Underpinning of York Minster

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1 Underpinning of York Minster La Reprise en Sous-oeuvre des Fondations de la Cath6drale d'york J.A. LORD Project Director, Ove Arup & Partners, London, United Kingdom S Y N O P S I S F o l l o w i n g a s u r v e y of Y o r k M i n s t e r, s e r i o u s c r a c k i n g, p a r t i c u l a r l y of the C e n t r a l T o w e r ( w e i g h i n g 1 8, t onnes) a n d t h e E a s t W a l l, w a s f o u n d to be d u e to d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s. A s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s c a r r i e d o u t to a s s e s s t h e s t r e n g t h of t h e s o i l b e n e a t h the f o u n d a t i o n s a n d to p e r m i t t h e d e s i g n of s u i t a b l e u n d e r p i n n i n g. V a r i o u s u n d e r p i n n i n g s c h e m e s that w e r e c o n s i d e r e d for the C e n t r a l T o w e r a n d t h e r e a s o n s for t h e i r r e j e c t i o n are d i s c u s s e d. T h e s c h e m e a d o p t e d is d e s c r i b e d, i n c l u d i n g t h e l o a d - s e t t l e m e n t b e h a v i o u r o f c o n c r e t e b a s e s, a c t i v a t e d b y flat jacks, i n s t a l l e d to c o n s o l i d a t e t h e s o i l b e n e a t h t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n s. T h e s e t t l e m e n t r e s p o n s e of t h e T o w e r t o t h e v a r i o u s s t a g e s o f u n d e r p i n n i n g is p r e s e n t e d. S i m i l a r u n d e r p i n n i n g w a s c a r r i e d out o n t h e t w o W e s t e r n T o w e r s, e a c h w e i g h i n g 1 0, t o n n e s. T h e u n d e r p i n n i n g of t h e E a s t w a l l of the M i n s t e r by m e a n s of h e a d i n g s is a l s o d e s c r i b e d. S e t t l e m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of this w o r k a r e p r e s e n t e d a n d t h e e f f e c t s of a l a y e r of l a m i n a t e d c l a y b e n e a t h the f o u n d a t i o n s a r e d i s c u s s e d I N T R O D U C T I O N Y o r k M i n s t e r (see Fig. 1 a n d Fig. 2) is o n e of the l a r g e s t m e d i e v a l b u i l d i n g s in N o r t h e r n E u r o p e. A l t h o u g h p a r t d a t e s f r o m t h e 11th c e n t u r y, t h e b u i l d i n g, in t h e f o r m t h a t e x i s t s today, w a s c o m p l e t e d in E x t e r n a l l y, its m o s t n o t i c e a b l e f e a t u r e s a r e t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r a n d t w o W e s t e r n T o w e r s a l l a b o u t 6 0 m h i g h. T h e c o m b i n e d l e n g t h of t h e N a v e a n d C h o i r is m a n d t h e i r f l o o r to c e i l i n g h e i g h t is o v e r 30m. In 1966 an i n s p e c t i o n of the M i n s t e r ' s c o n d i t i o n b y t h e n e w l y a p p o i n t e d S u r v e y o r of t h e F a b r i c, B e r n a r d F e i l d e n, r e v e a l e d c r a c k i n g a n d s e v e r e d i s t o r t i o n of the m a s o n r y a r o u n d t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r. A n e x p l o r a t o r y e x c a v a t i o n a d j a c e n t to t h e N.E. p i e r of t h e T o w e r r e v e a l e d p o o r q u a l i t y m a s o n r y f o u n d a t i o n s, b a d l y d i s t o r t e d a n d c r a c k e d as a r e s u l t of l a r g e d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s. f ~ 1 ROMAN FOUNDATIONS i l H NORMAN ( C " * ) FOUNDATIONS AND WALLS t ~ J EARLY 12TH CENTURY FO UNDATIONS I H LATE 12TH CENTURY FO UNDATIONS 15TH CENTURY FOUND ATIO NS & WALLS Borehole K8 Pier Number J18 «J19 BH10 LADY CHAPEL < K19 EAST WALL + < L19 BH7 M18^BHTI % M19 F i g. 1.. ROMAN HEADQUARTERS BUILDING BH6 / P l a n s h o w i n g t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p of t h e p r e s e n t Y o r k M i n s t e r to the u n d e r l y i n g R o m a n a n d N o r m a n c o n s t r u c t i o n a n d t h e l o c a t i o n of t h e b o r e h o l e s. 119

2 CENTRAL TOWER EAST WALL mm mod Fig. 2 E l s e w h e r e in t h e M i n s t e r, t h e E a s t W a l l w a s f o u n d to b e o v e r m m o u t of p l u m b, and c r a c k s in t h e 19th c e n t u r y r e p a i r s to the m a s o n r y i n d i c a t e d t h a t o u t w a r d m o v e m e n t w a s c o n t i n u i n g. A full d e s c r i p t i o n o f t h e s t r u c t u r a l d e f e c t s to the M i n s t e r is g i v e n b y D o w r i c k a n d B e c k m a n n (1971). O n the b a s i s of a d e t a i l e d s u r v e y of t h o s e p a r t s of the M i n s t e r w h i c h c o u l d r e a s o n a b l y b e e x p e c t e d to h a v e b e e n c o n s t r u c t e d to a level, e.g. p l i n t h a n d s t r i n g c o u r s e s, it w a s c o n c l u d e d t h a t the p i e r s of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r h a d s e t t l e d u p to m m a n d t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s up to 7 5 m m w i t h r e s p e c t to the N a v e. F u r t h e r m o r e, if the o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s of the N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r s of the C e n t r a l T o w e r r e l a t i v e to t h e t w o e a s t e r n p i e r s w e r e a p p l i e d to a t h r e e - d i m e n s i o n a l s t r u c t u r a l m o d e l t h e z o n e s of h i g h t e n s i o n p r e d i c t e d b y t h e a n a l y s i s c o r r e s p o n d e d e x a c t l y w i t h p o s i t i o n s of major" c r a c k s. I t w a s t h e r e f o r e c o n c l u d e d t h a t t h e c r a c k i n g of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r w a s e n t i r e l y t h e r e s u l t of d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s of t h e piers. S I T E I N V E S T I G A T I O N Reddish brown fine- grained Indicates distance out of plumb (mm) Indicates cracks BH1 BH3 B H 5 BH10 BH8 PIT S e c t i o n t h r o u g h n a v e a n d c h o i r s h o w i n g m o v e m e n t a n d c r a c k i n g o f t h e s t r u c t u r e u n d e r l y i n g s o i l s t r a t a. a n d the r e p r e s e n t i n g t h e w e a t h e r e d s u r f a c e of t h e u n d e r l y i n g B u n t e r s a n d s t o n e b e d r o c k. A d j a c e n t to t h e N.W. p i e r t h e r e w a s a b o u t 8m of m a d e g r o u n d, w h i c h p r o v i d e d a p o s s i b l e e x p l a n a t i o n o f the e x c e s s i v e s e t t l e m e n t of this pier. ( S u b s e q u e n t l a R o m a n d r a i n w a s a l s o f o u n d to p a s s b e n e a t h this p i e r ). T h e v a r i a t i o n w i t h d e p t h o f t h e A t t e r b e r g L i m i t s a n d n a t u r a l m o i s t u r e c o n t e n t of t h e u p p e r 14m o f n a t u r a l g r o u n d are g i v e n in Fig. 3. The u p p e r 2m of c l a y is of m e d i u m to h i g h p l a s t i c i t y w h e r e a s t h e B o u l d e r C l a y is of l o w p l a s t i c i t y. T h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t h e c l a y i n c r e a s e d f r o m a b o u t k N / m 2 i m m e d i a t e l y b e n e a t h the m a d e g r o u n d to o v e r k N / m at 1 2 m b e l o w g r o u n d level. C o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t s o n s a m p l e s of t h e b r o w n s i l t y c l a y i n d i c a t e d a c o e f f i c i e n t of c o m p r e s s i b i l i t y o f a b o u t 1.5 x 1 0 " ^ m 2/kN M O I S T U R E C O N T E N T % i i i I p Floor level Inside Minster o Ground level outside LEGEND Minster Liquid Limit x Plastic Limit 14 Natural Moisture Content 13 FILL T h e site i n v e s t i g a t i o n, c a r r i e d o u t to i n v e s t i g a t e the s t r a t a on w h i c h t h e M i n s t e r w a s founded, c o n s i s t e d of e l e v e n b o r e h o l e s w h o s e l o c a t i o n s are s h o w n in Fig. 1. T h r e e b o r e h o l e s (Nos. 6, 8 a n d 11) o u t s i d e the e a s t e n d of the b u i l d i n g w e r e d o n e w i t h a s h e l l a n d a u g e r b o r i n g rig w h i l e the r e m a i n d e r w e r e r o t a r y c o r e d w i t h an e l e c t r i c a l l y d r i v e n B o y l e s ' B B S 10 r i g to m i n i m i s e v i b r a t i o n a n d n o i s e. T h e b o r e h o l e s i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e r e w a s s o m e 3% to 4 ^ m of h i g h l y v a r i a b l e m a d e g r o u n d, t h e p r o d u c t o f c e n t u r i e s of h a b i t a t i o n a n d d e v e l o p m e n t on t h e site. This o v e r l a y n a t u r a l g r o u n d w h i c h c o n s i s t e d, as i n d i c a t e d in Fig. 2, of s o m e 3 t o 3 ^ m o f f i r m to s t i f f clay, b e c o m i n g v a r v e d a n d v e r y s a n d y at t h e b a s e (glacial lake d e p o s i t s ) o v e r l y i n g a b o u t l h to 1 1 m of s t i f f B o u l d e r C lay. A t a b o u t 1 8 m b e l o w g r o u n d level, d e n s e fine s a n d w a s e n c o u n t e r e d Fig Firm to stiff brown silty CLAY 11, v. ; * Firm to stiff brown laminated SILT & CLAY with layers of fine S A N D 10 + * 8. X * ' + + Yellow-brown fine S A N D --- E t 8 S! 7 * * > Stiff brown sandy \ \ + ^ 6 CLAY with fine & medium I gravel & occasional -. cobbles V (Boulder Clay) * + 1 M e +» + e 0 K + ~ > Dense reddish brown + fine S A N D -2 i T y p i c a l s o i l p r o f i l e a n d v a r i a t i o n of A t t e r b e r g L i m i t s w i t h d e p t h 120

