APPENDIX A. Borehole Logs Explanation of Terms and Symbols

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1 APPENDIX A Borehole Logs Explanation of Terms and Symbols Page 153 of 168

2 EXPLANATION OF TERMS AND SYMBOLS The terms and symbols used on the borehole logs to summarize the results of field investigation and subsequent laboratory testing are described in these pages. It should be noted that materials, boundaries and conditions have been established only at the borehole locations at the time of investigation and are not necessarily representative of subsurface conditions elsewhere across the site. TEST DATA Data obtained during the field investigation and from laboratory testing are shown at the appropriate depth interval. Abbreviations, graphic symbols, and relevant test method designations are as follows: *C Consolidation test *ST Swelling test D R Relative density TV Torvane shear strength *k Permeability coefficient VS Vane shear strength *MA Mechanical grain size analysis w Natural Moisture Content (ASTM D2216) and hydrometer test w l Liquid limit (ASTM D 423) N Standard Penetration Test w p Plastic Limit (ASTM D 424) (CSA A ) N d Dynamic cone penetration test E f Unit strain at failure NP Non plastic soil Unit weight of soil or rock pp Pocket penetrometer strength d Dry unit weight of soil or rock *q Triaxial compression test Density of soil or rock q u Unconfined compressive strength d Dry Density of soil or rock *SB Shearbox test C u Undrained shear strength SO 4 Concentration of water-soluble sulphate Seepage Observed water level * The results of these tests are usually reported separately Soils are classified and described according to their engineering properties and behaviour. The soil of each stratum is described using the Unified Soil Classification System 1 inorganic clay of medium plasticity is recognized. modified slightly so that an The modifying adjectives used to define the actual or estimated percentage range by weight of minor components are consistent with the Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual 2. Relative Density and Consistency: Cohesionless Soils Relative Density Value Consistency Cohesive Soils Undrained Shear Strength c u (kpa) Approximate Value Very Loose 0-4 Very Soft Loose 4-10 Soft Compact Firm Dense Stiff Very Dense >50 Very Stiff Hard >200 >30 Standard Penetration Resistance ( N value) The number of blows by a 63.6kg hammer dropped 760 mm to drive a 50 mm diameter open sampler attached to A drill rods for a distance of 300 mm after an initial penetration of 150 mm. 1 Unified Soil Classification System, Technical Memorandum prepared by Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Mississippi, Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army. Vol. 1 March Canadian Foundation Engineering Manual, 3rd Edition, Canadian Geotechnical Society, Page 154 of 168

