Light as Wave Motion p. 1 Huygens' Ideas p. 2 Newton's Ideas p. 8 Complex Numbers p. 10 Simple Harmonic Motion p. 11 Polarized Waves in a Stretched

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1 Introduction p. xvii Light as Wave Motion p. 1 Huygens' Ideas p. 2 Newton's Ideas p. 8 Complex Numbers p. 10 Simple Harmonic Motion p. 11 Polarized Waves in a Stretched String p. 16 Velocities of Mechanical Waves p. 20 Superposition of Wave Motions p. 22 Sum of Two Cosine Functions of the Same Frequency p. 23 Standing Waves p. 24 Graphical Summation of Wave Motions p. 25 Superposition of Polarized Wave Motions p. 27 General Procedures of Superposition p. 28 Single-slit Diffraction p. 29 Superposition of Waves with Random Phases p. 31 Superposition of Waves of Different Frequencies p. 34 Transients p. 34 An Apparent Failure of the Principle of Superposition p. 35 Electromagnetic Waves p. 38 History of Electromagnetic Waves p. 40 Maxwell's Equations p. 42 Maxwell's Displacement Current p. 44 Derivation of the Differential Wave Equation p. 45 Nature of Electromagnetic Waves p. 46 Light Waves in Glass p. 48 Boundary Conditions p. 48 Fresnel Reflection Coefficients p. 50 Conventions of Sign p. 52 Photometric Magnitudes p. 54 Interrelation of Photometric Units p. 57 Energy Density of Radiation p. 58 Interaction of Light and Matter p. 61 Harmonic Oscillator p. 63 Electrical Polarization and N p. 64 Optical Properties of Sodium Vapor p. 66 Optical Properties of Glass p. 67 Formula of Clausius and Mossotti p. 68 Cauchy's Formula p. 68 Optical Properties of Metals at Low Frequencies p. 69 Optical Properties of Metals for Light p. 71

2 Dipole Emission p. 73 Radiation Pressure p. 75 Blackbody Radiation Laws p. 76 Total Radiation p. 78 Velocities and Scattering of Light p. 80 Spectral Lines in Absorption and Emission p. 83 Natural Line Width p. 85 Doppler Line Width p. 86 Pressure Broadening p. 88 Modulation Broadening p. 90 Observed Group Velocity p. 92 Explanation of Group Velocity p. 93 Phase Velocity in Sodium Vapor p. 96 Scattering p. 100 Scattering by Sodium Vapor p. 102 Sky Light p. 104 Polarized Light and Dielectric Boundaries p. 105 Polarization in Nature p. 107 Polarizers and Analyzers p. 110 Law of Malus p. 113 Reflection of Polarized Light p. 114 Total Reflection p. 117 Circularly and Elliptically Polarized Light p. 119 Transmission of Polarized Light p. 120 Transmission of a Pile of Plates p. 122 Frustrated Total Reflection p. 124 Double Refraction--Calcite and Quartz p. 127 Calcite Double Refraction p. 128 Spheroidal Huygens Wavelets p. 129 Calculation of r[subscript ext] for a Calcite Rhomb p. 130 Refraction by Two Calcite Rhombs in Series p. 131 Explanation of the e-wave Surface p. 133 Various Refractions of the e-ray by Calcite p. 135 Uses of Calcite p. 139 Analysis of Polarized Light p. 144 Uses of the Half-wave Plate p. 146 Calcite and Quartz Contrasted p. 149 Optical Activity p. 152 Induced Double Refraction p. 154 Interference of Two Sources Laterally Separated p. 157 Coherence of Light p. 158

