Site Investigations and Geotechnical Risk For Underground Construction Greg Raines, PE
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1 August 14, 2017 Site Investigations and Geotechnical Risk For Underground Construction Greg Raines, PE
2
3 Develop Preliminary Geologic / Geotech Conceptual Model for the Project Goal is to: identify the primary technical considerations, limitations/constraints, scope, purpose, geotechnical targets, and site conditions that must be resolved.
4 Identify/Collect Available Geotechnical Data in the Project Area Information can include: Geologic maps Data from previous reports Drill hole data Preliminary mapping Bridge or control structure Compile available local data into a database for further evaluation. Roads or Canals Residential Area
5 Field Geologic Mapping
6 Typical Drill Hole Logs General: Drill rate Rig Behavior Circulation return Depth to water Instrumentation Drill difficulties Shift changes Testing intervals and results Soil: Lithology Soil type (USCS) Color Consistency / density Grain size distribution Moisture Cementation Plasticity (clays) Roundness Roughness Code Slickensided Polished Smooth Rough Very Rough Rocks: Rock Type Recovery, RQD, GSI Color Texture Degree of weathering Strength Hardness Structure Discontinuities: o Type o o o o o Width Infilling Amount & Type Surface Shape Roughness Spacing (Joint Sets)
7 Types of Samples Drive Samplers (SPT, MC, LPT) MC Liners Mod Cal SPT Energy Calibration Can be performed in most soil types, difficult in gravel-cobbles. Provides information relating to relative density, strength, and applicability of some ground improvement methods (e.g., soil mixing, jet grouting, chemical grouting)
8 Types of Samples Undisturbed Samples Shelby Tube Pitcher Sampler Piston Sampler Typically applied to soft-medium, stiff cohesive soils in order to test strength, stiffness, consolidation, etc
9 Types of Rigs Solid Stem Some typical methods to drill the subsurface include: Auger Mud/Air Rotary Mud/Air Rotary with Casing Advance Reverse Circulation Sonic Becker Penetration Large Diameter Cone Penetration Tests (CPT) Rock Core Hollow Stem Each of these methods have pros and cons and are well suited for specific exploration programs, depending on both the subsurface conditions as well as the data needs for the program.
10 Typical Drill Hole Logs Rock Log Soil Log
11 Data Compilation Summary Sheets
12 Cone Penetration Test (CPT) Pros: Widely available Efficient No water, mud or air Advance many holes in comparison Cons: No samples Push depth limitations
13 Borings Reduce Cost Uncertainty
14 Geophysics Down hole geophysics Seismic reflection Seismic refraction Resistivity Ground penetrating radar Seismic tomography Bathymetry Magnetics
15 Reflection Profile
16 Marine Geophysics
17 Marine Seismic Refraction
18 Typical Lab Testing Soil USCS classification Strength & Modulus Moisture/density Plasticity Gradation Rock Rock classification Compressive/shear strength Tensile strength Moisture/density Durability, abrasivity, slake, toughness
19 Geologic Profiles Understand Geologic Setting
20 Risk Topics Settlement Flowing Ground Soft Soil Settlement Faults and Joints Heavy Ground Squeezing Ground Rock Burst Mixed Face Mixed Ground Obstructions Water bearing features & Water Table Groundwater Control Natural Gas Friction Stickiness Sensitive Soils Impacts of fines on slurry separation Soil Conditioning Abrasion Invert Degradation
21 Settlement Ground Surface V S W 2.5i Y Adjacent Structure S MAX i 0.05 S MAX Average Slope = S max / W Z Settlement Influence Line -Y 2 /(2 i 2 ) D = 2R S = V S i 2P
22 Settlement Mechanisms Tunneling operations have inherent risks of settlement from: Excessive overcut Excessive or uncontrolled spoil removal Driving of temporary soil supports Inflow of water in granular soils Mechanisms for Tunnel Settlements
23 Settlement Monitoring Settlement should be controlled by: Designing construction methods to prevent settlement Continued monitoring of surface and subsurface conditions for settlement or indicators Extensometers:
24 Flowing Ground Sinkhole clay wet fine sand wet sand Flowing, running ground silt Flowing Ground in TBM
25 Flowing Ground - Tunnelman s Ground Classification
26 Soft Soil and Ground Consolidation Normally Consolidated Clay: The present overburden pressure is the most the soil has ever seen. Overconsolidated Clay: The present overburden pressure is less than the soil has experienced in the past.