3 MODIFIED UNIFIED CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM FOR S COARSE GRAINED S (MORE THAN HALF BY WEIGHT LARGER THAN 75 m) MAJOR DIVISION GRAVELS MORE THAN HALF THE COARSE FRACTION LARGER THAN 4.75mm SANDS MORE THAN HALF THE COARSE FRACTION SMALLER THAN 4.75mm CLEAN GRAVELS (LITTLE OR NO FINES) DIRTY GRAVELS (WITH SOME FINES) CLEAN SANDS (LITTLE OR NO FINES) DIRTY SANDS (WITH SOME FINES) GROUP GRAPH COLOUR SYMBOL SYMBOL CODE GW GP GM GC SW SP SM SC RED RED YELLOW YELLOW RED RED YELLOW YELLOW TYPICAL WELL GRADED GRAVELS, GRAVEL-SAND MIXTURES, LITTLE OR NO FINES POORLY GRADED GRAVELS, GRAVEL-SAND MIXTURES, LITTLE OR NO FINES SILTY GRAVELS, GRAVEL-SAND-SILT MIXTURES CLAYEY GRAVELS, GRAVEL-SAND- CLAY MIXTURES WELL GRADED SANDS, GRAVELLY SANDS, LITTLE OR NO FINES POORLY GRADED SANDS, GRAVELLY SANDS, LITTLE OR NO FINES SILTY SANDS, SAND-SILT MIXTURES CLAYEY SANDS, SAND-CLAY MIXTURES D (D 30) 2 C U = >4; C C = =1 to 3 D X D 60 D 10 CONTENT OF FINES EXCEEDS 12 % D (D 60 ) 2 C U = >6; C C = =1 to 3 D X D 60 D 10 CONTENT OF FINES EXCEEDS 12 % LABORATORY CLASSIFICATION CRITERIA NOT MEETING ABOVE REQUIREMENTS ATTERBERG LIMITS BELOW "A" LINE OR P.I. LESS THAN 4 ATTERBERG LIMITS ABOVE "A" LINE P.I. MORE THAN NOT MEETING ABOVE REQUIREMENTS ATTERBERG LIMITS BELOW "A" LINE OR P.I. LESS THAN 4 ATTERBERG LIMITS ABOVE "A" LINE P.I. MORE THAN 7 FINE-GRAINED S (MORE THAN HALF BY WEIGHT SMALLER THAN 75 m) SILTS BELOW "A" LINE NEGLIGIBLE ORGANIC CONTENT CLAYS ABOVE "A" LINE NEGLIGIBLE ORGANIC CONTENT ORGANIC SILTS & CLAYS BELOW "A" LINE W < 50% L W > 50% L W < 30% L 30% <W < 50% L W > 50% L W < 50% L W > 50% L ML MH CL CI CH OL OH GREEN BLUE GREEN GREEN- BLUE BLUE GREEN BLUE INORGANIC SILTS AND VERY FINE SANDS, ROCK FLOUR, SILTY SANDS OF SLIGHT PLASTICITY INORGANIC SILTS, MICACEOUS OR DIATOMACEOUS, FINE SANDS OR SILTY S INORGANIC CLAYS OF LOW PLASTICITY, GRAVELLY, SANDY OR SILTY CLAYS, LEAN CLAYS INORGANIC CLAYS OF MEDIUM PLASTICITY, SILTY CLAYS INORGANIC CLAYS OF HIGH PLASTICITY, FAT CLAYS ORGANIC SILTS AND ORGANIC SILTY CLAYS OF LOW PLASTICITY ORGANIC CLAYS OF HIGH PLASTICITY CLASSIFICATION IS BASED UPON PLASTICITY CHART (SEE BELOW) WHENEVER THE NATURE OF THE FINES CONTENT HAS NOT BEEN DETERMINED, IT IS DESIGNATED BY THE LETTER "F", E.G. SF IS A MIXTURE OF SAND WITH SILT OR CLAY HIGHLY ORGANIC S Pt ORANGE PEAT AND OTHER HIGHLY ORGANIC S STRONG COLOUR OR ODOUR, AND OFTEN FIBEROUS TEXTURE LIMESTONE SPECIAL SYMBOLS OILSAND 60 PLASTICITY CHART FOR S PASSING 425 m SIEVE SANDSTONE SILTSTONE FRACTION GRAVEL COARSE FINE SAND COARSE MEDIUM FINE FINES (SILT OR CLAY BASED ON PLASTICITY) PASSING 76mm 19mm 4.75mm 2.00mm 425 m 75 m ROUNDED OR SUBROUNDED: COBBLES 76mm TO 200mm BOULDERS > 200mm SHALE COMPONENTS U.S. STANDARD SIEVE SIZE RETAINED 19mm 4.75mm 2.00mm 425 m 75 m FILL (UNDIFFERENTIATED) DEFINING RANGES OF PERCENTAGE BY WEIGHT OF MINOR COMPONENTS PERCENT OVERSIZED MATERIAL DESCRIPTOR AND Y/EY SOME TRACE NOT ROUNDED: ROCK FRAGMENTS > 76mm ROCKS > 0.76 CUBIC METRE IN VOLUME Page 155 of 168 PLASTICITY INDEX (%) CI OH & MH 20 CL CL - ML ML & OL LIQUID LIMIT (%) NOTES: '' A '' LINE 1. ALL SIEVE SIZES MENTIONED ON THIS CHART ARE U.S. STANDARD A.S.T.M. E COARSE GRAIN S WITH 5 TO 12% FINES GIVEN COMBINED GROUP SYMBOLS, E.G. GW-GC IS A WELL GRADED GRAVEL SAND MIXTURE WITH CLAY BINDER BETWEEN 5 AND 12% FINES. AMEC Earth & Environmental CH

4 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-1 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 0 1 PLASTIC M.C. LIQUID TOP silty, some clay, low plastic, black, rootlets CLAY silty to very silty, very stiff, medium plastic, brown, occasional silt pockets/partings, dry Location established using a hand-held GPS unit. 1 D below 2.0 m, very silty, medium to low plastic, random rust stains below 3.0 m, medium plastic 3 CLAY TILL silty, sandy, trace fine gravel, hard, medium plastic, brown, fine rust stained sand pockets/partings, dry D D3 27/ D4 25/ EG GPJ 07/12/06 02:29 PM (BOREHOLE LOG) below 7.6 m, rust stains/fissures... below 9.1 m, very sandy, very hard, grey-brown D5 D6 48/ /150 COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 26/10/07 Page 1 of 4 Page 156 of 168

