EE 346: Semiconductor Devices
|
|
- Eileen Boyd
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 EE 346: Semiconductor Devices Lecture /01/2017 Tewodros A. Zewde 1
2 The One-Electron Atom The potential function is due to the coulomb attraction between the proton and electron and is given by where e is the magnitude of the electronic charge. In spherical coordinates, Schrodinger's wave equation may be written as We will assume that the solution to the time-independent wave equation can be written in the form, and hence
3 The second term in the above equation is a function of one parameter, and we may then write that The solution to Equation is of the form. Since the wave function must be single-valued, we impose the condition that m is an integer, or m = The separation-of-variables constants l, n, and m are known as quantum numbers and are related by
4 Each set of quantum number corresponds to a quantum state which the electron may occupy. The electron energy may be written in the form where n is the principal quantum number. For the lowest energy state, n = l. l = 0, and m = 0, and the wave function is given by The probability of finding the electron at a particular distance from the nucleus, is proportional to the product *. The wave function is spherically symmetric, and the parameter a o is given by
5 The probability density function for the lowest energy state is plotted below. The most probable distance from nucleus is at r =a 0, and this leads to the concept of an electron cloud*. For n = 2, l = 0. and m = 0, the second energy shell is at a greater radius from the nucleus than the first energy shell, though there is still a small probability that the electron will exist at the smaller radius. *The electron cloud model says that we can not know exactly where an electron is at any given time, but the electrons are more likely to be in specific areas. It is theoretically possible, for an electron to be a nearly infinite distance away from the atomic nucleus it is orbiting, although the probability of an electron decreases dramatically the further away from the nucleus you search.
6 ALLOWED AND FORBIDDEN ENERGY BANDS Hydrogen The first two figures show the radial probability density function for the lowest electron energy state of the single, noninteracting hydrogen atom and for two atoms that are in close proximity to each other, respectively. This interaction or perturbation results in the discrete quantized energy level splitting into two discrete energy levels, schematically shown in the last figure.
7 Now, if we somehow start with a regular periodic arrangement of hydrogen type atoms that are initially very far apart, and begin pushing the atoms together, the initial quantized energy level will split into a band of discrete energy levels At the equilibrium interatomic distance, there is a band of allowed energies, but within the allowed band, the energies are at discrete levels.
8 Suppose the atom in this imaginary crystal contains electrons up through the n = 3 energy levels. If the equilibrium interatomic distance is ro. then we have bands of allowed energies that the electrons may occupy separated by bands of forbidden energies. This energy-band splitting and the formation of allowed and forbidden bands is the energy-band theory of single-crystal materials.
9 The actual hand splitting in a crystal is much more complicated than indicated the previous figure. Consider an isolated silicon atom, and its schematic representation is shown below. Since the first two energy shells are completely full and are tightly bound to the nucleus, we need only consider the valence electrons (i.e., n = 3 level). 4 empty states n=2: Complete Shell 2 2s electrons 6 2p electrons Silicon 4 Valence Shell Electrons n=1: Complete Shell 2 s electrons n=3: 2 3s electrons Only 2 of 6 3p electrons
10 4 electrons available for sharing (covalent bonding) in outer shell of atoms
11 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCE
12 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCE
13 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING & COMPUTER SCIENCE
14 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING &COMPUTER SCIENCE
15 SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY ENGINEERING &COMPUTER SCIENCE
16
17 T=0K E C or conduction band Band Gap where no states exist E V or valence band
18 For (E thermal =kt)=0 No electrons in conduction band means no electron conduction is possible Ec Ev
19 For (E thermal =kt)>0 Electron free to move in conduction band Ec + Ev As the negatively charged electron breaks away from its covalent bonding position, a positively charged "empty state" is created in the original covalent bonding position in the valence band. As the temperature further increases, more covalent bonds are broken, more electrons jump to the conduction hand, and more positive "empty states" are created in the valence band.
20 Carrier Movement Under Bias For (E thermal =kt)>0 Electron free to move in conduction band Ec + Ev Direction of Current Flow Hole movement in valence band Direction of Current Flow The movement of a valence electron into the empty state is equivalent to the movement of the positively charged empty state itself.
21 Electron free to move in conduction band Ec + Ev Direction of Current Flow Hole movement in valence band Direction of Current Flow The crystal now has a second equally important charge carrier that can give rise to a current. This charge carrier is called a hole.
