-3 Surface temperature and colour Sentinel-5 Precursor (ESA+NL) Sentinel-4 (on MTG) Science to better understand the Earth environment Operational for GMES monitoring of the Earth system in cooperation with EC

20 Sentinel-4: GEO atmospheric mission Application: Air quality Yaw-flip at equinox Instrumentation: UV-VIS-NIR spectrometer Use of thermal IR sounder (IRS) and imager (FCI) on MTG-I UVN IRS UV-VIS-NIR with spectral bands nm and nm Spatial sampling of 8 km at 45 N and spectral resolution between 0.12 nm and 0.5 nm Geostationary orbit, at about 0 o longitude Embarked on MTG-Sounder Satellite and operated by EUMETSAT

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22 PREMIER: Earth Explorer Candidate Quantify atmospheric processes that underpin observed chemical variations Focus on FT and UT Limb-imaging FTS; millimetre-wave sounder optimized for IT soundings Altitude range: 5 50 km with global coverage. Minimum of a 4-year mission period. NRT observations of multiple trace gases (and clouds) at high 3D-resolution. PREMIER IRLS dynamics Typhoon Modes: Vert./horiz./along track Dynamics: 0.5 km x 25 km x 50 km Chemistry: 2.0 km x 80 km x 100 km MIPAS Clouds : 0.5 km x 4 km x 8 km

23 NASA Earth Science Planned Missions ( ) SAGE- III (on ISS) 2014 OCO Grace- FO 2017 OCO- 3 (on ISS) 2017 (NOTIONAL) CLARREO NET 2022 (NOTIONAL) L- Band SAR NET 2021 EVI GPM 2014 LDCM 2013 PACE 2020 SWOT 2020 ICESat EVM EVI SMAP 2014 TEMPO EVI- 1, 2019 CYGNSS EVM- 1, 2017

24 Tropospheric Emissions: Monitoring of Pollution (TEMPO) Provides hourly daylight observations to capture rapidly varying emissions & chemistry important for air quality UV/visible grating spectrometer to measure key elements in tropospheric ozone and aerosol pollution Exploits extensive measurement heritage from LEO missions Distinguishes boundary layer from free tropospheric & stratospheric ozone Spatial res: 2 km N/S 4.5 km E/W Launch in 2018

25 Three final points 1) Satellite observations offer an additional perspective on tropospheric chemistry 2) Relatively new field with plenty of unresolved (scientific and technical) challenges 3) Lots of data exists and lots of new data will be available over the next decade