27 Soft Soil Settlement
28 Faults
29 Fault Inflow in to Tunnel
30 Heavy Ground Unable to advance TBM due to immense pressures Encountered in deep, fault zones
31 Terzaghi s Rock Load Classification
32 Faults and Joints - Outcrop Mapping
33 Faults and Joints - Cross Hole Geophysics / Tomography
34 Squeezing Ground
35 Rock Burst Potential - In-situ Stress - Brittleness - Stored Energy - Released Energy
36 Typical Lab Testing Rock Rock classification Compressive/shear strength Tensile strength (Brazilian) Moisture/density Durability, abrasivity, slake, toughness
37 Mixed Face / Line and Grade
38 Mixed Face - Seismic Refraction
39 Mixed Ground Conditions
40 Obstructions Piles and Building Foundations Old Foundation Block Abandoned Ground Support Systems Wells and Casings Boulders
41 Obstructions - Geology, GPR, Well Records, Utilities Geologic Environment / Prior Experience Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) Well Records Pothole Utilities
42 Obstructions - Test Pits and Large Diameter Borings Test Pits: Used for soil logging, sample collection and lab testing materials anticipated to be encountered. Large Diameter Borings
43 Water Bearing Features & Water Table Location Fractured Rock Tunnel Alignment Shaft Screen Screen Clay Screen Highly permeable sand-gravel
44 Groundwater Characterization Characterization Water wells Packer testing
45 Locate Water - Piezometers Typical stand-pipe piezometer Multi-level Single Multi-level vibrating wire piezometer Fully Grouted Multi-level vibrating wire piezometer
46 Packer Testing Inflation Tube Inflatable Packer End Cap Test Zone Perforated Screen End Plug
47 Grouting inside of tunnel Groundwater Control
48 Hazardous Gases & Contaminants Underground Methane (CH4) Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Gasoline Vapors / Hydrocarbons Chlorinated Solvents (PCE, DCE, & TCE)
49 Gas - Sampling Methods
50 Friction General Description Grain Shape Loose, φ (deg) Dense, φ (deg) Ottawa Standard Sand Well Rounded Eroded Sandstone Rounded Fluvial Silty Sand Subrounded Glacial Silty Sand Subangular to subrounded Great Salt Lake Sand Angular Well-graded, compacted crushed rock Holtz & Kovacs, 1981 Angular - 60
51 Large Diameter Pipe Jacking Application Backacter Shield Cutter Boom Shield Slurry Earth Pressure Balance
52 Sticky Soils
53 Stickiness Clogging Potential (Thewes, 2005) Medium Low High EPBM Clogging Potential
54 Plasticity Testing
55 Sensitive Soils / Collapsible Soils
56 Abrasivity - High Wear from Abrasion
57 Abrasivity - Cerchar Tests & Thin Section Analysis Granitic Porphyry Thin Section
58 Abrasivity - Soil Laboratory Testing Millers Drilling Index (ASTM G75-01) RAR - Relative Abrasion Resistance
59 Fines in Slurry - Slurry Separation Plant
60 Fines in Slurry 1 ½ #4 #10 #40 #200 Grain Size Analysis Hydrometer Test
61 Invert Degradation
62 Interventions
63 Risk Can be Managed but Not Eliminated Surprises Are Inevitable - There will always be unexpected ground conditions and neither the owner nor the design team can completely eliminate surprises from complex underground projects. Gould, 1995
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