Experimental Demonstration of Spinor Slow Light
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1 Experimental Demonstration of Spinor Slow Light Ite A. Yu Department of Physics Frontier Research Center on Fundamental & Applied Sciences of Matters National Tsing Hua University Taiwan
2 Motivation Quantum information wave function. Photons: ultimate speed, inert to the environment, no collision with each other Ideal carriers for quantum information. One qubit = single photon, so qubit-qubit operation or photon-photon interaction: nonlinear optical process. Nonlinear efficiency = (transition rate) (interaction time), but transition rate light intensity and is usually very low at single-photon level (10 W photons/second). Slowing or stopping light can greatly enhance the interaction time A sufficient nonlinear efficiency can be achieved even at single-photon level.
3 Experimental setup Outline Electromagnetically induced transparency, slow light & stopped light Quantum memory & low-light-level nonlinear optics Double tripod (DT) scheme & two-component or spinor slow light (SSL) Oscillation between the two components & the SSL interferometer SSL qubits and DT scheme as quantum memory/rotator Conclusion
4 Quadrupole Magnet PD PD T Experimental System of Cold Atoms T z T T T y T Coupling Laser Probe Laser 5P 3/2 F' = 3 Trapping F = 2 We produce 10 9 atoms 87 Rb with a temperature of 300 K with a magnetooptical trap (MOT). Coherence time ( coh ) ~ 100 s & optical density (OD) ~ 200, where OD is defined by I out = I in e -OD. x T: trapping laser beams Quadrupole Magnet S 1/2 1 Repumping Coupling Probe
5 NTHU Optical Jungle 8 diode lasers; MOPA; UHV system; > 300 optical components simple physics system; complicate experimental setup
6 Magneto-Optical Trap 1 1mm 0 Dimension: mm 3
7 The Phenomenon of Electromagnetically Induced Transparency (EIT) Probe 1 3 probe laser atoms Large Optical Density (OD) Transmission = e !!! 3 Probe Coupling probe laser atoms Transmission 1 coupling laser 1 2
8 Narrow and High-Contrast EIT Spectrum Y. F. Chen, Y. C. Liu, Z. H. Tsai, S. H. Wang, & IAY, PRA 72, (2005). << 3 OD = 7 Probe 1 Coupling 2 Near the resonance, OD = 7 and probe transmission is e -7 (less than 0.1%). Transmission is nearly 100% at the resonance and the transparency window is much narrower than the natural linewidth,. Narrow & high-contrast absorption profile. => large dispersion => slow group velocity.
9 Narrow and High-Contrast EIT Spectrum Y. F. Chen, Y. C. Liu, Z. H. Tsai, S. H. Wang, & IAY, PRA C. C. 72, Lin, M. C. Wu, (2005). B. W. Shiau, Y. H. Chen, IAY, Y. F. Chen, & Y. C. Chen, PRA 86, (2012). << 3 Transmission10% OD = detuning=5 Probe 1 Coupling 2 e Near the resonance, OD = 7 and probe transmission is e -7 (less than 0.1%). Transmission is nearly 100% at the resonance and the transparency window is much narrower than the natural linewidth,. Narrow & high-contrast absorption profile. => large dispersion => slow group velocity.
10 Probe Transmission Input Pulse Slow Light and Stopped Light Storage Time ~ 4 s Coupling Field Delay Time ~ 3.5 s Output Pulse in = 1.24s OD = 147 c = 1.15 = 5.5*10-4 QE = 69% Time (s) In the constant presence of the coupling, speed of the light pulse c/10 5. The 1 km-long probe pulse is compressed to 1 cm inside the atoms. The gap of ~ 4 s in the probe signal demonstrates the light storage.
11 3 Coherent Storage for Photons 3 Input Probe Writing Coupling Output Probe Reading Coupling 1 two-photon Raman transition atomic wave function: ground-state (Raman) coherence or spin excitation The EIT storage is a coherent process and provides a method for exchange of wave functions between photons and atoms. 2 reversed two-photon Raman transition
12 High Storage Efficiency and Large Delay-Bandwidth Product Y. H. Chen, M. J. Lee, I. C. Wang, S. Du, Y. F. Chen, Y. C. Chen, & IAY, PRL 110, (2013). SE E out E in DBP t storage t pulse Fidelity 2 ψ out ψ in ψ in ψ in ψ out ψ out (a) Beat-Note Interferometer Data Reference Read-out Write-in DBP = 74 (b) (c) Time (s) Optimal pulse shape & backward retrieval to enhance SE. 100 ns We report a EIT memory with storage efficiency of 78%, delay-bandwidth product of 74 at SE = 50%, and fidelity 0.9.