22 Electron free to move in conduction band Ec + Ev Direction of Current Flow Hole movement in valence band Direction of Current Flow
23 Electron free to move in conduction band Ec + Ev Direction of Current Flow Hole movement in valence band Direction of Current Flow
24 Current is due to the net flow of charge. If we had a collection of positively charged ions with a volume density N (cm 3 ) and an average drift velocity v d (cm/s), then the drift current density would be J = q Nv d A/cm 2 If, instead of considering the average drift velocity, we considered the individual ion velocities, then we could write the drift current density as where u i is the velocity of the i th ion. The summation is taken over a unit volume so that the current density J is still in units of A/cm 2. Similarly, drift current density due to the motion of electrons as
25 Assuming at this point that no external forces are applied so the electron and "empty state" distributions are symmetrical with k. If an external force is applied to the electrons in the conduction band, there are empty energy states into which the electrons can move: therefore, because of the external force, electrons can gain energy and a net momentum.
26 Only these particles carry electricity. Thus, we call these carriers Clarification of confusing issues: Holes and Electrons Terminology Electrons: Sometimes referred to as conduction electrons: The electrons in the conduction band that are free to move throughout the crystal. Holes: Missing electrons normally found in the valence band (or empty states in the valence band that would normally be filled). If we talk about empty states in the conduction band, we DO NOT call them holes! This would be confusing. The conduction band has mostly empty states and a few electrons. If we talk about filled states in the valence band, we DO NOT call them electrons! This would be confusing. We can call them Valence Electrons to indicate they are bond to atoms (in the valence shells of atoms). The valence band has mostly filled states and a few holes. For the vast majority of this class we only talk about electrons (conduction band electrons) and holes (empty states in the valence band)!
27 Material Classification based on Size of Bandgap Ease of achieving thermal population of conduction band determines whether a material is an insulator, semiconductor, or metal. ~0 Electrons in Conduction Band ~ cm -3 Electrons in Conduction Band without help ~10 22 cm -3 Electrons in Conduction Band
28 DENSITY OF STATES FUNCTION Since current is due to the flow of charge. an important step in the process is to determine the number of electrons and holes in the semiconductor that will be available for conduction. The number of carriers that can contribute to the conduction process is a function of the number of available energy or quantum states since, by the Pauli exclusion principle, only one electron can occupy a given quantum state. Hence, we must determine the density of discrete energy levels, or allowed energy states as a function of energy in order to calculate the electron and hole concentrations. As the energy of this free electron becomes small, the number of available quantum states decreases.
29 We derived a general expression for the density of allowed electron quantum states using the model of a free electron with mass rn bounded in a three-dimensional infinite potential well We can extend this same general model to a semiconductor to determine the density of quantum states in the conduction band and the density of quantum states in the valence band. The density of allowed electronic energy states in the conduction and valance hand are given as follow: As the energy of the electron in the conduction band decreases, the number of available quantum states also decreases.
30 The plot of the density of quantum states as a function of energy. Quantum states do not exist within the forbidden energy band, so g(e) = 0 for E v <E<E c. If the electron and hole effective masses were equal, then the functions g c (E) and g v (E) would be symmetrical about the energy midway between E c and E v.
Semiconductor Physics and Devices Chapter 3.
