Acoustic metamaterials in nanoscale

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1 Acoustic metamaterials in nanoscale Dr. Ari Salmi

2 Revisit to resonances Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

3 How does the fullerene resonance work in practice? The fullerenes are either in a gas or a liquid Detection via Brillouin spectroscopy? 5 Å

4 Revisit to acoustic AFM Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

5 How does one hold the molecules in place for nc-afm? The molecules adsorb to Cu(111) (Lagoute et al., Phys Rev B 2004) 5 Å

6 How does one know that the tip has been functionalized? Bartels et al., PRL 1998 Apply a voltage to the tip the CO molecule jumps from the Cu(111) surface Attachment detected as a change of the STM image 5 Å

7 Phonons and heat Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

8 Physics: Phonons and heat A very good paper by Maldovan, Nature 2013 (November)

9 Visualization of phonons Check out and play with For an explanation of the first Brillouin zone of a fcc crystal, see

10 Physics: Phonons and heat What is heat? Heat is phonons at T = 0 K, no phonons exist Phonons of all allowed frequencies (from the dispersion relation for the system at hand) are excited Density of states at a higher temperature, higher frequencies dominate

11 Physics: Phonons and heat Phonon-phonon scattering Normal scattering conserves phonon momentum Umklapp changes the momentum frequency changes

12 Acoustic metamaterials Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

13 Acoustic metamaterials Man-made materials Idea: Control, direct or manipulate sound waves 5 Å

14 First acoustic metamaterial: Sonic crystals Liu et al., Science cm diameter lead balls coated with 2.5 mm of silicone rubber These balls stacked in a 8x8 lattice 5 Å

15 First acoustic metamaterial The transmission of sound featured bandgaps Certain frequency bands where sound does not propagate Negative effective elastic modulus! 5 Å

16 Double-negative acoustic metamaterials Li et al., Phys. Rev. E, 2004 and Ding et al., PRL 2007 (theoretical) In a double-negative material, both the bulk modulus and density are negative Poynting vector and wave vector point in different directions What does that mean in practice? Material that Expands in compression (negative K) Moves to the left when pushed to the right (negative density) 5 Å

17 Double-negative acoustic metamaterials Experimental: Lee et al., PRL 2010 Showed double negativity Negative phase velocity 5 Å

18 Material based sound focusing Zhang et al., PRL 2009 Based on a double-negative material Left half: Positive n, Right half: negative n focusing of the wave from a point source 5 Å

19 Acoustic diodes Diode = directional dependence of current In electric diodes, electric current Acoustic diodes sound propagates in only one direction

20 Acoustic diodes in practice Liang et al., Nature materials 2010 Used a superlattice structure Fancy word for a water-glass laminate structure (1.4 mm thickness of layers)

21 Acoustic diodes in practice Boechler et al., Nature materials 2011 Adjustable diode 1 cm steel spheres

22 Acoustic diodes for surface waves Jia et al., Applied Physics Letters 2013 (April) Lamb wave acoustic diode Patterned steel plate

23 Acoustic cloaking Zhang et al, PRL 2011 Acoustic cloak = a device that allows cloaking of an object from sound waves A metamaterial construct capable of acoustic cloaking with broadband frequencies

24 Acoustic cloaking Quite good results already Not a perfect cloak, but close

25 Acoustic metamaterials in nanoscale Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

26 Phononic crystals Towards nanoscale: sonic crystals (phononic crystals)

27 Hypersonic crystals Gorishnyy et al., PRL 2005 Sonic crystals: ω g = Hz Ultrasonic crystals: ω g = Hz Hypersonic crystals: ω g = Hz Build 2D hypersonic crystals with interference lithography Epoxy on glass

28 Hypersonic crystals Characterize phonon propagation with Brillouin light scattering Probes only phonons propagating in-plane Longitudinal phonons in glass (1) and epoxy (2) Propagating phonons in the phononic crystal (3 and 4)

29 Hypersonic crystals Also, detection of the phonon mode map Semi-bandgaps (mixed modes present)

30 Hypersonic crystals Cheng et al., Nature Materials, 2006 Polystyrene opal structure embedded in oil Probed by Brillouin spectroscopy Features a band gap!

31 Hypersonic crystals The band gap is tunable by adjusting the particle diameter

32 Phononic crystals Wen et al., Applied Physics Letters 2010 Semiconductor quantum dots

33 Phononic crystals Simulations predict two mini band gaps at 340 GHz and at 700 GHz

34 Phononic crystals Experiments: Pump-probe measurement of the excited coherent phonons 780 nm (150 fs)

35 Phononic crystals First band gap clearly visible as an increase in the received reflected amplitude Not visible in a random Q-dot structure

36 Sound-light interaction: Modulation of photonic crystals by GHz phonons Fuhrmann et al., Nature Photonics 2011 Modulate a photonic grating by a traveling SAW Q-dots on a GaAs layer that are excited

37 Sound-light interaction: Modulation of photonic crystals by GHz phonons Light emission from the q-dots (resonance cavities) is changed by the change of dimensions

38 Phononic crystals Maldovan, PRL, 2013 Thermocrystals = sonic crystals for phonons

39 Phononic crystals Maldovan, PRL, 2013 Suggestions for future phononic devices

40 Phonon diodes Phonons are practically heat Phononic diodes are thermal diodes! Chang et al., Science 2006 SWCNT-based thermal diode Coated with C 9 H 16 Pt

41 Phonon diodes Ordinary waves: Reciprocity no rectification Soliton waves in CNT s Korteweg-de Varies equation for reflection fraction of masses determines reflection!

42 Phonon diodes Wang et al., Nano Letters Asymmetric graphene nanoribbons act as thermal diodes

43 Phonon diodes Also, other diode types predicted by simulations

44 Optomechanical crystals Eichenfield et al., Nature 2009 Idea: combine a phononic and a photonic crystal optomechanical crystal Strongly couple light and sound 2 GHz phonons and 200 THz photons Si nanobeam

45 Optomechanical crystals Acoustic modes in the structure

46 Optomechanical crystals Sound and light co-localized! Localization by small defects

47 Optomechanical crystals Amplification of the acoustic breathing mode by light

48 Electromagnetically induced transparency Coherent optical nonlinearity which makes a medium transparent over a narrow spectral range within an absorption line rapid change of index of refraction

49 Optomechanical crystals - applications Safavi-Neieni et al., Nature 2011 created EIT with an optomechanical crystal Superluminal light and slow light (v = 40 m/s)

50 Optomechanical crystals - applications Chan et al., Nature 2011 Super efficient cooling via light-sound interaction Down to quantum ground state (0.85 phonons per state)

51 Phonon cloaks Narayana et al., PRL 2012 Heat flux (phonons) between a hot and a cold bath Thermal shielding (b), flux focusing (c) and inversion (d)

52 Phonon cloaks Phonon shielding Copper Polyurethane Metamaterial

53 Phonon cloaks Phonon focusing

54 Phonon cloaks Heat flux inversion

55 Take-home Matemaattis-luonnontieteellinen tiedekunta / Henkilön nimi / Esityksen nimi

56 Take-home: Acoustic metamaterials in nanoscale Ultra-high frequency: Rectification (diodes) Cloaking Band gaps

57 Optomechanical crystals - applications Safavi-Neieni et al., Nature 2011 Electromagnetically induced transparency a/b = photon/phonon annihilation/creation quanta Control beam

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