5 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-1 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 10 CLAY TILL - as above below 11.0 m, grey below 12.2 m, some gravel, dry sand pockets/partings D7 50/ CLAY SHALE silty, very hard (in soil classification terms), medium to high plastic, grey, FREEWATER at 14.3 m D8 56/ EG GPJ 07/12/06 02:29 PM (BOREHOLE LOG) G COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 26/10/07 Page 2 of 4 Page 157 of 168

6 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-1 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 20 CLAY SHALE - as above below 21.5 m, very hard (in soil classification terms) with softer clay shale layers G G G G COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 26/10/07 Page 3 of 4 Page 158 of 168

7 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-1 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 30 BENTONITIC CLAY SHALE hard (in soil classification terms), very high plastic, greenish grey G6 31 End of Hole at 30.6 m Hole sloughed to 23.7 m Water level at 17.9 m at completion Hole backfilled with: - drill cuttings from 23.7 m to 15.3 m - bentonite from 15.3 m to surface COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 26/10/07 Page 4 of 4 Page 159 of 168

8 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-2 DRILL/METHOD: Solid Stem Auger/Wet Rotary N E 0 1 PLASTIC M.C. LIQUID TOP silty, black, rootlets CLAY very silty, trace sand, trace gravel, very stiff, medium plastic, brown, dry Location established using a hand-held GPS unit below 1.5 m, firm to stiff, occasional silt pockets, random dry fine grained sand interbeds up to 150 mm thick 2 3 CLAY SHALE silty, weathered, hard to very hard, medium to high plastic, grey, occasional hard dark grey shale nodules/fragments D BENTONITE stiff to very stiff, very high plastic, yellowish brown G1 6 CLAY TILL silty, sandy, trace gravel, very stiff, medium plastic, brown, occasional sand pockets/lenses, shale nodules, FREEWATER at 6.1 m D CLAY SHALE silty, very stiff to hard (extremely weak (R0) in rock classification), high plastic, dark blue-grey to grey 7 G D COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 25/10/07 Page 1 of 5 Page 160 of 168

9 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-2 DRILL/METHOD: Solid Stem Auger/Wet Rotary N E 10 CLAY SHALE - as above below 12.2 m, hard (extremely weak (R0) to weak (R1) in rock classification), laminated, fissile, alternating dark grey and siltier medium grey beds, bedding near horizontal (0 ), rare laminae of light grey clayey silt; numerous slickensides: near horizontal on bedding planes, appear to be drill induced D7 C1 45/150 Switched to wet rotary/coring using a diamond tungsten drilling bit Point Load Test at 12.5 m in UC Axial = 7.8 MPa 13 C below 14.7 m, hard (weak (R1) in rock classification), massive to weakly laminated, rare siltier bed up to 50 mm thick, rare shell, rare pyrite crystals and nodules, some small silt and marcasite filled burrows, occasional subvertical fracture. C3 Point Load Test at 15.1 m in UC Axial = 5.6 MPa from 15.7 to 16.2 m, dark grey, slickensided C C5 C COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 25/10/07 Page 2 of 5 Page 161 of 168

10 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-2 DRILL/METHOD: Solid Stem Auger/Wet Rotary N E CLAY SHALE - as above below 20.7 m, occasional silt laminae and thin lens Point Load Test at 20.2 m in UC Axial = 4.1 MPa 21 C at 22.2 m, siltstone, 50 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan, irregular contacts Point Load Test at 22.2 m in Siltstone: UC Axial = 70.5 MPa 23 at 23.1 m, slickenside at 12 C at 24.0 m, siltstone, 50 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan C9 Point Load Test at 23.7 m in UC Axial = 6.2 MPa Point Load Test at 24.0 m in Siltstone: UC Axial = MPa below 25.0 m, more frequent small silt filled burrows at 25.5 m, siltstone, 50 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan at 25.7 m, siltstone, 25 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan C10 26 >> Liquid Limit = 132.1% at 29.3 m, siltstone, 50 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan C11 C12 Point Load Test at 27.1 m in UC Axial = 2.8 MPa Point Load Test at 29.3 m in Siltstone: UC Axial = MPa COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 25/10/07 Page 3 of 5 Page 162 of 168