Introduction to the Quantum Theory of Solids We applied quantum mechanics and Schrödinger s equation to determine the behavior of electrons in a potential. Important findings Semiconductor Physics and
More information半導體元件與物理. Semiconductor Devices and physics 許正興國立聯合大學電機工程學系 聯大電機系電子材料與元件應用實驗室
半導體元件與物理 Semiconductor Devices and physics 許正興國立聯合大學電機工程學系 1. Crystal Structure of Solids 2. Quantum Theory of Solids 3. Semiconductor in Equilibrium and Carrier Transport phenomena 4. PN Junction and
More informationLecture 2. Unit Cells and Miller Indexes. Reading: (Cont d) Anderson 2 1.8,
Lecture 2 Unit Cells and Miller Indexes Reading: (Cont d) Anderson 2 1.8, 2.1-2.7 Unit Cell Concept The crystal lattice consists of a periodic array of atoms. Unit Cell Concept A building block that can
More informationIntroduction to Quantum Theory of Solids
Lecture 5 Semiconductor physics III Introduction to Quantum Theory of Solids 1 Goals To determine the properties of electrons in a crystal lattice To determine the statistical characteristics of the very
More informationThe Semiconductor in Equilibrium
Lecture 6 Semiconductor physics IV The Semiconductor in Equilibrium Equilibrium, or thermal equilibrium No external forces such as voltages, electric fields. Magnetic fields, or temperature gradients are
More informationSemiconductor Physics and Devices
EE321 Fall 2015 September 28, 2015 Semiconductor Physics and Devices Weiwen Zou ( 邹卫文 ) Ph.D., Associate Prof. State Key Lab of advanced optical communication systems and networks, Dept. of Electronic
More informationDO PHYSICS ONLINE ELECTRIC CURRENT FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION ATOMS TO TRANSISTORS ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS
DO PHYSICS ONLINE FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION 9.4.3 ATOMS TO TRANSISTORS ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES OF SOLIDS ELECTRIC CURRENT Different substances vary considerably in their electrical properties. It is a
More informationEE 346: Semiconductor Devices
EE 346: Semiconductor Devices Lecture - 6 02/06/2017 Tewodros A. Zewde 1 DENSTY OF STATES FUNCTON Since current is due to the flow of charge, an important step in the process is to determine the number
More informationChapter 3: Introduction to the Quantum Theory of Solids
Chapter 3: Introduction to the Quantum Theory of Solids Determine the properties of electrons in a crystal lattice. Determine the statistical characteristics of the very large number of electrons in a
More informationBonding in solids The interaction of electrons in neighboring atoms of a solid serves the very important function of holding the crystal together.
Bonding in solids The interaction of electrons in neighboring atoms of a solid serves the very important function of holding the crystal together. For example Nacl In the Nacl lattice, each Na atom is
More informationElectronic Devices And Circuits. Introduction
Electronic Devices And Circuits Introduction An electronic device controls the movement of electrons. The study of electronic devices requires a basic understanding of the relationship between electrons
More informationECE440 Nanoelectronics. Lecture 07 Atomic Orbitals
ECE44 Nanoelectronics Lecture 7 Atomic Orbitals Atoms and atomic orbitals It is instructive to compare the simple model of a spherically symmetrical potential for r R V ( r) for r R and the simplest hydrogen
More informationLec. 8: Hydrogen Atom and Band Theory
Solid State Electronics EC210 AAST Cairo Fall 2014 Lec. 8: Hydrogen Atom and Band Theory Fig 3.20 1 1 These PowerPoint color diagrams can only be used by instructors if the 3 rd Edition has been adopted
More informationECE 250 Electronic Devices 1. Electronic Device Modeling
ECE 250 Electronic Devices 1 ECE 250 Electronic Device Modeling ECE 250 Electronic Devices 2 Introduction to Semiconductor Physics You should really take a semiconductor device physics course. We can only
More informationCh. 2: Energy Bands And Charge Carriers In Semiconductors
Ch. 2: Energy Bands And Charge Carriers In Semiconductors Discrete energy levels arise from balance of attraction force between electrons and nucleus and repulsion force between electrons each electron
More informationMat E 272 Lecture 25: Electrical properties of materials
Mat E 272 Lecture 25: Electrical properties of materials December 6, 2001 Introduction: Calcium and copper are both metals; Ca has a valence of +2 (2 electrons per atom) while Cu has a valence of +1 (1
More informationAtoms? All matters on earth made of atoms (made up of elements or combination of elements).