3 Young's Experiment p. 160 Analysis of Two-beam Interference p. 161 Other Two-beam Interference Experiments p. 165 Visibility of Interference Bands p. 168 White Light Interference Bands p. 171 Spectral Analysis with Two-beam Interference p. 172 Stellar Interferometers p. 173 Interference of Polarized Light p. 178 Fresnel Diffraction p. 180 Kirchhoff's Differential and the Case of No Diffraction p. 181 Circular Obstructions and Apertures p. 186 Zone Plates p. 187 Diffraction Beyond a Rectangular Aperture p. 190 Cornu's Spiral p. 193 No Diffraction, by Cornu's Spiral p. 196 The Straight edge p. 197 Fresnel Diffraction by Slit and Strip p. 198 Babinet's Principle p. 200 Fraunhofer Diffraction p. 201 The Rectangular Aperture p. 201 Square and Circular Apertures Contrasted p. 203 Interference and Diffraction Combined p. 207 Diffraction-limited Resolving Power p. 210 Spectroscopic Resolving Power p. 212 Diffraction Gratings p. 216 Images of Coherent Sources p. 219 Coherent Sources Separated in Depth p. 222 Thin Dielectric Plate p. 223 Fizeau Bands p. 227 Haidinger Bands p. 231 FECO Bands and the Channeled Spectrum p. 232 Michelson Interferometer for Monochromatic Light p. 235 Michelson Interferometer for White Light p. 237 Michelson's Measurement of the Meter p. 238 Multiple Sources Separated in Depth p. 242 Dielectric Films on Glass p. 244 Metallic Films p. 245 Applications of Physical Optics p. 247 Reflection-reducing Overcoats p. 248 Multiple Overcoats p. 252 Interference Filters p. 253

4 Low-order Multiple-beam Interferometry p. 255 High-order Multiple-beam Spectroscopy p. 257 Free Spectral Range p. 259 Fabry-Perot Resolving Power p. 260 The Transmission and Reflection Echelons p. 264 The Lummer-Gehrcke Plate p. 268 Energy-limited Resolving Power p. 270 Images of Points by Single Surfaces p. 273 General Considerations p. 274 Optical Surfaces--Polish p. 278 Optical Surfaces--Geometry p. 280 Longitudinal Equations for a Single Surface p. 282 The Gauss Equation p. 287 Newton's Equation p. 288 Nodal Equation p. 289 Mirrors p. 290 Parabolic Telescope Mirror p. 291 Foucault's Knife-edge Test p. 294 Gaviola's Caustic Test p. 298 Images of Points by Systems of Surfaces p. 301 Plane Parallel Plate, and Prisms p. 301 Longitudinal Gaussian Equations p. 306 Longitudinal Newtonian Equations p. 311 Immersion Lenses p. 312 Freedom from Spherical Aberration p. 314 Spherical Aberration of a Lens p. 315 Longitudinal Chromatic Aberration p. 319 Optical Materials p. 323 Magnification, Aperture, and Field p. 326 Magnification by a Single Surface p. 328 Extended Sine Relationship p. 329 Magnification by a System of Surfaces p. 330 Aplanatic Points p. 332 Magnifiers and Microscopes p. 336 Telescopes p. 338 Aperture p. 341 Depth of Field p. 343 Field p. 344 Telecentric Systems p. 348 Field Lens p. 349 Image Defects p. 351

5 Third-order Theory p. 352 Image Testing p. 353 Spherical Aberration, Coma, and Achromatism p. 355 Coma of a Parabolic Mirror p. 357 Astigmatism of a Single Surface p. 362 Coddington's Equations for a Thin Lens p. 365 Curvature of Field p. 366 Distortion p. 368 Optical Systems p. 368 Applications of Interferometry p. 373 Interferometers p. 377 The Kosters Double-image Prism p. 393 Interferometry with Savart's Plate p. 400 Apodization p. 410 Application of Fourier Transformations in Optics: Interferometric Spectroscopy p. 419 Some Modern Concepts of Light p. 435 The Speed of Light p. 450 Radiation Detectors and Measuring Devices p. 468 Microwave Experiments and Their Optical Analogues p. 507 The Wave Theory of Microscopic Image Formation p. 525 Modern Trends in Methods of Lens Design p. 537 Graphical Ray Tracing p. 544 Fiber Optics p. 553 Optical Filters p. 580 Diffraction Gratings p. 597 Mathematical Review p. 616 Problems p. 657 Index p. 683 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS

PRINCIPLES OF PHYSICAL OPTICS C. A. Bennett University of North Carolina At Asheville WILEY- INTERSCIENCE A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION CONTENTS Preface 1 The Physics of Waves 1 1.1 Introduction