11 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-2 DRILL/METHOD: Solid Stem Auger/Wet Rotary N E 30 CLAY SHALE - as above at 30.0 m, siltstone, 40 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan Point Load Test at 30.1 m in UC Axial = 7.4 MPa C at 31.5 m, siltstone, 50 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) in rock classification), tan C at 33.4 m, siltstone, 30 mm thick, hard (weak (R2) in rock classification), tan C15 Point Load Test at 33.5 m in UC Axial = 7.3 MPa >> C16 Liquid Limit = 117.6% at 37.1 m, siltstone, 90 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) to weak (R2) in rock classification), tan, moderately fractured C17 Point Load Test at 37.1 m in Siltstone: UC Axial = 60.6 MPa at 38.6 m, siltstone, 90 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) to weak (R2) in rock classification), tan C18 C19 Point Load Test at 37.7 m in UC Axial = 7.8 MPa Point Load Test at 38.6 m in Siltstone: UC Axial = MPa UC Diametral = MPa COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 25/10/07 Page 4 of 5 Page 163 of 168

12 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-2 DRILL/METHOD: Solid Stem Auger/Wet Rotary N E CLAY SHALE - as above at 40.0 m, siltstone, 15 mm thick, hard (very weak (R1) in rock classification), tan at 40.9 m, bentonite laminae, 2 to 4 mm thick, high plastic, waxy, greenish grey at 41.3 m, siltstone, 70 mm thick, hard (medium strong (R3) to weak (R2) in rock classification), tan C20 Point Load Test at 40.4 m in UC Axial = 8.8 MPa C C22 45 Point Load Test at 44.8 m in UC Axial = 5.3 MPa C23 Point Load Test at 45.9 m in UC Axial = 7.2 MPa End of Hole at 46.7 m Hole grouted to surface COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 25/10/07 Page 5 of 5 Page 164 of 168

13 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-3 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E PLASTIC M.C. LIQUID CLAY FILL silty, sandy, firm to stiff, medium plastic, brown, decayed organics CLAY silty, sandy, stiff, medium plastic, brown, sand pockets/partings SAND silty, fine grained, trace clay, dry, brown CLAY silty, sandy, trace gravel, stiff, medium plastic, brown, occasional rust stained sand pockets D1 10 Location established using a hand-held GPS unit GRAVEL silty, sandy, dense, brown with rust stains, occasional clay shale fragments... below 3.3 m, coarse sandy, some silt, compact, FREEWATER D D CLAY SHALE silty, very stiff (in soil classification terms), high plastic, grey, weathered to 6.9 m 6 6 D below 7.5 m, hard (in soil classification terms) below 9.1 m, hard (in soil classification terms) with stiff clay shale layers, high plastic D5 G1 D COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 27/10/07 Page 1 of 4 Page 165 of 168

14 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-3 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 10 CLAY SHALE - as above G2 D7 50/ below 15.3 m, hard to very hard (in soil classification terms), random siltstone layers up to 50 mm thick G3 D8 56/ below 18.3 m, occasional siltstone interbeds up to 50 mm thick, occasional shells G COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 27/10/07 Page 2 of 4 Page 166 of 168

15 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES N E BOREHOLE NO: SR CLAY SHALE - as above below 21.3 m, siltier, medim to high plastic G G below 27.4 m, very hard (in soil classification terms), high plastic, grey, random siltsone interbeds, random shells G COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 27/10/07 Page 3 of 4 Page 167 of 168

16 ALBERTA CLIPPER & SOUTHERN LIGHTS PIPELINES BOREHOLE NO: SR07-3 DRILL/METHOD: CME 850 Track/Solid Stem Auger N E 30 CLAY SHALE - as above G G End of Hole at 36.6 m Hole sloughed to 18.5 m Water level at 18.5 m at completion Hole backfilled with: - bentonite from 18.0 m to surface G COMPLETION DEPTH: m COMPLETION DATE: 27/10/07 Page 4 of 4 Page 168 of 168

Depth (ft) USCS Soil Description TOPSOIL & FOREST DUFF

Test Pit No. TP-6 Location: Latitude 47.543003, Longitude -121.980441 Approximate Ground Surface Elevation: 1,132 feet Depth (ft) USCS Soil Description 0 1.5 1.5 5.0 SM 5.0 8.0 SM Loose to medium dense,