Chapter 1 Atoms? All matters on earth made of atoms (made up of elements or combination of elements). Atomic Structure Atom is the smallest particle of an element that can exist in a stable or independent
More informationEngineering 2000 Chapter 8 Semiconductors. ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey Semi: 1
Engineering 2000 Chapter 8 Semiconductors ENG2000: R.I. Hornsey Semi: 1 Overview We need to know the electrical properties of Si To do this, we must also draw on some of the physical properties and we
More informationelectronics fundamentals
electronics fundamentals circuits, devices, and applications THOMAS L. FLOYD DAVID M. BUCHLA Lesson 1: Diodes and Applications Semiconductors Figure 1-1 The Bohr model of an atom showing electrons in orbits
More informationBonding forces and energies Primary interatomic bonds Secondary bonding Molecules
Chapter 2. Atomic structure and interatomic bonding 2.1. Atomic structure 2.1.1.Fundamental concepts 2.1.2. Electrons in atoms 2.1.3. The periodic table 2.2. Atomic bonding in solids 2.2.1. Bonding forces
More informationFinal Exam Tuesday, May 8, 2012 Starting at 8:30 a.m., Hoyt Hall Duration: 2h 30m
Final Exam Tuesday, May 8, 2012 Starting at 8:30 a.m., Hoyt Hall. ------------------- Duration: 2h 30m Chapter 39 Quantum Mechanics of Atoms Units of Chapter 39 39-1 Quantum-Mechanical View of Atoms 39-2
More informationIntroduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000. Dr.Coates
Introduction to Engineering Materials ENGR2000 Chapter 18: Electrical Properties Dr.Coates 18.2 Ohm s Law V = IR where R is the resistance of the material, V is the voltage and I is the current. l R A
More informationDO PHYSICS ONLINE STRUCTURE OF THE ATOM FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION ATOMS TO TRANSISTORS STRUCTURE OF ATOMS AND SOLIDS
DO PHYSIS ONLINE FROM IDEAS TO IMPLEMENTATION 9.4.3 ATOMS TO TRANSISTORS STRUTURE OF ATOMS AND SOLIDS STRUTURE OF THE ATOM In was not until the early 1930 s that scientists had fully developed a model
More informationEE143 Fall 2016 Microfabrication Technologies. Evolution of Devices
EE143 Fall 2016 Microfabrication Technologies Prof. Ming C. Wu wu@eecs.berkeley.edu 511 Sutardja Dai Hall (SDH) 1-1 Evolution of Devices Yesterday s Transistor (1947) Today s Transistor (2006) 1-2 1 Why
More informationECE201 Electron Devices. Presented by K.Pandiaraj ECE Kalasalingam University
ECE201 Electron Devices Presented by K.Pandiaraj ECE Kalasalingam University Atom Atoms are the main building blocks of matter. All the materials are made up of very small particles called atoms. For example
More informationComplete nomenclature for electron orbitals
Complete nomenclature for electron orbitals Bohr s model worked but it lacked a satisfactory reason why. De Broglie suggested that all particles have a wave nature. u l=h/p Enter de Broglie again It was
More informationECE 442. Spring, Lecture -2
ECE 442 Power Semiconductor Devices and Integrated circuits Spring, 2006 University of Illinois at Chicago Lecture -2 Semiconductor physics band structures and charge carriers 1. What are the types of
More informationITT Technical Institute ET215 Devices I Unit 1
ITT Technical Institute ET215 Devices I Unit 1 Chapter 1 Chapter 2, Sections 2.1-2.4 Chapter 1 Basic Concepts of Analog Circuits Recall ET115 & ET145 Ohms Law I = V/R If voltage across a resistor increases
More informationCalculating Band Structure
Calculating Band Structure Nearly free electron Assume plane wave solution for electrons Weak potential V(x) Brillouin zone edge Tight binding method Electrons in local atomic states (bound states) Interatomic
More informationEECS130 Integrated Circuit Devices
EECS130 Integrated Circuit Devices Professor Ali Javey 8/30/2007 Semiconductor Fundamentals Lecture 2 Read: Chapters 1 and 2 Last Lecture: Energy Band Diagram Conduction band E c E g Band gap E v Valence
More informationLecture 32: The Periodic Table
Lecture 32: The Periodic Table (source: What If by Randall Munroe) PHYS 2130: Modern Physics Prof. Ethan Neil (ethan.neil@colorado.edu) Announcements Homework #9 assigned, due next Wed. at 5:00 PM as usual.
More informationResistance (R) Temperature (T)
CHAPTER 1 Physical Properties of Elements and Semiconductors 1.1 Introduction Semiconductors constitute a large class of substances which have resistivities lying between those of insulators and conductors.