3 A s a l o w e r i n g of t h e g r o u n d w a t e r t a b l e is o f t e n the c a u s e of s e t t l e m e n t of o l d b u i l d i n g s,p i e z o m e t e r s a n d s t a n d p i p e s w e r e I n s t a l l e d to s t u d y t h e g r o u n d w a t e r r e g i m e. M e a s u r e m e n t s in t h r e e a n c i e n t w e l l s in a d d i t i o n t o t h e s t a n d p i p e s s h o w e d a p e r c h e d w a t e r t a b l e in t h e m a d e g r o u n d a b o u t 3m b e l o w g r o u n d level. T h e p i e z o m e t e r s r e c o r d e d a h y d r o s t a t i c h e a d c o r r e s p o n d i n g t o a w a t e r t a b l e a b o u t 8m b e l o w g r o u n d level, l a r g e l y g o v e r n e d b y t h e l e v e l s of the R i v e r s O u s e and Foss, w h i c h w e r e r a i s e d w h e n l o c k s w e r e i n t r o d u c e d in t h e 17th c e n t u r y. It w a s t h e r e f o r e u n l i k e l y t h a t c h a n g e s in t h e l e v e l of t h e d e e p w a t e r t a b l e, o f s u f f i c i e n t m a g n i t u d e to c a u s e f o u n d a t i o n m o v e m e n t, h a d t a k e n p l a c e in t h e last t w o c e n t u r i e s. H I S T O R Y OF T H E S I T E T h e g r o u n d o n w h i c h t h e M i n s t e r w a s b u i l t is the h i g h e s t in Y o r k a n d w a s k n o w n to h a v e b e e n a p r i n c i p a l a r e a of h a b i t a t i o n d u r i n g R o m a n times. E x c a v a t i o n s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h e r e s t o r a t i o n w o r k d e s r i b e d b y P h i l l i p s (1975) r e v e a l e d t h a t t h e s i t e w a s c o v e r e d b y p a r t of t h e H e a d q u a r t e r s b u i l d i n g of the R o m a n l e g i o n s t a t i o n e d in Y o r k (see Fig. 1). U s e of the s i t e i m m e d i a t e l y a f t e r R o m a n o c c u p a t i o n is u n c e r t a i n, b u t in 1080 a n c i e n t r e c o r d s d e s c r i b e t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n o f a N o r m a n C h u r c h, to r e p l a c e a n e a r l i e r t i m b e r o n e t h a t h a d b u r n t d o w n in A n o t h e r f i r e in 1137 led to r e b u i l d i n g w i t h l o n g e r t r a n s e p t s (see Fig. 1). D u r i n g t h e 1 3 t h t h c e n t u r i e s, the M i n s t e r w a s g r a d u a l l y t r a n s f o r m e d i n t o its p r e s e n t form, b e g i n n i n g w i t h t h e r e b u i l d i n g of t h e t r a n s e p t s a n d C e n t r a l T o w e r in E a r l y E n g l i s h s t y l e b e t w e e n 1225 a n d A b o u t 1400, a t t e m p t s to r e s t y l e t h e f o u r m a i n p i e r s c a r r y i n g t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r in P e r p e n d i c u l a r style, led to its c o l l a p s e. R e b u i l d i n g w a s c o m p l e t e d in S E T T L E M E N T M E A S U R E M E N T S O n a c c o u n t of t h e p a r l o u s s t a t e of t h e M i n s t e r, it w a s d e c i d e d f r o m t h e o u t s e t to c o n t r o l all a s p e c t s of w o r k on t h e f o u n d a t i o n s b y r e f e r e n c e t o p r e c i s e m e a s u r e m e n t s of s e t t l e m e n t of the M i n s t e r a n d t h e m o v e m e n t of c r a c k s b y m e a n s of a D e m e c gauge. A c c o r d i n g l y, t w o b e n c h m a r k s w e r e i n s t a l l e d at t h e w e s t end, o n e i n s i d e the M i n s t e r a n d o n e o u t s i d e, f o u n d e d in t h e s a n d s t o n e, so t h a t s u b s e q u e n t l e v e l l i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s of the M i n s t e r c o u l d b e r e l a t e d to a s t a b l e datum. T H E C E N T R A L T O W E R F o u n d a t i o n A n a l y s i s In o r d e r to p r o v i d e m o r e r e l i a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n for t h e d e s i g n of t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g the o r i g i n a l e x p l o r a t o r y e x c a v a t i o n w a s e n l a r g e d to d e t e r m i n e t h e e x a c t s i z e a n d n a t u r e of t h e f o u n d a t i o n s on w h i c h t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r w a s c a r r i e d. T h e e x c a v a t i o n s r e v e a l e d t h a t the p i e r s w e r e b u i l t on r e m n a n t s of t h e w a l l s of the p r e v i o u s N o r m a n C h u r c h t h e m s e l v e s s u p p o r t e d b y s t r i p f o o t i n g s, the t o p s of w h i c h w e r e a b o u t 2m b e l o w the p r e s e n t f l o o r level. T h e N o r m a n f o o t i n g s w e r e e i t h e r 4m o r 6. 5 m w i d e, as s h o w n in Fig. 1, a n d w e r e a b o u t 2 m thick. In a n a l y s i n g the f o u n d a t i o n s it w a s d i f f i c u l t to a s s e s s the a r e a of the N o r m a n f o o t i n g s e f f e c t i v e l y s u p p o r t i n g the load o n e a c h p ier. S h e a r c r a c k s in t h e s t u b w a l l s a n d f o u n d a t i o n s c o r r e s p o n d e d e x a c t l y w i t h a 45 s p r e a d of l o a d f r o m t h e p i e r p e d e s t a l s so t h a t o n l y the f o o t i n g a r e a w i t h i n t h i s s p r e a d w a s a s s u m e d to be e f f e c t i v e, s u c h as t h a t f o r t h e N W P i e r in Fig. 4. T h e t h r u s t line f r o m the pier, c o m p u t e d by a s t r u c t u r a l a n a l y s i s of t h e t o w e r (see D o w r i c k a n d B e c k m a n n (1971)), w a s a s s e s s e d as b e i n g 0. 9 m f r o m t h e c e n t r e of area. M o d i f y i n g the e c c e n t r i c a l l y l o a d e d a r e a as r e c o m m e n d e d by M e y e r h o f (1951) a n d b y B r i n c h H a n s e n (1961) g a v e a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s of 720 k N / m 2 and 750 k N / m 2 r e s p e c t i v e l y f o r a p i e r l o a d of 4, t o n n e s. A s the u n d r a i n e d s h e a r s t r e n g t h of s a m p l e s of the s t i f f b r o w n clay, f r o m t h e same l e v e l as t h a t i m m e d i a t e l y b e n e a t h t h e f o u n d a t i o n s, w a s o n l y a b o u t 100 k N / m 2, t h e f a c t o r of s a f e t y a g a i n s t l o c a l s h e a r f a i l u r e w a s o b v i o u s l y low. H o w e v e r, this l a y e r c o u l d be e x p e c t e d to h a v e a h i g h e r s t r e n g t h i m m e d i a t e l y b e n e a t h the f o u n d a tions, h a v i n g b e e n h i g h l y c o n s o l i d a t e d in the p ast. F u r t h e r m o r e a n y zone of r u p t u r e w o u l d h a v e to p a s s t h r o u g h t h e b o u l d e r c l a y (see Fig. 4). S i m p l e a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d a f a c t o r of s a f e t y a g a i n s t b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a i l u r e of less t h a n 1.8, a l t h o u g h i n a c c u r a c i e s d u e to i-75m L e v e l l i n g p o i n t s, c o n s i s t i n g of s c r i b e d s teel s t r i p s, w e r e a t t a c h e d to e a c h of t h e f o u r p i e r s s u p p o r t i n g the C e n t r a l T o w e r a n d to a d j a c e n t p i e r s in t h e N a v e, T r a n s e p t s a n d Choir. S i m i l a r s t r i p s w e r e a t t a c h e d to p i e r s b e n e a t h the W e s t e r n T o w e r s a n d to t h e b u t t r e s s e s o u t s i d e the E a s t W a l l. P r e c i s e l e v e l m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n on e a c h p i e r t w i c e a w e e k w i t h an a u t o m a t i c i n s t r u m e n t r e a d i n g to 0. 2 m m t h r o u g h o u t t h e c o u r s e of t h e w o r k. E a c h of the t h r e e m a i n p r o b l e m a r e a s - t h e C e n t r a l Tower, t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s a n d the E a s t W a l l w i l l n o w b e c o n s i d e r e d in turn. F i g. 4 S e c t i o n t h r o u g h f o u n d a t i o n s of N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r s of C e n t r a l T o w e r s h o w i n g c r a c k i n g a n d a s s u m e d l o a d - b e a r i n g a r e a of N.W. p i e r 121

4 (a) (b) (c) the a p p r o x i m a t e e s t i m a t e of t h e e f f e c t i v e l oad b e a r i n g a r e a t h e a s s u m p t i o n of z e r o s h e a r t r a n s f e r a c r o s s the s h e a r c r a c k s t h r o u g h t h e f o o t i n g s s i m p l i f i c a t i o n o f a z o n e of r u p t u r e w h i c h p a s s e s t h r o u g h the c l a y a n d s a n d l a y e r s and t h r o u g h b o u l d e r c l a y (d) t h e e f f e c t of a d j a c e n t f o u n d a t i o n s in s u r c h a r g i n g t h e g r o u n d m a d e t h e a c c u r a c y of s u c h an a n a l y s i s d i f f i c u l t to assess. N e v e r t h e l e s s, t h e d e f o r m a t i o n of the m a s o n r y f o o t i n g s a n d d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t of m m c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h a t t h e f o o t i n g s w e r e o v e r l o a d e d. A d d i t i o n a l s e t t l e m e n t r e c o r d e d w h e n t h e e x p l o r a t o r y e x c a v a t i o n s w e r e c a r r i e d o u t (as d i s c u s s e d later) e m p h a s i s e d t h e low m a r g i n o f safety. A n a t t e m p t w a s m a d e b y t h e a u t h o r to r e c o n s t r u c t t h e p a t t e r n of s e t t l e m e n t s of d i f f e r e n t p a r t s o f t h e s t r u c t u r e s i n c e 1080, b y a s s e s s i n g t h e l oads a n d i m p o s e d soil p r e s s u r e s for the d i f f e r e n t p h a s e s of b u i l d i n g a n d a p p l y i n g s o i l c o n s o l i d a t i o n d a t a m e a s u r e d in t h e l a b o r a t o r y tests. T h e d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s p r e d i c t e d in this w a y (see Fig. 5 - p r e v i o u s l y p r e s e n t e d by D o w r i c k & B e c k m a n n (1971)) c o r r e s p o n d e d r e m a r k a b l y w e l l w i t h t h o s e o b s e r v e d. a s s u m e d s a n d s t o n e at 9m depth. T h e i n c r e a s e d p i l e l e n g t h s f o l l o w i n g the s i t e i n v e s t i g a t i o n m a d e the m e t h o d v e r y e x p e n s i v e. P y n f o r d s : A n o t h e r c o m m o n m e t h o d of u n d e r p i n n i n g in t h e U. K., i n v o l v e s s u p p o r t i n g the s t r u c t u r e u s i n g P y n f o r d ' s t e c h n i q u e of " s t o o l s " w h i l s t a n e w f o u n d a t i o n is f o rmed. In this t e c h n i q u e, s t e e l s t o o l s a r e i n s e r t e d i n t o h o l e s c u t into t h e e x i s t i n g f o u n d a t i o n s in o r d e r t o s u p p o r t the s t r u c t u r e above, as i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 6(b)(i). O n c e t h e s t r u c t u r e has b e e n " p i n n e d up" in this w a y the m a s o n r y b e t w e e n t h e s t o o l s is r e m o v e d. R e i n f o r c e m e n t is t h e n t h r e a d e d t h r o u g h the s t o o l s a n d c o n c r e t e is p l a c e d to c r e a t e a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e raft. In t h e c a s e of the M i n s t e r the r a f t w a s t o b e s u p p o r t e d b y f o u r h a n d d u g p i l e s as s h o w n in Fig. 6(b) (ii). It w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t in v i e w of t h e r i s k of b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a i l u r e b e n e a t h t h e s t o o l s and t h e p r o b l e m s of c u t t i n g o u t m a s o n r y u p t o 6m w i d e beneath t h e p i e r s, this t e c h n i q u e w a s u n a c c e p t a b l e. TIME SCALE - YEARS A.D Fig. 5 H y p o t h e t i c a l r e c o n s t r u c t i o n of s e t t l e m e n t s s i n c e A.D. S c h e m e s f o r U n d e r p i n n i n g I n i t i a l l y v a r i o u s u n d e r p i n n i n g s c h e m e s, b a s e d on c o m m e r c i a l u n d e r p i n n i n g t e c h n i q u e s, w e r e c o n s i d e r e d. T h e s c h e m e s w e r e b a s e d o n the f i n d i n g s of the e x p l o r a t o r y e x c a v a t i o n a n d w e r e d r a w n up b e f o r e t h e i n f o r m a t i o n f r o m the site i n v e s t i g a t i o n w a s a v a i l a b l e. F o n d e d i l e - P a l l R a d i c e : T h i s is a w e l l - p r o v e n t e c h n i q u e for u n d e r p i n n i n g o l d b u i l d i n g s, in w h i c h m m d i a m e t e r i n c l i n e d p i l e s a r e i n s t a l l e d by r o t a r y c o r i n g t h r o u g h the m a s o n r y of t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d i n t o t h e l o a d b e a r i n g s t r a t u m as i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 6(a). In t h e c a s e of t h e M i n s t e r it w a s p r o p o s e d t h a t the p i l e s w o u l d b e e n d - b e a r i n g on the B u n t e r s a n d s t o n e. S u c h a t e c h n i q u e h a s t h e a d v a n t a g e of n o t d i s t u r b i n g the e x i s t i n g f o u n d a t i o n s a n d of b e i n g r e l a t i v e l y f r e e f r o m v i b r a t i o n (an i m p o r t a n t c o n s i d e r a t i o n in this c a s e s i n c e t h e f o u n d a t i o n s a p p e a r e d to b e so g r o s s l y o v e r loaded). H o w e v e r, t h e c a p a c i t y of a s i n g l e p i l e is o n l y a b o u t 45 t o n n e s a n d u p to 80 p i l e s w o u l d t h e r e f o r e be r e q u i r e d b e n e a t h e a c h p ier. T h e f a b r i c of t h e p i e r c o n s i s t s of a s h l a r f a c i n g e n c l o s i n g a r u b b l e a n d m o r t a r core, so that d e p i t e " s t i t c h i n g " the m a s o n r y w i t h r e i n f o r c e m e n t as s h o w n in F i g u r e 6 ( a ), it w a s c o n s i d e r e d that t h e i n s t a l l a t i o n of t h i s n u m b e r of p i l e s m i g h t s e r i o u s l y w e a k e n t h e p ier. T h e s c h e m e h a d Fig. 6 J U LJ Existing foundation being New reinforced concrete replaced' by PynfordStools base cast through stools through wtnch reinforcement Hand excavation of piles later threaded (I) (II) P r o p o s e d U n d e r p i n n i n g S c h e m e s (a) F o n d e d i l e - P a l i R a d i c e (b) P y n f o r d ' s S c h e m e 122

5 F o r a k y - G r o u n d F r e e z i n g : In o r d e r to a v o i d the p r o b l e m s of u n d e r p i n n i n g w o r k s t e n d i n g to c a u s e a b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y f a i l u r e, t h e t e c h n i q u e of g r o u n d f r e e z i n g w a s e x a m i n e d, as i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 7(a). A f t e r f r e e z i n g t h e g r o u n d, a s h a f t w a s t o b e e x c a v a t e d b e n e a t h e a c h p i e r to the t o p of t h e s a n d s t o n e a n d t h e n f i l l e d w i t h c o n c r e t e to f o r m a s i n g l e l a r g e p ile. T h i s s c h e m e w a s r e j e c t e d b e c a u s e of t h e u n s u i t a b i l i t y of t h e g r o u n d for f r e e z i n g, t h e u n k n o w n e f f e c t s of g r o u n d h e a v e on the r e m a i n d e r of t h e s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e u n a c c e p t a b l e r i s k of t h e s y s t e m m a l f u n c t i o n i n g. C e m e n t a t i o n P i l i n g : A n a l t e r n a t i v e p i l i n g s c h e m e is i l l u s t r a t e d in Fig. 7(b). In this, s h a f t s w o u l d be b o r e d to t h e t o p of t h e s a n d s t o n e on f o u r s i d e s of t h e p ier, a n d b e f i l l e d w i t h c o n c r e t e r e i n f o r c e d w i t h s t e e l H - p i l e s. To t r a n s f e r the load to t h e n e w piles, a p i l e cap w a s to be c o n s t r u c t e d, s t r e s s e d to t h e old f o u n d a t i o n s w i t h p r e s t r e s s i n g t e n d o n s. A d i s a d v a n t a g e of t h i s system is t h a t it r e l i e s e n t i r e l y on t h e o l d f o u n d a t i o n s to t r a n s f e r the lo a d f r o m t h e p i e r to the n e w p i l e cap. T h i s p r o p o s a l w a s s u b s e q u e n t l y a m e n d e d to p i l e s b e i n g m m d i a m e t e r s t e e l b a r s c o n c r e t e d i n t o the s a n d s t o n e a n d p r e - s t r e s s i n g t e n d o n s p a s s i n g d i r e c t l y b e n e a t h t h e pier. H o w e v e r, it w a s felt t h a t all p i l i n g s c h e m e s w o u l d t e n d to c r e a t e an u n d e s i r a b l e 'hard spot' b e n e a t h o n e p a r t o f the M i n s t e r, w h i c h c o u l d lead to d i s t r e s s e l s e w h e r e in t h e s t r u c t u r e in t h e e v e n t of g r o u n d s e t t l e m e n t. Frozen soil bridges over shaft temporarily Prestressing tendons Grouted t h r u s t line. T h i s w a s a c h i e v e d by s u p p o r t i n g e a c h of t h e f o u r C e n t r a l T o w e r p i e r s a n d t h e a d j a c e n t n a v e a n d t r a n s e p t c o l u m n s o n o n e f o o t i n g a b o u t m s q u a r e as s h o w n in Fig. 8 f or t h e N.W. pier. T h e m e t h o d c h o s e n w a s to e n c a s e t h e o l d N o r m a n f o o t i n g s in c o n c r e t e 2m thick, d r i l l h o r i z o n t a l h o l e s t h r o u g h t h e r e s u l t i n g c o m p o s i t e f o o t i n g, i n s e r t p r e s t r e s s i n g b a r s i n t o t h e s e d u c t s a n d s t r e s s t h e w h o l e t o g e t h e r. T h e b a d l y c r a c k e d r e m n a n t s of t h e c r o s s - w a l l s u p o n w h i c h t h e p i e r s w e r e c o n s t r u c t e d w e r e a l s o e n c a s e d in a r e i n f o r c e d c o n c r e t e c o l l a r (see Fig. 8). T h i s s e r v e d b o t h to s t r e n g t h e n t h e m a n d a l s o to p r o v i d e a b e t t e r s p r e a d o f l o a d f r o m t h e p i e r s i n t o t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n s. D e t a i l s of t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n p r o c e d u r e a r e g i v e n in D o w r i c k (1970). T h e p r e s t r e s s i n g rods w e r e c o n c e n t r a t e d i n t o f o u r l a y e r s, w i t h t w o l a y e r s in e a c h o r t h o g o n a l d i r e c t i o n. B e c a u s e the s t r e n g t h e n i n g w o r k h a d to h a v e a life e x p e c t a n c y of h u n d r e d s of years, t h e r o d s w e r e m a d e of s t a i n l e s s steel, 3 2 m m d i a m e t e r. As the m a x i m u m l e n g t h of r o d that c o u l d b e r e a d i l y m a n u f a c t u r e d w a s 5.5m, p u r p o s e - m a d e s t a i n l e s s s t e e l c o u p l e r s w e r e u s e d to join t h e r ods. A t t h e i r ends, t h e r o d s w e r e a n c h o r e d w i t h a n u t a n d a n c h o r a g e p l a t e a f t e r s t r e s s i n g t o 35 t o n n e s. F u l l e r d e t a i l s of the p r e s t r e s s i n g a r e g i v e n in D o w r i c k (1970). T h e s c h e m e a d o p t e d h a s c e r t a i n s i m i l a r i t i e s w i t h t h e C e m e n t a t i o n s c h e m e d i s c u s s e d above, b u t w i t h the o m i s s i o n of t h e piles. H o w e v e r, the d i r e c t i o n s of p r e - s t r e s s i n g, (in N. E. - S. W. a n d N. W. - S. E. d i r e c t i o n s in Fig. 8), p r o v i d e d a b e t t e r f i n a l s t r u c t u r e, b u t i n v o l v e d t h e d i f f i c u l t t a s k of d r i l l i n g h o r i z o n t a l l y d i r e c t l y b e n e a t h e a c h p ier. T h e s u c c e s s of the u n d e r p i n n i n g s c h e m e d e p e n d e d on t h e a c c u r a c y o f the d r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n. T h e d r i l l h o l e s v a r i e d in l e n g t h f r o m 6. 