Nanoscale confinement of photon and electron
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1 Nanoscale confinement of photon and electron Photons can be confined via: Planar waveguides or microcavities (2 d) Optical fibers (1 d) Micro/nano spheres (0 d) Electrons can be confined via: Quantum well (2 d) Quantum wire (1 d) Quantum dot (0 d) Electron confines to much smaller area then photons. 1
2 2
3 3
4 Tunneling of electrons and photons Classically both electron and photon can be confined However quantum mechanically this is not the case There is always a finite probability that both species can be in the classically forbidden zone. 4
5 Penetration is usually ~100 nm for photon; ~1 nm for electron 5
6 Semiconducting properties The solution of the Schrödinger equation for the energy of electrons, now subjected to the periodic potential V, produces a splitting of the electronic band, The lower energy band is called the valence band Under the lowest energy condition, all the valence bands are completely occupied 6
7 7
8 A periodic arrangement of refractive indices will also create a photonic band gap. Therefore any frequency inside the band gap will be reflected. This effect results in strong localization of the photon and implies a lot of application due to its enhancement capability (Slowing down the light) 8
9 Cooperative Effects Electrons can directly interact but photons can only interact through a medium Cooperative effects of photons => nonlinear optical processes 2 nd, 3 rd, 4 th harmonics Sum and difference freq gen. Parametric processes Continuum generation Two photon absorption Pockels and kerr effects And many more 9
10 Cooperation of electrons: Cooper pairs=> Super conductivity Cooperation of electrons with photons: Excitons (electron hole pairs) and Biexcitons (Coupled Excitons) Excitons are formed when an electron and the hole are bound so that they cannot move independently. Thus, they move together as a bound particle In organic insulators or semiconductors, the electron and the hole are tightly bound at the same lattice site (i.e., within a small radius, usually within the same molecule). In inorganic semiconductors they are rather less tightly bound and therefore more free to move around. 10
11 In many optical interactions excitons are created Fluorescence Absorbence Laser emission LED emission (Electrical injection) Up conversion 11
12 Axial Nanoscopic Localization Evanescent field interacting with matter (NSOM) or Florescence sensing Evanescent transfer of light from one medium to another TIR and FTIR Surface plasmon resonance (SPR) : They are electromagnetic waves propagating along the interface between a metal film and a dielectric material. 12
13 13
14 Lateral Nanoscopic Localization In the near field geometry, an electric field distribution around a nanoscopic structure produces spatially localized optical interactions which is used to image the nanostructure. (NSOM) 14
15 Nanoscale Electronic Interactions Metal to ligand Charge Transfer (MLCT): It occurs between organometallic structures such that when an electrondonating group (or molecule) is near by the proximity within nanoscopic distance of an electron withdrawing group or molecule (electron acceptor), the electron can jump to the acceptor by releasing it extra energy as photon or the reverse process is also possible. 15
16 These charge transfer complexes display intense visible color due to charge transfer transitions in the visible though the individual components are colorless. 16
17 Nanoscale Electronic Energy Transfer This electronic energy transfer involves transfer of excess energy and not the transfer of electrons. This is a very short range interaction usually around less than 2 nm. You transfer the energy by effecting the electronic levels of the neighbor atom with excited electron. Therefore here transfer integral between the electrons is not zero. FRET: Fluorescence resonance energy transfer : This type of transfer is often used with two fluorescent centers within nanometers apart. The fluorescence from the donor will be absorbed by resonantly by the acceptor and yield another fluorescence in lower energy. 17
18 This method is mostly used in labeling proteins and the distance between donor and acceptor molecules is usually around ~1 to 10 nm. Upconversion: Two neighboring centers within nanoscopic distances, when electronically excited, can emit a photon of higher energy through a virtual state of the pair centers. Therefore this state is not allowed electronically at neither of the individual pair. 18
19 Near field scanning optical microscopy (NSOM) provides a resolution of 100 nm, significantly better than the diffraction limit imposed on far field which is on the order of /2n Near Field Microscopy
20 The near field has some very interesting, unique properties. If k z is real the wave propagation is osciallatory e ikz (far field) If k z is imaginary then the waves are evanescent, e kz (Near field)
21 Two types of near field optics is considered Aperture Controlled Apertureless
22 Both fundamental and SHG is localized around the tip.
23 The field intensity decreases very rapidly with the tip sample distance, Its typical decay length is approximately equal to the tip size that is, about 50 nm When the probe is very close to the sample surface that is, d< 50 nm the intensity from the forbidden light dominates. However, when the probe sample distance is larger than 50 nm, allowed light dominates
24 Variations of the technique Illuminate the sample in the near field, but collect the signal in the far field Illuminate the sample in the far field while collecting the signal in the near field or do both in the near field. The important component is the use of a subwavelength aperture that can be achieved by using a tapered optical fiber with a tip radius of <100 nm. In (PSTM) it is also possible to avoid damage of the fiber tip caused by high peak power of the laser pulse. When passing a very short pulse through a 50 nm tip, intensity may be sufficiently high to damage the tip.
25 The resolution in NSOM is determined by two factors: the probe aperture (opening) size the probe sample distance
26 Two different types of arrangement used to maintain a constant probesample distance One is a shear force feedback technique Light reflection from the surface is used while dithering the fiber.
27 Fiber are produced The heating andpulling method. The chemical etching method Fiber tips
28
29 Example: Study of quantum dots
30 Example: Single molecule spectroscopy It allows investigation of the hidden heterogeneity and provides information on dynamics of photophysical and photochemical changes in a single molecule. Furthermore, a single molecule can be used as an ultimate local reporter of a nanoenvironment. Two requirements for single molecule spectroscopy There is only one molecule present in the volume probed by the light source. The signal to noise (SNR) ratio for the singlemolecule signal is sufficiently greater than unity for a reasonable averaging time to provide adequate sensitivity.
31 Single molecule detection has been used to study molecular motor functions, DNA transcription, enzymatic reactions, protein dynamics, and cell signaling. Near field excitation can provide enhancement of the fluorescence to increase SNR for single molecule spectroscopy.
32
33 Example: Study of nonlinear optical interactions
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35
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37 THATS ALL FOR TODAY 37
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