More informationElectronic Devices & Circuits
Electronic Devices & Circuits For Electronics & Communication Engineering By www.thegateacademy.com Syllabus Syllabus for Electronic Devices Energy Bands in Intrinsic and Extrinsic Silicon, Carrier Transport,
More informationCLASS 1 & 2 REVISION ON SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS. Reference: Electronic Devices by Floyd
CLASS 1 & 2 REVISION ON SEMICONDUCTOR PHYSICS Reference: Electronic Devices by Floyd 1 ELECTRONIC DEVICES Diodes, transistors and integrated circuits (IC) are typical devices in electronic circuits. All
More informationMinimal Update of Solid State Physics
Minimal Update of Solid State Physics It is expected that participants are acquainted with basics of solid state physics. Therefore here we will refresh only those aspects, which are absolutely necessary
More informationCommunications with Optical Fibers
Communications with Optical Fibers In digital communications, signals are generally sent as light pulses along an optical fiber. Information is first converted to an electrical signal in the form of pulses
More informationESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems
ESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems Lec 6: September 14, 2015 MOS Model You are Here: Transistor Edition! Previously: simple models (0 and 1 st order) " Comfortable
More information3/30/2015. Third energy level. Second energy level. Energy absorbed. First energy level. Atomic nucleus. Energy released (as light)
Chapter 2 An Introduction Chemistry Lecture 2: Energy Levels and Chemical Bonding Electrons are always moving Outside the nucleus in atomic orbitals Maybe usually Average distance from nucleus (size of
More informationSemiconductor Device Physics
1 Semiconductor Device Physics Lecture 1 http://zitompul.wordpress.com 2 0 1 3 2 Semiconductor Device Physics Textbook: Semiconductor Device Fundamentals, Robert F. Pierret, International Edition, Addison
More informationLecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules
Lecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules +e r n = 3 n = 2 n = 1 +e +e r y even Lecture 19, p 1 Today Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Using RF photons to drive transitions between nuclear spin orientations in
More informationMaterials Science. Atomic Structures and Bonding
Materials Science Atomic Structures and Bonding 1 Atomic Structure Fundamental concepts Each atom consists of a nucleus composed of protons and neutrons which are encircled by electrons. Protons and electrons
More informationLecture 2 Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors
EE 471: Transport Phenomena in Solid State Devices Spring 2018 Lecture 2 Electrons and Holes in Semiconductors Bryan Ackland Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering Stevens Institute of Technology
More informationEECS143 Microfabrication Technology
EECS143 Microfabrication Technology Professor Ali Javey Introduction to Materials Lecture 1 Evolution of Devices Yesterday s Transistor (1947) Today s Transistor (2006) Why Semiconductors? Conductors e.g
More informationLecture 1. OUTLINE Basic Semiconductor Physics. Reading: Chapter 2.1. Semiconductors Intrinsic (undoped) silicon Doping Carrier concentrations
Lecture 1 OUTLINE Basic Semiconductor Physics Semiconductors Intrinsic (undoped) silicon Doping Carrier concentrations Reading: Chapter 2.1 EE105 Fall 2007 Lecture 1, Slide 1 What is a Semiconductor? Low
More informationThree Most Important Topics (MIT) Today
Three Most Important Topics (MIT) Today Electrons in periodic potential Energy gap nearly free electron Bloch Theorem Energy gap tight binding Chapter 1 1 Electrons in Periodic Potential We now know the
More informationEE495/695 Introduction to Semiconductors I. Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV
EE495/695 Introduction to Semiconductors I Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV Introduction Solar cells have always been aligned closely with other electronic devices. We will cover the basic aspects of semiconductor
More informationElectro - Principles I
Electro - Principles I Page 10-1 Atomic Theory It is necessary to know what goes on at the atomic level of a semiconductor so the characteristics of the semiconductor can be understood. In many cases a
More informationBasic Semiconductor Physics
6 Basic Semiconductor Physics 6.1 Introduction With this chapter we start with the discussion of some important concepts from semiconductor physics, which are required to understand the operation of solar
More informationSolid State Device Fundamentals
4. lectrons and Holes Solid State Device Fundamentals NS 45 Lecture Course by Alexander M. Zaitsev alexander.zaitsev@csi.cuny.edu Tel: 718 982 2812 4N101b 1 4. lectrons and Holes Free electrons and holes
More informationFrom Last Time Important new Quantum Mechanical Concepts. Atoms and Molecules. Today. Symmetry. Simple molecules.