13 Probe p Low-Light-Level Nonlinear Optics Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) based on Stored Light Y. F. Chen, C. Y. Wang, S. H. Wang, & IAY, PRL 96, (2006). Storage Writing c Signal Ground-State Coherence 1 Phase Modulation Probe p Retrieval The stored ground-state coherence is equivalent to the probe pulse. Reading c Single-photon XPM or AOS: quantum phase gates, entangled photon pairs, quantum nondemolition measurements. XPM: a phase shift of 44 is obtained at 18 photons per atomic absorption cross section. How to further improve?
14 Probe p Low-Light-Level Nonlinear Optics Cross-Phase Modulation (XPM) based on Stored Light Y. F. Chen, C. Y. Wang, S. H. Wang, & IAY, PRL 96, (2006). Storage Writing c All-Optical Switching (AOS) = 0 Signal Ground-State Coherence 1 Amplitude Phase Modulation Probe p Retrieval The stored ground-state coherence is equivalent to the probe pulse. Reading c Single-photon XPM or AOS: quantum phase gates, entangled photon pairs, quantum nondemolition measurements. XPM: a phase shift of 44 is obtained at 18 photons per atomic absorption cross section. How to further improve?
15 Remaining Energy (arb. units) ) All-Optical Switching with Stopped Light Pulses Y. W. Lin, W. T. Liao, T. Peters, H. C. Chou, J. S. Wang, H. W. Cho, P. C. Kuan, & IAY, PRL 102, (2009). Y. H. Chen, M.J. Lee, W. Hung, Y. C. Chen, Y. F. Chen, & IAY, PRL 108, (2012). 0.5 (b) two moving pulses D2 Switching Ratio = exp[(n/a)] SLP Duration (s) (b) two stopped pulses OD D2 OD D1 / ( c ) 2 The interaction time can be, in principle, as long as possible. With stopped light pulses, 1.8 or the switch was achieved at 0.56 photons per atomic absorption cross section 4-fold improvement.
16 Nature Physics, April 2012, p Stopping light pulses and making them interact in a medium is a way to get more for less. Frozen light switch Frozen light switch
17 Summary of EIT, Slow Light and Stopped Light 3.5 Acknowledgments for collaborators: Prof. 2.5Yong-Fan Chen (PHYS, NCKU) SLP (s) Remaining Energy (arb. units) Dr. Ying-Cheng Chen (IAMS, AS) (a) 0.4 The 0.5 EIT/slow light effect 0.2 enhances the light-matter interaction and achieves D2 significant nonlinear optical efficiency even at single-photon level EIT-based storage of light transfers quantum states between photons and atoms, making quantum memory feasible SLP Duration (s) However, previous experiments all dealt with single-component slow light (b) OD D2
18 Acknowledgments $$$ MOST $$$ $$$ NTHU Top-Notch $$$ Neil HWC MJL GJ KFC Collaboration Projects: Taiwan-Latvia-Lithuania & EU FP7 COLIMA Experiment: Nat l Tsing Hua U. Dr. Meng-Jung Lee Neil Lee Kao-Fang Chang Dr. Hung-Wen Cho Theory: Vilnius U. Gediminas Juzeliūnas Julius Ruseckas Viačeslav Kudriašov
19 Double Tripod System Three atomic ground states coupled to two excited states by 4 coupling fields A1, A2, B1 & B2 and 2 probe fields A & B. Spinor (Two-Component) Slow Light B B A 2 DT Two Coupled EITs A B A B 2 B1 A B2 A1 A A1 = A2 = B1 = B2, ε A,out ε = e (2φ2 /OD) cos φ sin φ B,out sin φ cos φ ε A,in 1 0 δ ε, φ = OD Γ B,in 2Ω 2
20 Transition Scheme 780nm B 5P 3/2,F= 2,m=1 A 5P 1/2,F= 2,m=1 6.8 GHz 795nm B2 A2 B1 A1 1 δ 5S 1/2,F=2,m=0 2 5S 1/2,F=1,m=0 δ A B 0 5S 1/2,F=2,m=2 Optically pump all population to a single Zeeman state A simple 5-level DT system. of the probe field A and the coupling fields A1 & A2 is ~ 795 nm. of the probe field B and the coupling fields B1 & B2 is ~ 780 nm.