5 m to 1 5 m t h r o u g h 11th c e n t u r y m a s o n r y of d o u b t f u l q u a l i t y. T h e r e q u i r e d a c c u r a c y w a s d e t e r m i n e d by the v e r t i c a l s e p a r a t i o r o f t h e a l t e r n a t e l a y e r s of r o d s b e i n g o n l y 225mm. P r o b l e m s a r o s e b e c a u s e of t h e n o n - h o m o g e n e i t y of t h e m a s o n r y, w h i c h c o n s i s t e d of v a r i e d r u b b l e in w e a k m o r t a r, a n d t h e p r e s e n c e of a g r i d of l a r g e o a k b a u l k s u s e d b y t h e N o r m a n m a s o n s to r e i n f o r c e t h e i r f o o t i n g s. A f t e r m u c h (a) (b) F i g. 7 P r o p o s e d U n d e r p i n n i n g S c h e m e s (a) F o r a k y - G r o u n d F r e e z i n g (b) C e m e n t a t i o n P i l i n g UPPER CONCRETE COLLAR. U n d e r p i n n i n g D e s i g n A d o p t e d f o r the C e n t r a l T o w e r T o a v o i d t h e 'hard spot' i n h e r e n t in the o t h e r u n d e r p i n n i n g s c h e m e s, it w a s c o n s i d e r e d t h a t t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n s s h o u l d be f o o t i n g s d e s i g n e d t o r e d u c e t h e s t r e s s i m p o s e d o n t h e u n d e r l y i n g c l a y t o a b o u t 290 k N / m 2 in o r d e r to m a k e the p r e s s u r e s s i m i l a r to t h o s e b e n e a t h t h e a d j o i n i n g N a v e, T r a n s e p t s a n d C h o i r. To a c h i e v e this, t h e e f f e c t i v e b e a r i n g a r e a b e n e a t h e a c h p i e r h a d to be d o u b l e d, b u t in s u c h a w a y t h a t the c e n t r e of a r e a c o i n c i d e d w i t h t h e c a l c u l a t e d F i g. 8 FKS8. N.W PIER FOUNDATIONS SHOWING NEW CONCRETE 4 EXISTING MASONRY P l a n a n d s e c t i o n o f N.W. p i e r f o u n d a t i o n s o f C e n t r a l T o w e r s h o w i n g n e w c o n c r e t e a n d e x i s t i n g m a s o n r y 123

6 e x p e r i m e n t a t i o n, r e a s o n a b l e a c c u r a c y w a s f i n a l l y a c h i e v e d u s i n g t w o t y p e s of d r i l l i n g e q u i p m e n t. T h e f i r s t w a s a d i a m o n d c o r i n g m a c h i n e w h i c h w a s b o t h s l o w a n d e x p e n s i v e b u t v e r y a c c u r a t e, and t h e s e c o n d w a s a r o t a r y p e r c u s s i v e d r i l l w i t h a 'down t h e hole' h a m m e r. T h e l a t t e r w a s e v e n t u a l l y e m p l o y e d, b e c a u s e it w a s b o t h f a s t e r and c h e a p e r. It w a s r e c o g n i s e d t h a t if t h e n e w c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s w e r e c a s t d i r e c t l y o n t o the clay t h e y w o u l d n o t c a r r y t h e i r s h a r e o f t h e load u n t i l f u r t h e r s e t t l e m e n t of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r o c c u r r e d, s u f f i c i e n t to m o b i l i s e t h e s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t h e soil. As it w a s d e s i r a b l e to m i n i m i s e s e t t l e m e n t, a c o n c r e t e b a s e m m t h i c k a n d n o m i n a l l y r e i n f o r c e d, w a s c a s t b e n e a t h the n e w f o u n d a t i o n s (Fig. 8 b ). H y d r a u l i c flat jacks w e r e i n s e r t e d in the g a p b e t w e e n t h e n e w r a f t a n d c o n c r e t e b a s e (shown in p l a n in Fig. 9). A f t e r t h e p r e s t r e s s i n g of the m a i n f o u n d a t i o n s, t h e flat j a c k s w e r e i n f l a t e d u s i n g the e x i s t i n g s t r u c t u r e as a r e a c t i o n to t r a n s f e r p a r t o f the p i e r l o a d t o t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n by p r e c o m p r e s s i n g t h e u n d e r l y i n g clay, as d i s c u s s e d below. The c o n c r e t e b a s e s w e r e all f o u n d e d o n t h e s t i f f s i l t y clay. T h e 8 m o f fill o b s e r v e d in b o r e h o l e 5 to t h e S.E. o f the N.W. p i e r (see Fig. 1) w a s a l o c a l i s e d a r e a n o t a f f e c t i n g t h e n e w f o u n d ations. W h e n m o v e m e n t of the c o n c r e t e b a s e s h a d c e a s e d u n d e r the a p p l i e d d e s i g n stress, the g a p b e t w e e n the b a s e a n d c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n w a s p r e s s u r e - g r o u t e d u s i n g a g r o u t w i t h an e x p a n d i n g a d d i t i v e. P r e s s u r l s a t l o n of F l a t J a c k s P r e s s u r i s a t i o n of t h e h y d r a u l i c flat j a c k s w a s c a r r i e d o u t in s tages. I n i t i a l l y, a jack p r e s s u r e of 35 k g / c m 2 w a s applied, e q u i v a l e n t to a s t r e s s of 90 k N / m on t h e u n d e r s i d e of the c o n c r e t e bases. A s t h i s s t r e s s o n l y s l i g h t l y e x c e e d e d the p r e v i o u s o v e r b u r d e n p r e s s u r e of 75 k N / m 2, v e r y l i t t l e m o v e m e n t o c c u r r e d. There-, a f t e r t h e j a c k p r e s s u r e w a s i n c r e a s e d t o 70 kg/cm- ( e q u i v a l e n t to a s t r e s s of 170 k N / m b e n e a t h the f o u n d a t i o n s ) a n d in s m a l l e r i n c r e m e n t s to 105 k g / c m 2 ( e q u i v a l e n t to 2 50 k N / m 2 ). T h e p r e c o m p r e s s i o n of the c l a y w a s c l o s e l y m o n it o r e d. T h r e e b a s e s r o u g h l y t r i a n g u l a r in p l a n w e r e p r o v i d e d b e n e a t h e a c h p i e r (see Fig. 8(a)). A d j a c e n t to t h e t w o o u t e r c o r n e r s of e a c h b a s e (NI a n d N2 in Fig. 9), h o r i z o n t a l p r o t r u d i n g r o u n d b a r s h a d b e e n c a s t i n t o t h e b a s e a n d into t h e p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s i m m e d i a t e l y above. By m e a s u r i n g t h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n e a c h p a i r of b a r s w i t h v e r n i e r c a l i p e r s, t h e m o v e m e n t of t h e b a s e r e l a t i v e to t h e c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n c o u l d b e m e a s u r e d. O n the i n n e r c o r n e r a d j a c e n t to t h e p i e r (N7 in Fig. 9) a v e r t i c a l d u c t w a s c a s t in t h e c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n t h r o u g h w h i c h p a s s e d a s t e e l r o d a n c h o r e d at its l o w e r e n d in the b a s e, t h u s p e r m i t t i n g s i m i l a r m e a s u r e m e n t s to b e m a d e. M o v e m e n t of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e s r e l a t i v e to the p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n w a s m o n i t o r e d d a i l y d u r i n g jack p r e s s u r i s a t i o n - a t y p i c a l movement t i m e c u r v e is g i v e n in Fig. 10. E a c h s t r e s s i n c r e m e n t w a s m a i n t a i n e d u n t i l t h e r a t e of m o v e m e n t of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e w a s less t h a n O. O l m m / d a y so t h a t the c o m p l e t e s t r e s s i n g o p e r a t i o n t o o k on a v e r a g e a b o u t 21 w e e k s. D u r i n g t h i s t i m e s e t t l e m e n t of the p i e r s and p r e s t r e s s e d c o n c r e t e f o u n d a t i o n s w a s m o n i t o r e d b y p r e c i s e l e v e l l i n g w i t h v e r y l i t t l e c h a n g e in l e v e l o b s e r v e d. A b o v e a soil c o n t a c t s t r e s s of 170 k N / m 2 it w a s n e c e s s a r y to u s e jack p r e s s u r e i n c r e m e n t s o f e.'jout 14 k g / c m 2 ( e q u i v a l e n t to a s oil s t r e s s of a b o u t 30 k N / m 2 ) in o r d e r to a v o i d o v e r s t r e s s i n g t h e clay. T h e m o v e m e n t o f the c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h t h e N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r s are s h o w n in Fig. 9. It m a y b e s e e n t h a t the t h r e e c o r n e r s of e a c h c o n c r e t e b a s e s e t t l e d X 15 2 Indlcatea concrete base movement at 105kg /cm 2 jack pressure (appro*. 250kN/m? soil contact stress Hydraulic flatjack Fig. 9 P l a n of n e w N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r f o u n d a t i o n s of C e n t r a l T o w e r s h o w i n g f l a t jack l a y o u t a n d m o v e m e n t of c o n c r e t e b a s e s u n d e r a p p l i e d s t r e s s of k N / m 2 F i g. 10 M o v e m e n t of c o n c r e t e b a s e b e n e a t h S.W. S.W. q u a d r a n t o f N.W. p i e r w i t h t i m e as h y d r a u l i c flat j a c k p r e s s u r e i n c r e a s e d 124