Today From Last Time Important new Quantum Mechanical Concepts Indistinguishability: Symmetries of the wavefunction: Symmetric and Antisymmetric Pauli exclusion principle: only one fermion per state Spin
More informationSemiconductor physics I. The Crystal Structure of Solids
Lecture 3 Semiconductor physics I The Crystal Structure of Solids 1 Semiconductor materials Types of solids Space lattices Atomic Bonding Imperfection and doping in SOLIDS 2 Semiconductor Semiconductors
More informationLecture 1. Introduction to Electronic Materials. Reading: Pierret 1.1, 1.2, 1.4,
Lecture 1 Introduction to Electronic Materials Reading: Pierret 1.1, 1.2, 1.4, 2.1-2.6 Atoms to Operational Amplifiers The goal of this course is to teach the fundamentals of non-linear circuit elements
More informationElectronic Circuits for Mechatronics ELCT 609 Lecture 2: PN Junctions (1)
Electronic Circuits for Mechatronics ELCT 609 Lecture 2: PN Junctions (1) Assistant Professor Office: C3.315 E-mail: eman.azab@guc.edu.eg 1 Electronic (Semiconductor) Devices P-N Junctions (Diodes): Physical
More informationDirect and Indirect Semiconductor
Direct and Indirect Semiconductor Allowed values of energy can be plotted vs. the propagation constant, k. Since the periodicity of most lattices is different in various direction, the E-k diagram must
More informationENGR 151: Materials of Engineering LECTURE #2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING
ENGR 151: Materials of Engineering LECTURE #2: ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND ATOMIC BONDING CHAPTER 1: INTRO Four components of MS field Processing, Structure, Properties, Performance Example: Aluminum Oxide different
More informationESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems. Today MOS MOS. Capacitor. Idea
ESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems Day 9: September 26, 2011 MOS Model Today MOS Structure Basic Idea Semiconductor Physics Metals, insulators Silicon lattice
More informationChapter Two. Energy Bands and Effective Mass
Chapter Two Energy Bands and Effective Mass Energy Bands Formation At Low Temperature At Room Temperature Valence Band Insulators Metals Effective Mass Energy-Momentum Diagrams Direct and Indirect Semiconduction
More informationCHAPTER 2 INTERATOMIC FORCES. atoms together in a solid?
CHAPTER 2 INTERATOMIC FORCES What kind of force holds the atoms together in a solid? Interatomic Binding All of the mechanisms which cause bonding between the atoms derive from electrostatic interaction
More informationEE 446/646 Photovoltaic Devices I. Y. Baghzouz
EE 446/646 Photovoltaic Devices I Y. Baghzouz What is Photovoltaics? First used in about 1890, the word has two parts: photo, derived from the Greek word for light, volt, relating to electricity pioneer
More informationDescribe the structure of the nucleus Calculate nuclear binding energies Identify factors affecting nuclear stability
Atomic and Nuclear Structure George Starkschall, Ph.D. Lecture Objectives Describe the atom using the Bohr model Identify the various electronic shells and their quantum numbers Recall the relationship
More information! Previously: simple models (0 and 1 st order) " Comfortable with basic functions and circuits. ! This week and next (4 lectures)
ESE370: CircuitLevel Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems Lec 6: September 14, 2015 MOS Model You are Here: Transistor Edition! Previously: simple models (0 and 1 st order) " Comfortable
More informationEssentials of Quantum Physics
Essentials of Quantum Physics References Direct energy conversion by S.W. Angrist, Ch 3. (out of print text book) Essential Quantum Physics by Peter Landshoff, Allen Metherell and Gareth Rees, 1997, Cambridge
More informationElectrons in materials. (where are they, what is their energy)
Electrons in materials (where are they, what is their energy) 1 Lone atoms A single atom has electrons in shells and sub shells. Each of these have a distinct energy level. The diagram shows an example
More informationAngular Momentum Quantization: Physical Manifestations and Chemical Consequences
Angular Momentum Quantization: Physical Manifestations and Chemical Consequences Michael Fowler, University of Virginia 7/7/07 The Stern-Gerlach Experiment We ve established that for the hydrogen atom,
More information3.1 Introduction to Semiconductors. Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV
3.1 Introduction to Semiconductors Y. Baghzouz ECE Department UNLV Introduction In this lecture, we will cover the basic aspects of semiconductor materials, and the physical mechanisms which are at the
More informationSolid State Device Fundamentals
Solid State Device Fundamentals ES 345 Lecture Course by Alexander M. Zaitsev alexander.zaitsev@csi.cuny.edu Tel: 718 982 2812 Oice 4101b 1 The ree electron model o metals The ree electron model o metals
More informationESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems
ESE370: Circuit-Level Modeling, Design, and Optimization for Digital Systems Lec 6: September 18, 2017 MOS Model You are Here: Transistor Edition! Previously: simple models (0 and 1 st order) " Comfortable
More informationELEC311( 물리전자, Physical Electronics) Course Outlines:
ELEC311( 물리전자, Physical Electronics) Course Outlines: by Professor Jung-Hee Lee Lecture notes are prepared with PPT and available before the class (http://abeek.knu.ac.kr). The topics in the notes are
More informationENERGY BANDS AND GAPS IN SEMICONDUCTOR. Muhammad Hafeez Javed
ENERGY BANDS AND GAPS IN SEMICONDUCTOR Muhammad Hafeez Javed www.rmhjaved.com rmhjaved@gmail.com Out Line Introduction Energy band Classification of materials Direct and indirect band gap of SC Classification
More informationChapter 28. Atomic Physics
Chapter 28 Atomic Physics Bohr s Correspondence Principle Bohr s Correspondence Principle states that quantum mechanics is in agreement with classical physics when the energy differences between quantized
More informationChapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Elements
Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Elements Mendeleev (1834 1907) Ordered elements by atomic mass. Saw a repeating pattern of properties. Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing
More informationChapter 2: Atomic Structure
Chapter 2: Atomic Structure Atom: Nucleus: protons and neutrons (neutral in charge) Electrons Electrons and protons are charged: e=1.6x10-19 Mass of protons and neutrons = 1.67x10-27 kg Mass of electron
More informationLecture 1 - Electrons, Photons and Phonons. September 4, 2002
6.720J/3.43J - Integrated Microelectronic Devices - Fall 2002 Lecture 1-1 Lecture 1 - Electrons, Photons and Phonons Contents: September 4, 2002 1. Electronic structure of semiconductors 2. Electron statistics
More informationCLASS 12th. Semiconductors
CLASS 12th Semiconductors 01. Distinction Between Metals, Insulators and Semi-Conductors Metals are good conductors of electricity, insulators do not conduct electricity, while the semiconductors have
More informationSolid State Device Fundamentals
Solid State Device Fundamentals ENS 345 Lecture Course by Alexander M. Zaitsev alexander.zaitsev@csi.cuny.edu Tel: 718 982 2812 Office 4N101b 1 The free electron model of metals The free electron model
More informationLecture 3: Electron statistics in a solid
Lecture 3: Electron statistics in a solid Contents Density of states. DOS in a 3D uniform solid.................... 3.2 DOS for a 2D solid........................ 4.3 DOS for a D solid........................
More informationMolecules and Condensed Matter
Chapter 42 Molecules and Condensed Matter PowerPoint Lectures for University Physics, Thirteenth Edition Hugh D. Young and Roger A. Freedman Lectures by Wayne Anderson Goals for Chapter 42 To understand
More informationLecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules
Lecture 19: Building Atoms and Molecules +e r n = 3 n = 2 n = 1 +e +e r ψ even Lecture 19, p 1 Today Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Using RF photons to drive transitions between nuclear spin orientations in
More informationChapter 9: Multi- Electron Atoms Ground States and X- ray Excitation
Chapter 9: Multi- Electron Atoms Ground States and X- ray Excitation Up to now we have considered one-electron atoms. Almost all atoms are multiple-electron atoms and their description is more complicated
More informationLecture Presentation. Chapter 8. Periodic Properties of the Element. Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Pearson Education, Inc.
Lecture Presentation Chapter 8 Periodic Properties of the Element Sherril Soman Grand Valley State University Nerve Transmission Movement of ions across cell membranes is the basis for the transmission
More informationCrystal Properties. MS415 Lec. 2. High performance, high current. ZnO. GaN
Crystal Properties Crystal Lattices: Periodic arrangement of atoms Repeated unit cells (solid-state) Stuffing atoms into unit cells Determine mechanical & electrical properties High performance, high current
More informationEE301 Electronics I , Fall
EE301 Electronics I 2018-2019, Fall 1. Introduction to Microelectronics (1 Week/3 Hrs.) Introduction, Historical Background, Basic Consepts 2. Rewiev of Semiconductors (1 Week/3 Hrs.) Semiconductor materials
More informationCHAPTER 2: ENERGY BANDS & CARRIER CONCENTRATION IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM. M.N.A. Halif & S.N. Sabki
CHAPTER 2: ENERGY BANDS & CARRIER CONCENTRATION IN THERMAL EQUILIBRIUM OUTLINE 2.1 INTRODUCTION: 2.1.1 Semiconductor Materials 2.1.2 Basic Crystal Structure 2.1.3 Basic Crystal Growth technique 2.1.4 Valence
More informationCHEM N-3 November 2014
