Springer. of Lasers and Optics. Springer. Frank Träger (Ed.) With CD-ROM, 978 Figures and 136 Tables

Transcription

1 Springer of Lasers and Optics Frank Träger (Ed.) With CD-ROM, 978 Figures and 136 Tables Springer

2 XVII Contents List of Abbreviations XXIII Part A Basic Principles and Materials 1 The Properties of Light Richard Haglund Introduction and Historical Sketch Parameterization of Light Physical Models of Light Thermal and Nonthermal Light Sources Physical Properties of Light Statistical Properties of Light Characteristics and Applications of Nonclassical Light Summary 29 References 29 2 Geometrical Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs The Basics and Limitations of Geometrical Optics Paraxial Geometrical Optics Stops and Pupils Ray Tracing Aberrations Some Important Optical Instruments 72 References 84 3 Wave Optics Norbert Lindlein, Gerd Leuchs Maxwell's Equations and the Wave Equation Polarization Interference Diffraction Gaussian Beams 143 References Nonlinear Optics Aleksei Zheltikov, Anne L'Huillier, Ferenc Krausz Nonlinear Polarization and Nonlinear Susceptibilities Wave Aspects of Nonlinear Optics Second-Order Nonlinear Processes Third-Order Nonlinear Processes 164

3 XVIII Contents 4.5 Ultrashort Light Pulses in a Resonant Two-Level Medium: Self-lnduced Transparency and the Pulse Area Theorem Let There be White Light: Supercontinuum Generation Nonlinear Raman Spectroscopy Waveguide Coherent Anti-Stokes Raman Scattering Nonlinear Spectroscopy with Photonic-Crystal-Fiber Sources Surface Nonlinear Optics, Spectroscopy, and Imaging High-Order Harmonic Generation Attosecond Pulses: Measurement and Application 227 References Optical Materials and Their Properties Matthias Brinkmann, Joseph Hayden, Martin Letz, Steffen Reichet, Carol Click, Wolfgang Mannstadt, Bianca Schreder, Silke Wolff, Simone Ritter, Mark 1. Davis, Thomas E. Bauer, Hongwen Ren, Yun-Hsing Fan, Shin-Tson Wu, Klaus Bonrad, Eckhard Krätzig, Karsten Buse, Roger A. Paquin Interaction of Light with Optical Materials Optical Glass Colored Glasses Laser Glass Glass-Ceramics for Optical Applications Nonlinear Materials Plastic Optics Crystalline Optical Materials Special Optical Materials Selected Data 354 References Thin Film Optical Coatings Detlev Ristau, Henrik Ehlers Theory of Optical Coatings Production of Optical Coatings Quality Parameters of Optical Coatings Summary and Outlook 391 References 393 Part B Fabrication and Properties of Optical Components 7 Optical Design and Stray Light Concepts and Principles Mary G. Turner, Robert P. Breault The Design Process Design Parameters Stray Light Design Analysis The Basic Equation of Radiation Transfer 412

4 Contents XIX 7.5 Conclusion 416 References Advanced Optical Components Robert Brunner, Enrico Geißler, Bernhard Messerschmidt, Dietrich Martin, Elisabeth Soergel, Kuon lnoue, Kazuo Ohtaka, Ajoy Ghatak, K. Thyagarajan Diffractive Optical Elements Electro-Optic Modulators Acoustooptic Modulator Gradient Index Optical Components Variable Optical Components Periodically Poled Nonlinear Optical Components Photonic Crystals Optical Fibers 471 References Optical Detectors Alexander Goushcha, Bernd Tabbert Photodetector Types, Detection Regimes, and General Figures of Merit Semiconductor Photoconductors Semiconductor Photodiodes QWIP Photodetectors QDIP Photodetectors Metal Semiconductor (Schottky Barrier) and Metal Semiconductor Metal Photodiodes Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Avalanche Photodiodes (APDs) Detectors with Intrinsic Amplification: Phototransistors Charge Transfer Detectors Photoemissive Detectors Thermal Detectors Imaging Systems Photography 555 References 560 Part C Coherent and Incoherent Light Sources 10 Incoherent Light Sources Dietrich Bertram, Matthias Born, Thomas iiistel Incandescent Lamps Gas Discharge Lamps Solid-State Light Sources General Light-Source Survey 581 References 581

