Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits

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1 Quantum Photonic Integrated Circuits IHFG Hauptseminar: Nanooptik und Nanophotonik Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Peter Michler

Motivation and Contents 1 Quantum Computer Basics and

Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel

Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear

2 Motivation and Contents 1 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer

3 Motivation and Contents 2 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

compability with classical photonic technology easily encodeable degrees of

4 Basics and Materials Why Photons? 3 Photons as qbits low decoherence high speed and lossless transmission c compability with classical photonic technology easily encodeable degrees of freedom Degrees of freedom polarization path time orbital angular momentum Any drawbacks? Small mutual interaction only probabilistic gates

5 Basics and Materials Platform Overview 4 III-V Semiconductor Silica-on-Silicon Aluminum Nitride Polymer Integration Platforms Lithium Niobate F. Sciarrrino Quantum walk with integrated photonics Physics Department of Sapienza University of Rome PPT ( )

6 Basics and Materials GaAs 5 Direct band-gap On-chip single-photon sources Low loss waveguides High refractive index Compact devices Large electro-optical effect Fast routing and photon manipulation In-waveguide SPDC Entangled photon pairs High fabrication cost

$modulation Slow thermo-optical effect Refractive index modulation Cheap fabrication Compatible with Si-based microelectronics http://www.roboternetz.$

7 Basics and Materials Silica-on-Silicon 6 Indirect band-gap External light sources Good fiber coupling Low loss No electro-optical effect No fast modulation Slow thermo-optical effect Refractive index modulation Cheap fabrication Compatible with Si-based microelectronics ( )

8 Basics and Materials Aluminium Nitride 7 Strong second order nonlinearity SPDC Integrated low loss High speed electro-optical phase modulation High refractive index contrast to SiO 2 No on-chip photon generation

9 Basics and Materials Direct Laser Writing 8 Only for Glass Fs pulse tightly focused in a glass Multiphoton absorption and avalanche ionization Ionization induces permanent and localized refractive index increase in transparent materials F. Sciarrrino Quantum walk with integrated photonics Physics Department of Sapienza University of Rome PPT ( )

10 Basics and Materials Direct Laser Writing 9 Circular symmetric transverse profile 3D spatial capabilities Direct Laser Writing Fast device fabrication Low birefringence F. Sciarrrino Quantum walk with integrated photonics Physics Department of Sapienza University of Rome PPT ( )

Applied Sciences (RCAS) PPT (09.05.2008) I.

11 Basics and Materials Light Propagation in Waveguides 10 Thermo-optical effect Min-Hsiung Shih Introduction to Photonic Integrated Circuits Research Center for Applied Sciences (RCAS) PPT ( ) I. Agha Low-noise on-chip frequency conversion by four-wave-mixing Bragg scattering in SiN x waveguides Optics Letters pp (2012)

12 Motivation and Contents 11 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

13 Motivation and Contents 12 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

14 Quantum Dots 13 1 m C.P.Dietrich et al. GaAs integrated quantum photonics: Towards dense and fullyfunctional quantum photonic integrated circuits, arxiv: , cond-mat.meshall ( )

15 Motivation and Contents 14 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

$1550nm Refractive index matching n eff = pxc/ω x r X. Guo Paremetric down-conversion photon pair source on a nanophotonic chip Not yet published (3.$

16 Parametric Down-Conversion AlN Microring Resonator 15 Energy conservation 775nm = 1550nm nm Momentum conservation p 775nm = p 1550nm + p 1550nm Refractive index matching n eff = pxc/ω x r X. Guo Paremetric down-conversion photon pair source on a nanophotonic chip Not yet published (3.2016)

17 Motivation and Contents 16 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

18 Photon Manipulation 17 Pure classical states and Superposition A. Politi Integrated Quantum Photonics IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Quantum Photonics 15 6( )

19 Motivation and Contents 18 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

20 Hong-Ou-Mandel effect 19 D1 D2 T. Legero et al. Quantum Beat of Two Single Photons Phys. Rev Lett. 93, (2004) Hong-Ou-Mandel effect URL: wikiwand.com/en/hong Ou Mandel_effect ( )

21 Motivation and Contents 20 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

22 Directional Coupler 21 Superposition with detection probability and Mathematically unitary single-qubit operation Coupling length and gap distance Quantum mechanical annihilation and creation operator and with port i