CHEM1101 2014-N-3 November 2014 Electron affinity is the enthalpy change for the reaction A(g) + e A (g). The graph below shows the trend in electron affinities for a sequence of elements in the third
More informationLecture. Ref. Ihn Ch. 3, Yu&Cardona Ch. 2
Lecture Review of quantum mechanics, statistical physics, and solid state Band structure of materials Semiconductor band structure Semiconductor nanostructures Ref. Ihn Ch. 3, Yu&Cardona Ch. 2 Reminder
More informationGoals for Today. Clarify some Rydberg Concepts Absorption vs. emission
Note: Due to recent changes the exam 2 material for these slides ends at Ionization Energy Exceptions. You can omit Lewis Structures through General Formal Charge Rules. CH301 Unit 2 QUANTUM NUMBERS AND
More informationECE 340 Lecture 6 : Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material I Class Outline:
ECE 340 Lecture 6 : Intrinsic and Extrinsic Material I Class Outline: Effective Mass Intrinsic Material Extrinsic Material Things you should know when you leave Key Questions What is the physical meaning
More informationATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING. IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-2
ATOMIC STRUCTURE AND BONDING IE-114 Materials Science and General Chemistry Lecture-2 Outline Atomic Structure (Fundamental concepts, Atomic models (Bohr and Wave-Mechanical Atomic Model), Electron configurations)
More informationCh. 4 Sec. 1-2, Ch. 3 sec.6-8 ENERGY CHANGES AND THE QUANTUM THEORY THE PERIODIC TABLE
Ch. 4 Sec. 1-2, Ch. 3 sec.6-8 ENERGY CHANGES AND THE QUANTUM THEORY THE PERIODIC TABLE What Makes Red Light Red? (4.1) Electromagnetic Radiation: energy that travels in waves (light) Waves Amplitude: height
More informationElectrons and Molecular Forces
Electrons and Molecular Forces Chemistry 30 Ms. Hayduk Electron Configuration Atomic Structure Atomic Number Number of protons in the nucleus Defines the element Used to organize the periodic table 1 Bohr
More informationECE 335: Electronic Engineering Lecture 2: Semiconductors
Faculty of Engineering ECE 335: Electronic Engineering Lecture 2: Semiconductors Agenda Intrinsic Semiconductors Extrinsic Semiconductors N-type P-type Carrier Transport Drift Diffusion Semiconductors
More informationMolecules, Compounds and Mixtures. Crystallized Alexa Fluor organic fluorescent dye compound. Image was taken with 10x objective with a TRITC filter.
Molecules, Compounds and Mixtures Crystallized Alexa Fluor organic fluorescent dye compound. Image was taken with 10x objective with a TRITC filter. Objectives Name the two atomic models cited in the chapter
More informationBasic cell design. Si cell
Basic cell design Si cell 1 Concepts needed to describe photovoltaic device 1. energy bands in semiconductors: from bonds to bands 2. free carriers: holes and electrons, doping 3. electron and hole current:
More informationEE 346: Semiconductor Devices. 02/08/2017 Tewodros A. Zewde 1
EE 346: Semiconductor Devices 02/08/2017 Tewodros A. Zewde 1 DOPANT ATOMS AND ENERGY LEVELS Without help the total number of carriers (electrons and holes) is limited to 2ni. For most materials, this is
More informationI. Introduction II. Solid State Physics Detection of Light Bernhard Brandl 1
Detection of Light I. Introduction II. Solid State Physics 4-2-2015 Detection of Light Bernhard Brandl 1 4-2-2015 Detection of Light Bernhard Brandl 2 Blabla Recommended 4-2-2015 Detection of Light Bernhard
More informationLecture (02) Introduction to Electronics II, PN Junction and Diodes I
Lecture (02) Introduction to Electronics II, PN Junction and Diodes I By: Dr. Ahmed ElShafee ١ Agenda Current in semiconductors/conductors N type, P type semiconductors N Type Semiconductor P Type Semiconductor
More informationChapter 5. Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms
Chapter 5 Periodicity and the Electronic Structure of Atoms Electron Spin experiments by Stern and Gerlach showed a beam of silver atoms is split in two by a magnetic field the experiment reveals that
More informationBohr s Model, Energy Bands, Electrons and Holes
Dual Character of Material Particles Experimental physics before 1900 demonstrated that most of the physical phenomena can be explained by Newton's equation of motion of material particles or bodies and
More informationMendeleev s Periodic Law
Mendeleev s Periodic Law Periodic Law When the elements are arranged in order of increasing atomic mass, certain sets of properties recur periodically. Mendeleev s Periodic Law allows us to predict what
More informationLecture 3b. Bonding Model and Dopants. Reading: (Cont d) Notes and Anderson 2 sections
Lecture 3b Bonding Model and Dopants Reading: (Cont d) Notes and Anderson 2 sections 2.3-2.7 The need for more control over carrier concentration Without help the total number of carriers (electrons and
More information