7 F i g. 11 S E T T L E M E N T O F CONCRETE B A S E - m m RELATIVE TO PIERS A p p l i e d s t r e s s - r e l a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t b e h a v i o u r of c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h C e n t r a l T o w e r p i e r s d i f f e r i n g a m o u n t s. T h e a p p l i e d s t r e s s - r e l a t i v e m o v e m e n t c u r v e s of t h e b a s e s a r e g i v e n in Fig. 11. In g e n e r a l the b a s e s s e t t l e d a b o u t 12 to 1 6 m m r e l a t i v e to the s t r u c t u r e a b o v e at a s t r e s s of k N / m 2, a l t h o u g h in c e r t a i n a r e a s (such as the N.W. q u a d r a n t of t h e S.W. pier) t h e s e t t l e m e n t s w e r e r e d u c e d by u n d e r l y i n g R o m a n f o u n d a t i o n s, w h i l e a r o u n d t h e N.W. p i e r t h e s e t t l e m e n t s w e r e o v e r 2 0 m m (see Fig. 9). On t h e b a s i s of cv = 1. 5 x m 2 / k N f r o m the c o n s o l i d a t i o n t e s t d a t a t h e a n t i c i p a t e d m o v e m e n t of t h e b a s e s for a s t r e s s i n c r e m e n t o f k N / m 2 a b o v e o v e r b u r d e n p r e s s u r e w o u l d h a v e b e e n a b o u t 30mm. W h e n r e l a t i v e m o v e m e n t of t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n a n d c o n c r e t e b a s e e x c e e d e d 20 to 25mm, t h e r e w a s a t e n d e n c y for the h y d r a u l i c f l a t j a c k s to d e v e l o p leaks. In c a s e s w h e r e t h e l e a k i n g flat jack w a s t h e o u t e r m o s t in a g r o u p it w a s r e p l a c e d by a n e w j a c k w i t h m e t a l p l a t e s a b o v e a n d b e l o w to c o m p e n s a t e for the d i f f e r e n t i a l m o v e m e n t. S u c h l eaks l i m i t e d the s t r e s s e s w h i c h c o u l d b e a p p l i e d to t h e soil. In g e n e r a l, a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n of s t r e s s i n g the n e w f o u n d a t i o n s w e r e c a r r y i n g b e t w e e n 210 and k N / m 2 w i t h the r e s i d u e of the load b e i n g c a r r i e d b y the o l d f o u n d a t i o n s at a s t r e s s of b e t w e e n 310 a n d k N / m 2 B e h a v i o u r of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r d u r i n g U n d e r p i n n i n g T i m e - s e t t l e m e n t c u r v e s f o r the f o u r C e n t r a l T o w e r p i e r s d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g w o r k a r e g i v e n in Fig. 12. In a d d i t i o n t h e s e t t l e m e n t of t h r e e p i e r s (L7, L0 & J 9 / H 9 - f or l o c a t i o n s e e Fig. 9) a d j a c e n t to the N.W. P i e r are g i v e n. D u r i n g t h e e n t i r e u n d e r p i n n i n g w o r k s f r o m 1968 to 1972 t h e N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r s b o t h s e t t l e d a b o u t 20mm, m a i n l y d u e to the r e m o v a l o f o v e r b u r d e n. T h e r a t e o f s e t t l e m e n t w a s a c c e l e r a t e d by i n c r e a s e s in t h e e x c a v a t i o n rate, b y c u t t i n g t h r o u g h t h e o l d N o r m a n f o o t i n g s (as i n d i c a t e d in Fig. 12) a n d a l s o to a l i m i t e d e x t e n t, b y t h e d r i l l i n g o p e r a t i o n s, p o s s i b l y as a r e s u l t of f l u s h w a t e r c a u s i n g a s l i g h t r i s e in the w a t e r table. In o r d e r to m i n i m i s e s e t t l e m e n t s d u e to r e m o v a l o f o v e r b u r d e n, t e m p o r a r y s a n d b a g g i n g of e x c a v a t e d a r e a s w a s u n d e r t a k e n. T h e r a t e of s e t t l e m e n t for t h e N.W. a n d S.W. p i e r s a v e r a g e d b e t w e e n 0. 2 a n d m m / 1 0 days w i t h o c c a s i o n a l p e a k s of to 1. 2 m m / 1 0 days. T h e w o r k on t h e N.E. a n d S.E. p i e r s w a s u n d e r t a k e r a f t e r the i n i t i a l w o r k on t h e t w o w e s t e r n p i e r s a n d as a r e s u l t of t h e e x p e r i e n c e g a i n e d, a f a s t e r r a t e of w o r k i n g w a s a d o p t e d w i t h less s a n d b a g g i n g e m p l o y e d. In c o n s e q u e n c e, t h e N.E. a n d S.E. p i e r s e x p e r i e n c e d a v e r a g e r a t e s of s e t t l e m e n t of to 0. 3 m m / 1 0 d a y s w i t h p e a k v a l u e s o f 0. 8 to 1. 4 m m / 1 0 days. T h e f i n a l s e t t l e m e n t of t h e s e t w o p i e r s w a s g r e a t e r t h a n t h e t w o w e s t e r n p i e r s b e i n g a b o u t 28 to 29mm. T h e e f f e c t s of o v e r b u r d e n r e m o v a l o n s e t t l e m e n t a r e d i s c u s s e d f u r t h e r in t h e s e c t i o n d e a l i n g w i t h t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s. T h e d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t b e t w e e n t h e N.W. P i e r (K9) a n d t h e a d j o i n i n g p i e r s K8 and J 9 / H 9 w a s 6 a n d 1 2 m m r e s p e c t i v e l y (see Fig. 12) a n d b e t w e e n K 8 a n d K 7 w a s a l s o 1 2 m m r e p r e s e n t i n g an a n g u l a r d i s t o r t i o n of a b o u t 1 in 700. T h i s d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t i n d u c e d f u r t h e r m o v e m e n t a l o n g o l d c r a c k s. T h e s e t t l e m e n t r e c o r d s a l s o d e m o n s t r a t e t h e abilit o f t h e N o r m a n f o o t i n g s to t r a n s m i t s h e a r f o r c e s d e s p i t e b e i n g s e v e r e l y c r a c k e d. B e n e a t h t h e N.W. p i e r t h e r e w a s a d i a g o n a l s h e a r c r a c k in t h e m a s o n r y b e t w e e n it a n d p i e r K8 i m m e d i a t e l y to t h e w e s t (see Fig. 9) a n d t h i s w a s a s s u m e d to d e l i n e a t e the e f f e c t i v e l o a d b e a r i n g a r e a of the p i e r as d i s c u s s e d e a r l i e r. H o w e v e r, w h e n the N o r m a n f o o t i n g b e t w e e n p i e r s K7 a n d K8 (see Fig. 9) w a s s e v e r e d, t h e r a t e of s e t t l e m e n t of the N.W. p i e r s u d d e n l y i n c r e a s e d (see i n c i d e n t 2 in F i g. 12). 1 - Excavating & casting concrete bases to NWS NE of NW Pier 2 -Cutting through Norman footing between K7&K8 I For location 3 -Cutting through Norman footing between L7&L8 I.. 4 -Drilling beneath NW Pier started seengurey 5 - Extra sandbagging in Nave 6 - Excavating & cast ing concrete base to SW of SW Pier 7 - Excavating & casting concrete base to SE of SW Pier 8 - DriSng beneath SW Pier started 9 - Cutting through Norman raft between NW&NE Piers 10 Cutting through Norman footing between H9 & F Rat jacks beneath NW& SW Piers inflated to 70kg/cm2 12-R at jacks beneath NW&SWPiers inflated to 105 kg/cm2 F i g. 12 S e t t l e m e n t of C e n t r a l T o w e r p i e r s d u r i n g u n d e r p i n n i n g 125

8 U N D E R P I N N I N G O F T H E W E S T E R N T O W E R S E a c h of t h e t w o W e s t e r n T o w e r s w e i g h s a b o u t 1 0, t o n n e s a n d is p a r t i a l l y c o n s t r u c t e d on the r e m n a n t f o u n d a t i o n s of a p a i r of late 12th c e n t u r y t o w e r s w h i c h w e r e b u i l t j u s t o u t s i d e t h e w e s t e n d o f the N o r m a n C h u r c h (see Fig. 1). H e n c e the p r e s e n t f o u n d a t i o n s a r e a m i x t u r e of 12th and 15th c e n t u r y w o r k of v e r y v a r i a b l e q u a l i t y w i t h s o m e 11th c e n t u r y m a s o n r y s u p p o r t i n g t h e i n t e r i o r p i e r t o e a c h tower. It w a s c a l c u l a t e d t h a t the a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e b e n e a t h t h e s e f o u n d a t i o n s w a s a b o u t 515 k N / m 2 w h i c h a l t h o u g h n o t as h i g h as b e n e a t h t h e C e n t r a l Tower, w a s h i g h e r t h a n w o u l d be p e r m i t t e d to a v o i d o v e r s t r e s s i n g the clay. A s t h e t o w e r s h a d s e t t l e d up to 7 5 m m w i t h r e s p e c t to the N a v e a n d w e r e l e a n i n g o u t w a r d s m m at T r i f o r i u m level, it w a s d e c i d e d to e n l a r g e the f o u n d a t i o n s so as t o m a k e t h e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s b e n e a t h t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s s i m i l a r to t h o s e for the r e s t of t h e M i n s t e r. T h i s w a s a c h i e v e d by f o u n d i n g e a c h t o w e r on a r a f t 2 0 m s q u a r e in plan, to be c o n s t r u c t e d in a m a n n e r s i m i l a r t o that a l r e a d y d e s c r i b e d f o r the i n d i v i d u a l p i e r s of the C e n t r a l T o w e r t o g i v e an a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e of k N / m 2 (see Fig. 13(a)). The p r e s t r e s s i n g b a r s w e r e a r r a n g e d in a N-S, E - W p a t t e r n w h i c h r e d u c e d t h e m a x i m u m l e n g t h of d r i l l i n g to 5m t h r o u g h the b u t t r e s s e s. O n t h e b a s i s of e x p e r i e n c e w i t h e x c a v a t i o n a r o u n d t h e N.E. a n d S.E. p i e r s of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r w h e r e s e t t l e m e n t s i n d u c e d b y o v e r b u r d e n r e m o v a l w e r e a c c e p t a b l e, t e m p o r a r y s a n d b a g g i n g a f t e r e x p o s u r e o f t h e f o u n d a t i o n s w a s a g a i n o m i t t e d for the s a k e of speed, a n d r a p i d N» m ) e x c a v a t i o n t e c h n i q u e s w e r e a d o p t e d. D e t a i l s of t h e s e are g i v e n by C o r b e t t (1972). It w a s f u r t h e r a r g u e d t h a t as t h e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e s for the W e s t e r n T o w e r s w e r e l o w e r t h a n t h o s e b e n e a t h t h e p i e r s of t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r i n d u c e d s e t t l e m e n t s w o u l d be less. A f t e r e x c a v a t i o n h a d b e e n in p r o g r e s s f o r some time, t h e m e a s u r e d s e t t l e m e n t s of t h e t o w e r s, p r e v i o u s l y s l i g h t, b e g a n to i n c r e a s e rapidly. C o n c e r n w a s e x p r e s s e d w h e n t h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e s i n i t i a l l y e x c e e d e d 1. 