21 Experimental Scheme Adjust the position of a prism to make four coupling fields in phase. Overlap all coupling fields as they interact with the atoms.
22 Energy Transmission 0.8 Oscillation between the Two Components ε A,out Output probe A (red) & probe B (blue) as functions of detuning: ε A,out 2 ε = e (2φ2 /OD) cos φ sin φ B,out 2 = e (4φ2 /OD) cos 2 φ ε sin φ cos φ B,out sin 2 φ, where φ = OD Γ 2Ω 2. = 0 1 0, /(2) = -160 khz (khz) /(2) (khz)
23 ε A,out Stored Spinor Slow Light ε = e (2φ2 /OD) cos φ sin φ B,out sin φ cos φ 1 0, where φ = OD Γ 2Ω 2. OD Γ/(2 2 ) is the delay time of slow light propagation, i.e. φ = d. Can d be replaced by s (storage time)? s = 15 s Large phase change & little decay Phase-sensitive detector or interferometer /(2) (khz)
24 Interferometer based on Stored Spinor Slow Light B1 A1 A A B B A B2 B2 A A storage time ~ O(100s) results in a precision ~ O(100Hz). The SSL interferometer can be used to detect two-photon detuning, Zeeman shift, AC Stark shift, etc. φ = s : fix and vary s (the storage time). Set 1 /(2) = 10.0 khz Set 2 /(2) = 20.0 khz Measured 2-1 = 9.7 khz
25 SSL as a Two-Color Qubit = 1 A, 0 B + 0 A, 1 B Single-photon SSL is a qubit with the superposition state of two frequency modes. (,) = (cos, sin) and where φ = s. In long-distance quantum communication, photons of two-color quantum states are inert to the birefringent material, i.e. optical fibers. Time-Domain Measurement Rabi Oscillation Frequency-Domain Measurement Ramsey Fringe s (s) /(2) (khz)
26 Quantum Memory for SSL or Two-Color Qubits = 1 A, 0 B + 0 A, 1 B B = 0 A B A A B / 2 = 0.5 / 2 = 1 / 2 = 2 3 s 33 s The shapes of the two retrieved pulses and their energy ratio after the storage time of 3 s are very close to those after the storage time of 33 s.
27 Quantum Rotator for SSL Qubits = 1 A, 0 B + 0 A, 1 B = 0 B A 0 B A = 0 B B A B1 A B2 A1 A B1 A1 A B2 (,) = (1,0) s = 15 s (0,1) or (cos,sin) where φ = s One can utilize a two-photon detuning (induced by the Zeeman or AC Stark shift) applied during the storage to change the -to- ratio.
28 Nonlinear Frequency Conversion Widely-Used Double- Scheme ε A Ω A + Ω B ε B opt B B,out 2 / A,in 2 OD = 190 A A B A B 0 OD Double-Tripod Scheme ε A Ω A1 + Ω B1 ε B ε A Ω A2 + Ω B2 ε B ε A,out ε B,out ε B,out 2 = e (2φ2 /OD) cos φ sin φ sin φ cos φ 1 0 ε A,in 2 = e (4φ2 /OD) sin 2 φ At = /2, ε B,out 2 ε A,in 2 = e (2 /OD) Better! 0.9 = e (2 /OD) OD = 94
29 Conclusion We report the first experimental demonstration of twocomponent or spinor slow light (SSL). In a proof-of-principle measurement, our data show that the stored SSL behaves like an interferometer for precise frequency determination. The double tripod scheme can lead to quantum memory for the two-color qubit, i.e. the superposition state of two frequency modes. In the nonlinear frequency conversion, the SSL is a better method than the widely-used double- scheme. 1. M. J. Lee, J. Ruseckas, C. Y. Lee, V. Kudriasov, K. F. Chang, H. W. Cho, G. Juzeliunas, & IAY, Nature Commun. 5, 5542 (2014). 2. 吳京, 唱反調的一對光, 泛科網
30 Thank you for your attention. Postdoc Position Available in the Rydberg EIT Experiment contact:
Ph.D. in Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1993). B.S. in Physics, National Tsing Hua University (1984).
Ite A. Yu Education Ph.D. in Physics, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1993). B.S. in Physics, National Tsing Hua University (1984). Employment 2005-present Professor of Physics, National Tsing Hua
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