Lasers. Stimulated Emission Lasers: Trapping Photons Terahertz Lasers Course Overview
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1 Lasers Stimulated Emission Lasers: Trapping Photons Terahertz Lasers Course Overview 1
2 P-N Junctions and LEDs Terminal Pins Emitted Light Beams Diode Transparent Plastic Case High energy electrons (n-type) fall into low energy holes (p-type) 2
3 Energy Conservation W stored = W heat W light W electrical 3
4 Energy Conservation W stored = W light 4
5 Through and Across Variables W stored = electron energy W heat W light W electrical THROUGH ACROSS ELECTRICAL LIGHT 5
6 Atomic Transitions r 2p 1s photon 6
7 Light Emission from Magnets Maxwell s Equations couple H and E fields.. Image in the Public Domain Radiation was missing from our quasi-static approximation 7 radiation-from-dipole/ Courtesy of Bala Krishna Juluri and Sophocles Orfanidis. Used with permission.
8 Light Emission from Magnets high energy Superposition state = oscillating magnet external field low energy 8 Images in the Public Domain
9 Solar Cells and Photodetectors r 2p 1s Emission photon Classical: Oscillating electric field drives charge oscillation Quantum: Electric field creates superposition of energy states which have an oscillating charge density 9
10 Reverse Absorption: Stimulated Emission ABSORPTION STIMULATED EMISSION How do you choose the color, direction, and phase of the generated photon? GENERATED PHOTON IS AN EXACT DUPLICATE OF THE INCOMING PHOTON 10
11 Quantum Mechanics and Stimulated Emission Pauli Exclusion and electrons (fermions) Stimulated emission and photons (bosons) Two is a crowd! The More the Merrier! fermion also boson boson fermion! also boson Boson Fermion also boson also boson boson! fermion Boson FERMIONS GO TO DIFFERENT STATES 11 BOSONS PREFER TO BE IN THE SAME STATE
12 Quantum Mechanics and Stimulated Emission (z,t) E x z/ 0
13 Lasers The astounding phenomenon is Stimulated Emission a purely quantum phenomenon! Identical photons with the same frequency moving in the same direction Result is a coherent light source with a highly directional beam! Stimulated Emission: If one photon is present it is more likely that an atom will emit a second identical photon! In a laser there is a cascade that causes emission of many identical photons! Photon emitted by some other atom Two identical photons! 13
14 Semiconductor Lasers All images are in the public domain 14
15 Active Devices for DVD Players 2-axis Device ¼ Wave Plate Collimator Lens Cylindrical Lens Detector Polarizing Prism Diffraction Grating Laser strained QW at 655 nm All images are in the public domain 15
16 Quantum Well Lasers n-type semiconductor p-type semiconductor CONDUCTION BAND electron METAL CONTACT VALENCE BAND V NARROW GAP ACTIVE REGION hole METAL CONTACT 16
17 Trapping Photons: Mirrors and Waveguides How do we keep photons around for long enough time so they have a chance to stimulate an emission? boson also bosonalso boson Boson boson! Boson resonators waveguides 17
18 Longest Wavelength Semiconductor Lasers Conduction Band INTERBAND LASER: set by bandgap Bipolar: electron-hole recombination Opposite band dispersion Valence Band INTERSUBBAND LASER: chosen by design Unipolar: electrons make intraband transitions Same subband dispersion Conduction Band 18
19 Quantum-Cascade Lasers (slide courtesy of Prof. Jerome Faist at Univ. Neuchâtel) Cascade: N repetitions of a period 1 electron traveling through this structure may generate N photons Groupe de physique mésoscopique Institut de physique, Université de Neuchâtel Courtesy of Jerome Faist. Used with permission. 19
20 Metal Mirror Waveguides metal Quantum wells Metals are excellent reflectors at THz frequencies Courtesy of Qing Hu, Millimeter-wave and Terahertz Devices Group at MIT. Used with permission. 20
21 6.007 Applied E&M From Motors to Lasers The course encompassed THREE THEMES with FIVE related LABS WORK AND ENERGY ELECTRODYNAMICS QUANTUM MECHANICS 21
22 6.007 Applied E&M From Motors to Lasers The course encompassed THREE THEMES with FIVE related LABS WORK AND ENERGY ELECTRODYNAMICS QUANTUM MECHANICS ENERGY CONVERSION and EM WAVES MEASUREMENT AND STORAGE - Wave Equation UNCERTAINTY - Energy Conservation - Energy in the EM Waves - Photon Momentum - Across and Through Vars. - Polarized Light - Heisenberg Microscope - Energy Storage MATERIALS RESPONSE LAB: MOTORS - Lorentz Oscillator ELECTRON EIGENSTATES - Reflection, Absorption - Calculating Wavefunctions ENERGY/POWER/WORK in - Complex Refractive Index - Particle in a Box BASIC CIRCUIT ELEMENTS - Evanescent Waves - Atoms and Quantum Dots - Electric/Magnt Materials LAB - Energy Method for Motors LIQUID CRYSTAL DISPLAY QUANTUM ELECTRONICS - Magnetostatic / - Tunneling (STM, Flash) Electrostatic Machines DEVICES AND PHYSICS - Polarizers/Birefringence - Energy Bands/ Conduction - Micro-Electro Machines LAB: FIBEROPTICS - Energy Band Transitions LAB: COIL GUN - Photodetectors, Solar Cell - Photon as a - LED and Lasers - Limits of Statics Quantum of Energy LAB TUNNELING TOUCHPAD 22
23 MIT OpenCourseWare Electromagnetic Energy: From Motors to Lasers Spring 2011 For information about citing these materials or our Terms of Use, visit:
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