0 m m / 1 0 d a y s f o r m o r e t h a n 30 d a y s (see Fig. 14(a)) w i t h s u b s t a n t i a l e x c a v a t i o n s t i l l to be u n d e r t a k e n. (In e x c a v a t i n g for the C e n t r a l T o w e r p i e r f o u n d a t i o n s s e t t l e m e n t s h a d o c c a s i o n a l l y r e a c h e d or e x c e e d e d 1. 0 m m / 1 0 d a y s b u t o n l y f o r s h o r t p e r i o d s of less t h a n 30 d a y s - a m o r e n o r m a l r a t e w a s 0. 3 m m / 10 d a y s ). S t e e l s h o r e s w e r e e r e c t e d to g i v e l a t e r a l r e s t r a i n t to t h e t o w e r s a n d a s t r i c t s e q u e n c e o f e x c a v a t i o n w a s i n s t i g a t e d w h e n it w a s r e a l i s e d t h a t the d e p t h of t h e e x c a v a t i o n h a d a p r o f o u n d e f f e c t on t h e s e t t l e m e n t rate. F o r e x a m p l e b u t t r e s s M2 is s u r r o u n d e d b y f o u r a r e a s o f e x c a v a t i o n (see Fig. 13(b)). W h e n a r e a 1 w a s e x c a v a t e d to f o r m a t i o n level, t h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e of M 2 i n c r e a s e d at p o i n t A (see Fig. 14). T h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e o n l y d e c r e a s e d w h e n the c o n c r e t e s l a b w a s c a s t a n d s a n d b a g s p l a c e d (point B ). T h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e i n c r e a s e d a g a i n w h e n a r e a 4 w a s e x c a v a t e d (point C) c l o s e l y f o l l o w e d b y a r e a 5. T h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e d e c r e a s e d w h e n b o t h a r e a s w e r e c o n c r e t e d (point D) o n l y to i n c r e a s e a g a i n w h e n a r e a 3 w a s e x c a v a t e d (point E ). T h e r e s u l t s f r o m all a r e a s b e n e a t h t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s h a v e b e e n c o m b i n e d in Fig. 15 a n d d e m o n s t r a t e t h a t o v e r the b o t t o m lm of e x c a v a t i o n t h e s e t t l e m e n t r a t e s i n c r e a s e d r a m a t i c a l l y f r o m 0. 5 m m / 1 0 d a y s t o 3. 0 m / 1 0 days. O n t h e b a s i s of t h i s data, e x c a v a t i o n a d j a c e n t to a n y s t r u c t u r a l e l e m e n t w a s r e s t r i c t e d to one a r e a at a t i m e o v e r t h e l o w e r m of d i g w i t h t h e w o r k to b e c a r r i e d o u t as q u i c k l y as p o s s i b l e. T h e c o n c r e t e b a s e w a s t o be c a s t i m m e d i a t e l y a n d s u r c h a r g e d w i t h s a n d b a g s lm h i g h b e f o r e t h e n e x t F i g. 13 H H Outline of new foundations Prestressing bars W e s t e r n T o w e r s (a) P l a n of N e w F o u n d a t i o n s (b) E x c a v a t i o n A r e a s s h o w i n g l e v e l l i n g p o i n t s F i g. 14 S e t t l e m e n t o f S.W. T o w e r d u r i n g u n d e r p i n n i n g s h o w i n g e f f e c t of e x c a v a t i o n d e p t h 126

9 F i g. 15 E f f e c t of e x c a v a t i o n d e p t h on s e t t l e m e n t r a t e of W e s t e r n T o w e r s a r e a c o u l d b e e x c a v a t e d. S e t t l e m e n t s w e r e s a t i s f a c t o r i l y c o n t r o l l e d in this w a y u n t i l the m a i n r a f t w a s cast. F r o m t h e s t a r t of t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g in M a r c h 1970 to its c o m p l e t i o n in O c t o b e r 1972 t h e t w o t o w e r s e a c h s e t t l e d a b o u t 3 0 m m w i t h a s l i g h t t e n d e n c y to t i l t i n w a r d s as f o l l o w s : F i g. 16 M o v e m e n t of c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h W e s t e r n T o w e r s u n d e r a p p l i e d s t r e s s of 250 k N / m 2 N. W T o w e r Jl: 29 7mm J2: 29 7mm J3: 7. 0 m m J4: 2. 8 m m Kl: 33 1mm K2 : 34 9mm N a v e ( _ LI: mm L2: m m L3: m m L 4 : 2. 7mm Ml: m m M2: mm M3: 7. 9 m m M 4 : 2. 3mm S. W T o w e r S.W. T o w e r w h e r e a l a r g e s o f t p o c k e t h a d b e e n e n c o u n t e r e d d u r i n g e x c a v a t i o n for the c o n c r e t e bases. As a r e s u l t of t h e jacking, t h e f o u n d a t i o n s to t h e S.W. T o w e r m o v e d u p w a r d s a b o u t 1 to lijmm (see Fig. 14). O n e of the m o r e d i f f i c u l t t a s k s to u n d e r p i n n i n g t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s w a s g r o u t i n g up t h e g a p b e t w e e n t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e a n d r a f t on a c c o u n t of t h e l arge a r e a s i n v o l v e d. O u t s i d e a b o u t 3200 l i t r e s of g r o u t h a d t o be p u m p e d b e n e a t h e a c h t o w e r and i n s i d e a b o u t litres. (The l o c a t i o n of t h e l e v e l l i n g p o i n t s is g i v e n in F i g u r e 13(b) a n d t h e s e t t l e m e n t - t i m e b e h a v i o u r of LI, L 2, Ml a n d M2 in F i g u r e 14). T h e h y d r a u l i c f l a t j a c k s b e n e a t h e a c h t o w e r w e r e l i n k e d i n t o t w o c i r c u i t s - o n e i n s i d e a n d one o u t s i d e. O n the b a s i s o f e x p e r i e n c e of the C e n t r a l T o w e r t h e flat j a c k s w e r e p r e s s u r i s e d i n i t i a l l y to g i v e a s o i l c o n t a c t s t r e s s b e n e a t h the c o n c r e t e b a s e s of 100 k N / m 2. T h e r e a f t e r s t r e s s i n c r e a s e s of 3 3 k N / m 2 w e r e a p p l i e d u p to 200 k N / m 2, e a c h i n c r e m e n t b e i n g h e l d for a b o u t o n e m o n t h. F r o m k N / m 2 s t r e s s i n c r e m e n t s of a b o u t 17 k N / m 2 w e r e used, e a c h i n c r e m e n t b e i n g h e l d for t w o to t h r e e m o n t h s. T h e m o v e m e n t s of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h e a c h t o w e r w e r e m e a s u r e d at five p o i n t s i n s i d e a n d ten p o i n t s o u t s i d e. T h e m o v e m e n t s of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e s a r e g i v e n in Fig. 16. T h e a p p l i e d s t r e s s - s e t t l e m e n t b e h a v i o u r of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h the S.W. T o w e r is g i v e n in Fig. 17. I n s i d e the m e a s u r e d m o v e m e n t s of t h e c o n c r e t e b a s e u n d e r 250 k N / m 2 w e r e a b o u t 1 3 m m a n d c o r r e s p o n d e d c l o s e l y w i t h t h e l o w e r b o u n d m e a s u r e m e n t s of m o v e m e n t b e n e a t h t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r c o n c r e t e bases. O u t s i d e the m o v e m e n t w a s m u c h m o r e v a r i a b l e, a v e r a g i n g a b o u t 17 to 1 8 m m ( c o r r e s p o n d i n g to the u p p e r b o u n d m o v e m e n t s f r o m t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r ), w i t h 4 2 m m o c c u r r i n g in t h e S.W. c o r n e r o f the <o F i g. 17 Settlements inside S.W. TOWER Settlements outside Overburden stress r n _ Results from ' ' Central Tower SETTLEMENT OF CONCRETE BASE - mm A p p l i e d s t r e s s - r e l a t i v e s e t t l e m e n t b e h a v i o u r of c o n c r e t e b a s e s b e n e a t h S o u t h - W e s t T o w e r 127

10 F i g. 18 T h e E a s t W a l l s u p p o r t e d b y s t e e l s h o r e s d u r i n g u n d e r p i n n i n g ( C o u r t e s y S h e p h e r d B u i l d i n g G r o u p Ltd.) E A S T W A L L U N D E R P I N N I N G At t h e s a m e t i m e as t h e w o r k on the C e n t r a l T o w e r w a s p r o c e e d i n g, the E a s t W a l l of the M i n s t e r w a s u n d e r p i n n e d. T h e s o u t h e r n b u t t r e s s h a d b e e n f o u n d to be o v e r m m o u t of p l u m b in a h e i g h t of 24m. V e r t i c a l c r a c k s in the e a s t e r n - m o s t b a y of the C h o i r ( b e t w e e n M 1 8 a n d M 1 9 in Fig. 1) i n d i c a t e d o u t w a r d r o t a t i o n of the w a l l w i t h 1 0 m m of m o v e m e n t h a v i n g t a k e n p l a c e s i n c e r e p a i r s w e r e u n d e r t a k e n at T r i f o r i u m l e v e l in A t roof level, 2 0 m m of m o v e m e n t of the lead f l a s h i n g s i n c e 1940 c o n f i r m e d the r o t a t i o n t h e o r y. T h e c o n d i t i o n of the E a s t W a l l w a s a g g r a v a t e d by the f r a g i l i t y of the G r e a t E a s t W i n d o w. T h i s w i n d o w, c o n s t r u c t e d in , is o n e of the b i g g e s t e x p a n s e s of s t a i n e d g l a s s in t h e w o r l d, m e a s u r i n g 23m h i g h by 10m w i d e (see Fig. 18). Not o n l y w a s it o u t of p l u m b, b u t it a l s o b o w e d o u t w a r d s m m in p l a n at m i d - h e i g h t. T h e r e was, f u r t h e r m o r e, a t e n d e n c y for t h e w i n d o w to s p l i t d o w n t h e m i d d l e b e c a u s e t h e w h o l e o f the Ea s t W a l l w a s h o g g i n g as s h o w n by the l e v e l s of the w e a t h e r i n g c o u r s e at g r o u n d level, a n d by a v e r t i c a l c r a c k on t h e line of s y m m e t r y b e l o w t h e w i n d o w. As n o t h i n g w a s k n o w n a b o u t t h e f o u n d a t i o n s, a s m a l l e x p l o r a t o r y d i g w a s c a r r i e d o u t a d j a c e n t to o n e of the m a i n b u t t r e s s e s. It a p p e a r e d t h a t the b u t t r e s s h a d b e e n a d d e d a f t e r c o n s t r u c t i o n of the w a l l h a d c o m m e n c e d, for t h e r e w a s n o b o n d i n g b e t w e e n the t w o u n t i l a b o v e g r o u n d level. N e i t h e r w a l l n o r b u t t r e s s b r o a d e n e d o u t b e l o w g r o u n d l evel to a n y f o r m of f o o t i n g - if a n y t h i n g t h e i r c o n d i t i o n t e n d e d to d e t e r i o r a t e w i t h depth, t h e l o w e r 1. 