23 Directional Coupler 22 One photon input in 1 Output state dependent on Hadamard-like operation for 0.5

24 Directional Coupler 23 Two photon input in 1 and 2 Output state dependent on Coherently bunched photons for 0.5

25 Directional Coupler 24 GaAs directional coupler 2.5 m gap and 140 m length 0.5 C.P. Dietrich et al. GaAs integrated quantum photonics: Towards dense and fullyfunctional quantum photonic integrated circuits Mesoscale and Nanoscale (condmat.mes-hall), 2016

26 Directional Coupler 25 Visibility V = (Nmax Nmin) Nmax = 94.9 % HOM-dip shape FFT single-photon wave packet 440 m shoulder-to-shoulder width 0.73ps coherence time 64.1 m coherence length C.P. Dietrich, et al. GaAs integrated quantum photonics: Towards dense and fullyfunctional quantum photonic integrated circuits Mesoscale and Nanoscale (condmat.mes-hall), 2016

$Directional Coupler 26 AR coating on facets important Large refractive index difference at facets strong Fresnel reflections Forth-and-back$

27 Directional Coupler 26 AR coating on facets important Large refractive index difference at facets strong Fresnel reflections Forth-and-back reflections reflection probability R transmission probability T Fresnel equation with results in and Extra coincidences for quantum interference

28 Directional Coupler 27 J. Wang, A. Santamto, P. Jiang, et al. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Quantum Photonic Waveguide Circuits Optics Communication 327, (2004)

29 Motivation and Contents 28 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

30 On-chip Four-Wave Mixing 29 J.W. Silverstone et al. On-chip quantum interference between silicon photon-pair sources Nature Photonics 8, 2014

31 Motivation and Contents 30 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

32 3.9ps 800nm QDs in Waveguides 31 Mario Schwartz, Ulrich Rengstl, et al. Generation, guiding and splitting of triggered single photons from a resonantly excited qunatum dot in a photonic circuit Opt. Express 24 (3) ( )

33 QDs in Waveguides 32 Mario Schwartz, Ulrich Rengstl, et al. Generation, guiding and splitting of triggered single photons from a resonantly excited qunatum dot in a photonic circuit Opt. Express 24 (3) ( )

34 QDs in Waveguides 33 Single-photon operation under pulsed excitation Cross-correlation measurement g 2 0 of 0.18 Mario Schwartz, Ulrich Rengstl, et al. Generation, guiding and splitting of triggered single photons from a resonantly excited qunatum dot in a photonic circuit Opt. Express 24 (3) ( )

35 Motivation and Contents 34 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

36 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 35 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer (MZI) 2 directional coupler (DC) phase shifter for superposition Phase shifter induces e iθ shift Electro-optical Pockels effect n = n 03 r eff E Noncentrosymmetric media Phase difference φ = 2π υ ΔT(Δn)

37 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 36 Unitary operation One photon input in 1

Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 37 Single photon detector counts and Detector output for 0.5: and GaAs Mach-Zehnder Interferometer gap distance 3 m coupling length 255 m C.P.

38 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 37 Single photon detector counts and Detector output for 0.5: and GaAs Mach-Zehnder Interferometer gap distance 3 m coupling length 255 m C.P. Dietrich et al. GaAs integrated quantum photonics: Towards dense and fullyfunctional quantum photonic integrated circuits Mesoscale and Nanoscale (condmat.mes-hall), 2016

39 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 38 J. Wang, A. Santamto, P. Jiang, et al. Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) Quantum Photonic Waveguide Circuits Optics Communication 327, (2004)

40 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer 39 Unitary operation Two photon input in 1 and 2

41 Motivation and Contents 40 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

42 Universal Linear Optical Processor 41 J. Carolan et al. Universal Linear Optics Science 349, 711 (2015)

43 Motivation and Contents 42 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

44 Motivation and Contents 43 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

45 On-chip Superconducting NbN Nanowires 44 J.P. Sprengers et al. Waveguide superconducting single-photon detectors for integrated quatum photonic circuits Applied Physicsi Letters 99, (2011)

46 Motivation and Contents 45 Quantum Computer Basics and Materials Photon Generation Quantum Dots Parametric Down- Conversion Photon Manipulation Hong-Ou-Mandel effect Directional Coupler On-chip SFWM QDs in Waveguides Mach-Zehnder Interferometer Universal Linear Optical Processor Photon Detection On-chip SNSPD Future Directions and Summary

47 Future Directions 46 Challenges 2D Improving functionality Higher density New operation implementation 3D

48 Thank You For Your Attention

Quantum simulation with integrated photonics

Quantum simulation with integrated photonics Fabio Sciarrino Quantum Information Lab Dipartimento di Fisica Sapienza Università di Roma http:\\quantumoptics.phys.uniroma1.it www.quantumlab.it Optics for