5 XX Contents 11 Lasers and Coherent Light Sources Orazio Svelto, Stefano Longhi, Giuseppe Della Volle, Stefan Kück, Günter Huber, Markus Pollnau, Hartmut Hillmer, Stefan Hansmann, Rainer Engelbrecht, Hans Brand, Jeffrey Kaiser, Alan B. Peterson, Ralf Malz, Steffen Steinberg, Gerd Marowsky, Uwe Brinkmann, Dennis Lot, Annette Borsutzky, Helen Wächter, Markus W. Sigrist, Evgeny Saldin, Evgeny Schneidmiller, Mikhail Yurkov, Katsumi Midorikawa, Joachim Hein, Roland Sauerbrey, Jürgen Helmcke Principles of Lasers Solid-State Lasers Semiconductor Lasers The CO2 Laser Ion Lasers The HeNe Laser Ultraviolet Lasers: Excimers, Fluorine (F 2 ), Nitrogen (N2) Dye Lasers Optical Parametric Oscillators Generation of Coherent Mid-lnfrared Radiation by Difference-Frequency Mixing Free-Electron Lasers X-ray and EUV Sources Generation of Ultrahigh Light Intensities and Relativistic Laser Matter Interaction Frequency Stabilization of Lasers 841 References Femtosecond Laser Pulses: Linear Properties, Manipulation, Generation and Measurement Matthias Wollenhaupt, Andreas Assion, Thomas Baumert Linear Properties of Ultrashort Light Pulses Generation of Femtosecond Laser Pulses via Mode Locking Measurement Techniques for Femtosecond Laser Pulses 962 References 979 Part D Selected Applications and Special Fields 13 Optical and Spectroscopic Techniques Wolfgang Demtröder, Sune Svanberg Stationary Methods Time-Resolved Methods LIDAR 1031 References Quantum Optics Gerard Milburn Quantum Fields 1053

6 Contents XXI 14.2 States of Light Measurement Dissipation and Noise Ion Traps Quantum Communication and Computation 1070 References Nanooptics Motoichi Ohtsu Basics Nanophotonics Principles Nanophotonic Devices Nanophotonic Fabrications Extension to Related Science and Technology Summary 1088 References Optics far Beyond the Diffraction Limit: Stimulated Emission Depletion Microscopy Stefan W. Hell Principles of STED Microscopy Nanoscale Imaging with STED 1094 References Ultrafast THz Photonics and Applications Daniel Grischkowsky Guided-Wave THz Photonics Freely Propagating Wave THz Photonics 1116 References X-Ray Optics Christian G. Schroer, Bruno Lengeler Interaction of X-Rays with Matter X-Ray Optical Components 1156 References Radiation and Optics in the Atmosphere Ulrich Platt, Klaus Pfeilsticker, Michael Vollmer Radiation Transport in the Earth's Atmosphere The Radiation Transport Equation Aerosols and Clouds Radiation and Climate Applied Radiation Transport: Remote Sensing of Atmospheric Properties Optical Phenomena in the Atmosphere 1182 References 1197

7 XXII Contents 20 Holography and Optical Storage Mirco imlau, Martin Fally, Hans CoufalT, Geoffrey W. Burr, Glenn T. Sincerbox Introduction and History Principles of Holography Applications of Holography Summary and Outlook Optical Data Storage Approaches to Increased Areal Density Volumetric Optical Recording Conclusion 1239 References Laser Safety Hans-Dieter Reidenbach Historical Remarks Biological lnteractions and Effects Maximum Permissible Exposure International Standards and Regulations Laser Hazard Categories and Laser Classes Protective Measures Special Recommendations 1273 References 1275 Acknowledgements 1277 About the Authors 1279 Detailed Contents 1295 Subject Index 1313