8 m of " f o u n d a t i o n " c o n s i s t i n g of u n d r e s s e d s t o n e s r o u g h l y l a i d in a t r e n c h w i t h no m o r t a r for b o n d i n g. A g r a p h i c a l t h r u s t line a n a l y s i s i n d i c a t e d a t h r u s t of a b o u t t o n n e s in e a c h of t h e b u t t r e s s e s f l a n k i n g the G r e a t E a s t W i n d o w. T h e line of t h r u s t w a s v e r y c l o s e to the o u t e r f a c e of the w a l l (see Fig. 19). F u r t h e r m o r e, t h e r e w a s a f u r t h e r t h r u s t of a b o u t t o n n e s in t h e b u t t r e s s e d t u r r e t s t a i r c a s e at e a c h e n d of t h e E a s t W a l l. T h e a r e a l e x t e n t of the f o u n d a t i o n c a r r y i n g t h e s e l o a d s w a s F i g. 19 E l e v a t i o n a n d h a l f - p l a n of E a s t W a l l s h o w i n g l o a d s a n d l o c a t i o n of s e t t l e m e n t m e a s u r i n g p o i n t s a s s e s s e d t o b e b o u n d e d b y Y - Y a n d Z-Z in Fig t h e c e n t r e l i n e s of e a s t e r n m o s t C h o i r A i s l e w i n d o w a n d t h e G r e a t E a s t W i n d o w r e s p e c t i v e l y, b e n e a t h b o t h of w h i c h t h e m a s o n r y w a s b a d l y c r a c k e d. By a p r o c e s s of t r i a l a n d e r r o r the f o u n d a t i o n w a s s u b d i v i d e d a l o n g X - X so t h a t the c e n t r o i d of e a c h a r e a c o i n c i d e d m o s t c l o s e l y w i t h t h e t h r u s t line. D e s p i t e t h i s the 1400 t o n n e t h r u s t line w a s s t i l l f o u n d to b e e c c e n t r i c to the c e n t r e of a r e a C s h o w n in Fig. 19. T h i s w o u l d c a u s e b o t h o u t w a r d r o t a t i o n of the b u t t r e s s a n d h o g g i n g a b o u t Z-Z as t h e l e v e l l i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e d. M o d i f y i n g the e c c e n t r i c a l l y l o a d e d a r e a as s u g g e s t e d b y B r i n c h H a n s e n (1961) g a v e an a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e of 570 k N / m. T h e a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e b e n e a t h the b u t t r e s s e d t u r r e t s t a i r c a s e w a s s i m i l a r. In b o t h a r e a s the f a c t o r of s a f e t y a g a i n s t s h e a r f a i l u r e w a s o n l y a b o u t 1.4. A l t h o u g h the s h e a r s t r e n g t h of t h e c l a y m a y h a v e b e e n u n d e r e s t i m a t e d, t h e l o w f a c t o r of s a f e t y w a s c o n s i d e r e d m o r e s e r i o u s t h a n for t h e C e n t r a l T o w e r o n a c c o u n t of the a b s e n c e of s u p p o r t f r o m any o t h e r p a r t of the s t r u c t u r e. T h e h i g h s h e a r s t r e s s e s in t h e soil b e n e a t h t h e b u t t r e s s r e s u l t e d in c r e e p a n d p r o g r e s s i v e o u t w a r d r o t a t i o n of t h e w a l l. T o p r e v e n t t h e E a s t W a l l f r o m e v e n t u a l l y f a l l i n g o u t w a r d s, it w a s n e c e s s a r y to p r o v i d e a s u b s t a n t i a l toe to t h e e x i s t i n g f o o t i n g s. B e f o r e u n d e r p i n n i n g c o m m e n c e d, t e m p o r a r y s h o r e s w e r e e r e c t e d to r e s i s t o u t w a r d m o v e m e n t (see Fig. 18). T h e 128

11 s h o r e s w e r e s t e e l t r u s s e s f o u n d e d o n s i m p l e s p r e a d f o o t i n g s b u t i n c o r p o r a t i n g at the b a s e a p a i r o f f l a t j a c k s in t a n d e m c o n n e c t e d to a c o n s t a n t p r e s s u r e d e v i c e, so t h a t t e m p e r a t u r e m o v e m e n t s as w e l l as a n y i n d u c e d v e r t i c a l s e t t l e m e n t c o u l d b e a c c o m m o d a t e d w i t h o u t o v e r loading. T h e u n d e r p i n n i n g m e t h o d w a s the c l a s s i c a l o n e of d r i v i n g 1. 2 m w i d e h e a d i n g s, to r e p l a c e the e x i s t i n g f o u n d a t i o n w i t h a c o m p l e t e n e w o n e of t w i c e t h e w i d t h. W i t h t h e n e w f o o t i n g w i d t h of 5.5m, t h e a v e r a g e b e a r i n g p r e s s u r e w a s r e d u c e d to 250 k N / m 2. T h e c e n t r e o f t h r u s t f r o m the s u p e r s t r u c t u r e w a s a r r a n g e d to b e w i t h i n t h e i n n e r h a l f o f t h e f o o t i n g so t hat the w a l l w o u l d b e c o n s t r a i n e d to r o t a t e i n w a r d s. T h e u n d e r p i n n i n g to t h e E a s t W a l l w a s c a r r i e d r o u n d b e n e a t h the e a s t e r n m o s t b a y of t h e N o r t h a n d S o u t h C h o i r A i s l e s (between J 1 8 & J 1 9 and M 1 8 & M 1 9 in Fig. 1) a n d t h e w h o l e l e n g t h w a s d i v i d e d into f o u r zones. T o c a u s e the l e a s t p o s s i b l e d i s t u r b a n c e to t h e f a bric, the s e q u e n c e o f w o r k i n g a l l o w e d for o n l y o n e h e a d i n g in e a c h z one t o be o p e n at a n y t i m e and for t h e s e h e a d i n g s to be w e l l s e p a r a t e d in plan. F u r t h e r m o r e, e a c h s e c t i o n of t h e f o o t i n g w a s c o n c r e t e d as s o o n as p o s s i b l e a f t e r c o m p l e t i o n of the e x c a v a t i o n of the h e a d i n g. D u r i n g t h e site i n v e s t i g a t i o n t h e p r e s e n c e of a lm t h i c k b a n d of l a m i n a t e d c l a y b e n e a t h t h e f i r m s i l t y clay h a d n o t b e e n c l e a r l y r e c o g n i s e d l a r g e l y on a c c o u n t of the r o t a r y c o r i n g t e c h n i q u e d i s t u r b i n g t h e soil f a bric. W h e n e a c h h e a d i n g w a s e x c a v a t e d, t h e l a m i n a t e d c l a y q u i c k l y s w e l l e d on the r e m o v a l of load a n d r e - c o n s o l i d - ated as the e x c a v a t i o n of a d j a c e n t h e a d i n g s c a u s e d load to be t r a n s f e r r e d to t h e n e w f o u n d a t i o n s. A s a r e s u l t, t h e w a l l s e t t l e d m o r e t h a n a n t i c i p a t e d w h i l e t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g w a s ex ecuted. S e t t l e m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s w e r e t a k e n at s i x l o c a t i o n s o n t h e E a s t W a l l a n d t w o o n e a c h o f t h e N o r t h a n d S o u t h C h o i r A i s l e s. (See Fig. 19 f o r l o c a t i o n s o n t h e s o u t h e r n h a l f of the w a l l ). T h e s e t t l e m e n t r e c o r d s f o r f i v e l o c a t i o n s are g i v e n in Fig. 20 a n d t h e s e t t l e m e n t c o n t o u r s a c r o s s the E a s t W a l l at 4 - w e e k l y i n t e r v a l s in Fig. 21. T o m i n i m i s e a g g r a v a t i n g t h e h o g g i n g c o n d i t i o n of t h e w a l l t h e b u t t r e s s e s at the c o r n e r s w e r e f i r s t u n d e r p i n n e d, f o l l o w e d b y t h e b u t t r e s s e s f l a n k i n g t h e e a s t w i n d o w (after w e e k 8 in Fig. 21). T h e r e a f t e r, e x c a v a t i o n of the h e a d i n g s p r o g r e s s e d t o w a r d s t h e c e n t r e of the G r e a t E a s t W i n d o w c a u s i n g s l i g h t s a g g i n g. T h e m a x i m u m a n g u l a r d i s t o r t i o n a c r o s s t h e b u t t r e s s e s F i g. 21 C o n t o u r s of s e t t l e m e n t of E a s t W a l l at 4 - w e e k i n t e r v a l s d u r i n g u n d e r p i n n i n g f l a n k i n g t h e C h o i r A i s l e w i n d o w s in t h e E a s t W a l l (3 a n d 4 in Fig. 19) w a s a b o u t 1 in w h e r e a s b e n e a t h t h e E a s t W i n d o w b e t w e e n p o i n t s 4 a n d 5 (the c e n t r e line of t h e w i n d o w, b e n e a t h w h i c h t h e r e w a s an e x i s t i n g l a r g e crack) it w a s 1 in 1500 to 1 in D u r i n g the u n d e r p i n n i n g the g l a s s in the G r e a t E a s t W i n d o w w a s f r e e d at t h e e d g e s to a v o i d c r a c k i n g as t h e s e t t l e m e n t o c c u r r e d. T h e i n c l u s i o n of f l a t j a c k s b e t w e e n t h e s u p e r s t r u c t u r e a n d t h e n e w f o o t i n g s w a s c o n s i d e r e d i n i t i a l l y in o r d e r t o c o u n t e r t h e e f f e c t s of s e t t l e m e n t s d u r i n g the w o r k s. H o w e v e r, it w a s f e l t t h a t t h e s h e a r k e y s, p r o v i d e d b e t w e e n a d j a c e n t e l e m e n t s of t h e f o o t i n g, w o u l d p r e v e n t e a c h e l e m e n t b e i n g l o a d e d i n d e p e n d e n t of t h e o t h e r s to i n d u c e r e - c o n s o l i d a t i o n o f t h e l a m i n a t e d clay. W h e n t h e f l a t j a c k s s t r e s s i n g t h e s t e e l s h o r e s w e r e d e p r e s s u r i s e d in s t a g e s, f u r t h e r s e t t l e m e n t of t h e w a l l o c c u r r e d as i n d i c a t e d in Fig. 20. S e t t l e m e n t v i r t u a l l y c e a s e d in A s the s e t t l e m e n t s h a d b e e n m e a s u r e d r e l a t i v e t o a s h a l l o w t e m p o r a r y b e n c h m a r k o u t s i d e t h e E a s t Wall, s e t t l e m e n t m e a s u r e m e n t s a f t e r t h i s d a t e w e r e n o l o n g e r c o n s i d e r e d s u f f i c i e n t l y r e l i a b l e. C O N C L U D I N G R E M A R K S 1. T h e a r c h a e o l o g i c a l s t u d i e s c a r r i e d o u t d u r i n g t h e c o u r s e of t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g, a l t h o u g h not d i s c u s s e d in d e t a i l in this p a p e r, h a d a p r o f o u n d i n f l u e n c e on t h e u n d e r s t a n d i n g of the b e h a v i o u r of t h e f a b r i c a n d the f o u n d a t i o n s b o t h in the p a s t a n d d u r i n g the u n d e r p i n n i n g. F i g. 20 S e t t l e m e n t o f s o u t h e r n h a l f of E a s t W a l l d u r i n g u n d e r p i n n i n g 2. T h e i n f l u e n c e of p r e v i o u s b u i l d e r s h a s h a d a s i g n i f i c a n t e f f e c t o n t h e w o r k. - T h e d i s c o v e r y of t h e r e m n a n t s of t h e R o m a n l e g i o n h e a d q u a r t e r s b e n e a t h the M i n s t e r p r o m p t e d the c r e a t i o n of a p e r m a n e n t u n d e r c r o f t m u s e u m b e n e a t h the C e n t r a l T o w e r w h e r e t h e r e m a i n s t o g e t h e r w i t h t h e N o r m a n f o u n d a t i o n s, the u n d e r p i n n i n g w o r k s a n d a h i s t o r y of t h e M i n s t e r c o u l d b e vi e w e d. - T h e m a s s i v e n e s s of the f o u n d a t i o n s to the N o r m a n C h u r c h c l e a r l y i n d i c a t e d t h e N o r m a n s ' a w a r e n e s s of g o o d f o u n d a t i o n s

