Satellite remote sensing of trace gases - Nadir sounding geometry. Cathy Clerbaux, DR CNRS, LATMOS/IPSL

Transcription

1 Satellite remote sensing of trace gases - Nadir sounding geometry Cathy Clerbaux, DR CNRS, LATMOS/IPSL Cathy.clerbaux@latmos.ipsl.fr

2 Sounding the bottom of the atmosphere Endeavour STS-130

3 Atmospheric composition + H 2 O! N 2 + O 2 + Ar > 99.9 % + H 2 O + CO 2 + trace gases < 0.10 % 1 ppm = ppb = ppt =

4 CO 2 N 2 O CH 4 O 3 CFCs CH 4, COVs SO 2 H 2 O NO-NO 2 PAN CO COVs SO 2 O 3 PM NH 3 C. Clerbaux 2015

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6 Satellite atmospheric sounding Geostationnary orbit, km Polar orbit, around km

7 Current nadir-looking satellite-borne missions US/EOS EU/EPS US/NPP Suomi Terra 1999 Mopitt Aqua 2002 AIRS Metop-A 2006 MetOp-B 2012 Metop-C 2018 IASI GOME-2 GOSAT CrIS OMPS OCO-2 + Calipso on the A-train Aura 2004 TES/OMI C. Clerbaux 2015

8 Atmospheric sounding What we see What a nadir-looking thermal infrared instrument sees C. Clerbaux 2015

9 How radiation and molecules interact Atmosphere Detector satellite C. Clerbaux 2015

10 Electronic transitions Ro-vbrational transitions Rotational transitions 10

11 What can be seen by GOME-2? CO - MOPITT C. Clerbaux 2015 Cathy Clerbaux, Mars 2013

12 What can be seen by IASI? CO - MOPITT CC.. Clerbaux 2015 Cathy Clerbaux, Mars 2013

13 Cuesta et al., ACP 2013 Cathy Clerbaux, Mars 2013

14 Pollution Climat Short live trace gases (a few seconds to a few weeks) Long live gases (a few months to hundreds of years) C. Clerbaux 2015

15 Atmospheric lifetime > 1 yr 1 month C. Clerbaux weeks CO - MOPITT Climate gases H 2 O CO 2, NO 2 [100 yr ] CH 4 [10 yr] (O 3 ) Pollutants CO [4-8 weeks] O 3 [weeks] NO 2 [days ] Formaldeide, methanol, formic acid [days] NH 3 [hours days] 15

16 Whose map is it (retrieved from TIR IASI)? Tropo O 3, C 2 H 2, column CO column, ammonia column? Ash-volcano, dust (sand)? C. Clerbaux 2015

17 Whose map is it? CO O 3 NH 3 C 2 H 2 Dust SO 2 Gases and particles behave differently depending on their lifetime C. Clerbaux 2015

18 Pollution from space 4 examples 1/ NO 2 2/ CO 3/ Tropo O 3 4/ coarse PM 5/ NH 3 CO - MOPITT C. Clerbaux

19 OMI/AURA NO 2 Credit NASA

20 NO 2 Richter et al., Nature, 2005 Andreas Richter EGU 2015

21 Pollution rest days - NO 2 Beirle et al., ACP 2003

22 Pollution Economic crise - NO % decrease since 2008 Vrekoussis, et al., GRL 2013.

23 Pollution Boats - NO 2 OMI/AURA NASA, Earth Observer Indian Ocean : Boats travelling from Sri Lanka to Singapour, Singapour to China; Red Sea, Mediterranean area

24 Pollution Boats - NO 2 Période GOME2- Credit J. Burrows/A.Richter

25 Carbon monoxide (CO) : seasonal distribution Clerbaux et al., ACP

26 CO Feux de végétation Courtesy M. George, LATMOS

27 Large fires: Moscou August 2010 IASI - CO

28 Large fires: Moscou August 2010 July 22 Aug. 22 C. Clerbaux 2015

29 Seasonal Cycling of Ozone in Urban Regions I. O 3 and NO 2 in rural and urban regions Ozone : seasonal variability over cities Stratospheric High intrusions photochemical production in summer Drop due to monsoon Safieddine et al., JGR 2013

30 Ozone : seasonal variability over Mediterranean area Safieddine et al., ACP, 2014

31 Ozone : seasonal variability over Mediterranean area High and alerting tropospheric O 3 values are recorded in summer, especially to the east of the basin because of: Safieddine et al., ACP, 2014

32 Coarse PM: eg dust, ash, C. Clerbaux 2015

33 280 Sand storm IASI TIR 23 septembre over Sydney... 5 millions of tons/600 km C. Clerbaux

34 Volcanic eruptions C. Clerbaux 2015

35 Volcanic eruptions Eyjafjallajökull (Iceland 2010) IASI ash detection Credit L.Clarisse, ULB

36 Volcanic eruptions IASI ash detection first event 14 PM 15 AM 15PM 16 AM 16PM 17 AM 17 PM 18 AM Credit L.Clarisse, ULB

37 Volcanic eruptions Grimsvotn > 0.5Tg Nabro > 1.5Tg Puyehue > 0.3Tg Basalt ash Rhyolitic ash Ice particles Credit L.Clarisse, ULB

38 Ammonia

39 Ammonia dealing with a signal hardly detectable Clarisse et al., Nature Geo 2009 Ammonia 2008 average IASI data

40 Ammonia Mapping from local to global scale 28 emission hotspots identified Po Valley Snake river Valley Fergana Valley Clarisse et al., Nature Geo 2009 C. Clerbaux 2015

41 NH 3 mg/m² Ammonia (NH 3 ) Courtesy Martin Van Damme (ULB) 4 years mean Land use systems of the world IASI AM measurements NH 3 mg/m²

42 What can we see from space? Sand over Sydney Fires in Moscou Ozone at the Pole Eyjafjöll Volcano Ozone peaks Economic crisis Silk Road Strong pollution C. Clerbaux, 2015

43 What can we see from space? Sand over Sydney Fires in Moscou Ozone at the Pole Eyjafjöll Volcano Ozone Mousson peaks Economic crisis Silk Road Strong pollution C. Clerbaux, 2015

44 What can t we see from space? Radioactivity (eg Fukushima) because detectors don t see gamma rays and atmosphere is not transparent to gamma-rays Short scale phenomena because of the pixel size (horizontal) and/or sensitivity Short live species because concentration are too low Highly resolved vertical information Emission flux >> we need ground-based and aircraft measurements >> we need atmospheric models to integrate the data (data assimilation, inversion sources) C. Clerbaux, 2015

45 Future nadir-looking satellite-borne missions US/EOS EU/EPS US/NPP Suomi EU/Sentinel 4 precursor TROPOMI Merlin, Earthcare EU/EPS-SG-sentinel 5 Terra 1999 Mopitt Aqua 2002 AIRS Metop-A 2006 MetOp-B 2012 Metop-C 2018 IASI GOME-2 GOSAT CrIS OMPS OCO-2 Metop-SG-A1 Metop-SG-A2 Metop-SG-A IASI-NG UVS 3MI Aura 2004 TES/OMI + Calipso on the A-train + Geo orbit : US TEMPO EU/MTG-sentinel 4 : IRS, UVN Asia: GEMS C. Clerbaux 2015

46 Data availability and download: Total O3, NO 2, formaldehyde GOME2 GOME2, OMI CO MOPITT IASI NH 3 upon request to me Interesting websites to look at: SO2 volcano alerts for aviation: MACC forecasts: C. Clerbaux 2015

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