12 - T h e "art" of f o u n d a t i o n d e s i g n a p p e a r s to h a v e b e e n lost by t h e M i d d l e A g e s to j u d g e f r o m t h e i n a d e q u a t e f o u n d a t i o n s, b o t h in c o n c e p t a n d e x e c u t i o n, b e n e a t h t h e East W all. T h i s w o u l d a p p e a r at v a r i a n c e w i t h e x p e r i e n c e in F r a n c e r e p o r t e d b y K e r i s e l (1975). - T h e c o n s t r u c t i o n of the h e a v y G o t h i c C e n t r a l T o w e r r e l i e d e n t i r e l y on t h e size a n d i n t e g r i t y of t h e N o r m a n f o u n d a t i o n s w i t h l i t t l e a w a r e n e s s of the u n d e r l y i n g so i l strata. - T h e d r a i n s i n s t a l l e d b y the R o m a n s still c o n t i n u e to i n f l u e n c e t h e p e r c h e d w a t e r t a b l e in Y o r k, as d e m o n s t r a t e d b y r e c e n t b u i l d i n g w o r k w h i c h s e v e r e d such a d r a i n and led to a r i s e in t h e w a t e r t a b l e at times o f h e a v y rain. 3. A n a l y s i s of t h e f o u n d a t i o n s of o l d s t r u c t u r e s such as t h e M i n s t e r is d i f f i c u l t on a c c o u n t of t h e u n k n o w n e f f e c t s of t h e i n t e r a c t i o n of t h e f o u n d a t i o n s. T h e i n f l u e n c e of o v e r b u r d e n r e m o v a l has b e e n f o u n d to be v e r y s i g n i f i c a n t in r e l a t i o n to s e t t l e m e n t. 4. A n a t t e m p t to r e c o n s t r u c t the s e q u e n c e of s e t t l e m e n t s of the M i n s t e r s i n c e 1080, f r o m e s t i m a t e d l o a d i n g s a n d the m e a s u r e d c o n s o l i d a t i o n p r o p e r t i e s of t h e clay, p r o d u c e d d i f f e r e n t i a l s e t t l e m e n t s w h i c h c o r r e s p o n d r e m a r k a b l y w e l l w i t h the o b s e r v e d d i f f e r e n c e s in level. S i m i l a r a g r e e m e n t b e t w e e n e s t i m a t e d a n d o b s e r v e d s e t t l e m e n t s w a s a l s o f o u n d by t h e a u t h o r (1974) in his a n a l y s i s of St. P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l in L o ndon, d e s p i t e s i m p l e a p p r o x i m a t i o n of t h e s t r u c t u r a l l o a d i n g s a n d soil p a r a m e t e r s. 5. D u r i n g the c o u r s e o f t h e u n d e r p i n n i n g w o r k the m a j o r e l e m e n t s of the M i n s t e r - the C e n t r a l Tower, t h e W e s t e r n T o w e r s, a n d the E a s t W a l l - s e t t l e d b e t w e e n 20 a n d 30mm. D e s p i t e s u c h s e t t l e m e n t s t h e i n t e g r i t y of the s t r u c t u r e w a s r e t a i n e d w i t h m o v e m e n t o n l y o c c u r r i n g a l o n g e x i s t i n g c r acks. 6. T h e f o r m of u n d e r p i n n i n g a d o p t e d w o u l d a p p e a r to h a v e b e e n s u c c e s s f u l, for in t h e five y e a r s f r o m O c t o b e r 1972 to A p r i l 1977 f o l l o w i n g c o m p l e t i o n of the u n d e r p i n n i n g, p r e c i s e l e v e l l i n g m e a s u r e m e n t s i n d i c a t e d a u n i f o r m s e t t l e m e n t of the M i n s t e r of b e t w e e n 0. 7 a n d 1.5mm. T h e m a j o r i t y of this m o v e m e n t o c c u r r e d d u r i n g the d r o u g h t of A s t h e l e v e l l i n g w a s c o n s i d e r e d to be only a c c u r a t e to w i t h i n 0.3mm, p e r m a n e n t l e v e l l i n g s o c k e t s of t h e t y p e d e s c r i b e d b y C h e n e y (1973) h a v e b e e n i n s t a l l e d in t h e M i n s t e r. 7. At the t i m e the u n d e r p i n n i n g w a s e x e c u t e d, t h e r e w a s v e r y l i t t l e p u b l i s h e d i n f o r m a t i o n o n t h e b e h a v i o u r of o l d m a s s i v e b u i l d i n g s. S i n c e then, T h o m a s & F i s h e r (197 4) h a v e p u b l i s h e d s e t t l e m e n t r e c o r d s for St. P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l in L o n d o n, w h i c h the a u t h o r (1974) s u b s e q u e n t l y a n a l y s e d. K e r i s e l (1975) p u b l i s h e d m u c h v a l u a b l e i n f o r m a t i o n on the b e h a v i o u r of N o r m a n a n d G o t h i c s t r u c t u r e s. O n a c c o u n t of t h e d i f f i c u l t i e s of a n a l y s i s of s u c h c o m p l e x m a s s i v e s t r u c t u r e s, it is h o p e d t h a t t h e r e s u l t s g i v e n in t h i s p a p e r w i l l b e of a s s i s t a n c e to o t h e r s e n g a g e d in su c h u n d e r p i n n i n g w ork. A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S T h e r e s t o r a t i o n w o r k w a s u n d e r t a k e n for t h e D e a n & C h a p t e r or Y o r k M i n s t e r by B.M. F e i l d e n, S u r v e y o r t o t h e F a b r i c, O v e A r u p & P a r t n e r s, C o n s u l t i n g E n g i n e e r s, a n d S h e p h e r d C o n s t r u c t i o n Ltd. of York. T h e a u t h o r is g r a t e f u l t o h i s c o l l e a g u e s in O v e A r u p & P a r t n e r s, in p a r t i c u l a r Dr. D.J. Henkel, D.J. D o w r i c k, P. B e c k m a n n a n d F.G. Butler, w h o w e r e d e e p l y i n v o l v e d in t h e w o r k, a n d to Dr. M.A. S t r o u d a n d A.R. W o o d l a n d for t h e i r h e l p f u l c r i t i c i s m s. T h e a c c u r a c y of t h e p r e c i s e l e v e l l i n g is l a r g e l y d u e to the p e r s e v e r a n c e of t h e r e s i d e n t e n g i n e e r, N. Ross. R E F E R E N C E S B r i n c h H a n s e n, J. (1961). A g e n e r a l f o r m u l a for b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y. B u l l e t i n G e o t e k n i s k I n s t i t u t No. 11. T h e D a n i s h G e o t e c h n i c a l I n s t i t u t e. C h e n e y, J.A. (1973). T e c h n i q u e s a n d e q u i p m e n t u s i n g t h e s u r v e y o r s l e v e l for a c c u r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t of b u i l d i n g m o v e m e n t. Symp. on F i e l d I n s t r u m e n t a t i o n, B r i t i s h G e o t e c h n i c a l S o c i e t y, B u t t e r w o r t h s, L o n d o n. C o r b e t t, B.O. (1972). D i s c u s s i o n o n P a p e r 7415S. Y o r k M i n s t e r s t r u c t u r a l r e s t o r a t i o n. P roc. I n s t i t u t i o n o f C i v i l E n g i n e e r s S u p p l e m e n t ( x i ), L o ndon. D o w r i c k, D.J. (1970). T h e u s e of p r e s t r e s s i n g in f o u n d a t i o n s t r e n g t h e n i n g at Y o r k M i n s t e r. G r o u n d Eng. Vol. 3, No. 6, N o v., 14-17, L o n d o n. (British t e c h n i c a l c o n t r i b u t i o n to t h e S i x t h I n t e r n a t i o n a l C o n g r e s s of the F e d e r a t i o n I n t e r n a t i o n a l e de la P r e c o n t r a i n t e, P r a g u e, J u n e 19 70, p u b l i s h e d b y T h e C o n c r e t e S o c i e t y ). D o w r i c k, D.J. & B e c k m a n n, P. (1971). Y o r k M i n s t e r s t r u c t u r a l r e s t o r a t i o n. Proc. I n s t i t u t i o n of C i v i l E n g i n e e r s, L o n d o n, S u p p l e m e n t ( v i ), P a p e r 7415S. K e r i s e l, J. (1975). O l d s t r u c t u r e s in r e l a t i o n t o soil c o n d i t i o n s. G e o t e c h n i q u e 25, No. 3, L ord, J.A. (1974). D i s c u s s i o n o n P a p e r I II/9 St. P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l - m e a s u r e m e n t s of s e t t l e m e n t s a n d m o v e m e n t s of the s t r u c t u r e. Conf. on S e t t l e m e n t of S t r u c t u r e s, C a m b r i d g e. B r i t i s h G e o t e c h n i c a l S o c i e t y, P e n t e c h Press, M e y e r h o f, G.G. (1951). T h e u l t i m a t e b e a r i n g c a p a c i t y o f f o u n d a t i o n s. G e o t e c h n i q u e, 2, No. 4, P h i l l i p s, A.D. (1975). E x c a v a t i o n s at Y o r k M i n s t e r, F r i e n d s of Y o r k M i n s t e r A n n u a l R e p o r t, T h o m a s, J.B. & F i s h e r, A.W. (1974). St. P a u l ' s C a t h e d r a l - m e a s u r e m e n t of s e t t l e m e n t s and m o v e m e n t s of the s t r u c t u r e. Conf. on S e t t l e m e n t of S t r u c t u r e s, C a m b r i d g e. B r i t i s h G e o t e c h n i c a l S o c i e t y, P e n t e c h Press,

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