F. Elohim Becerra Chavez

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1 F. Elohim Becerra Chavez Office: P&A 19 Phone: Lectures: Monday and Wednesday, 5:30-6:45 pm P&A Room 184. Textbook: Many good ones (see webpage) Lectures follow order in Laser Electronics (3rd Edition) by Joseph T. Verdeyen. (Ch 1-11) Additional resources Introduction to Optics (3rd Edition): F. L. Pedrotti L. M. Pedrotti L. S. Pedrotti. Optics, 4th Edition: E. Hecht. Fundamentals of Photonics, 2nd Edition: B. E. A. Saleh, Malvin Carl Teich. Homework: Problem sets including problems from Verdeyen, and additional ones. About one set per week. They are posted one week before they are due. HW must be turned in to the TA's mailbox before 5:00 pm on the due date. Office hours: Monday 11:30 am-13:30 pm. You may also arrange a meeting for another time via . TA: James Hendrie. office hrs: TBD in P&A. You may also arrange a meeting for another time via . Grading 1. Homework 20% 2. Midterm exams: 25% each 3. Final: 30% (Comprehensive) Tentative Exam Dates (subject to change): Midterms, September 24 and November 5. Final Monday, Dec. 10.

2 Syllabus Topics Lectures follow order in book by Verdeyen. Chapters 1-11 (some partially covered). Tentative list of topics: 1. Introduction- Overview 2. Review of Electromagnetic Theory (Any book)- Maxwell's equations; wave equations; propagation in dielectrics; boundary conditions 3. Ray Tracing in an Optical System (Ch 2 V)- ABCD Matrix method 4. Gaussian Beams (Ch 3 V)- Paraxial wave equation and TEM waves; high-order modes 5. Optical Cavities (Ch 5 & 6 V)- Gaussian Beams in stable resonators; resonant optical cavities; finesse and photon lifetime 6. Atomic Radiation (Ch 7 V)- Black body radiation; Einstein coefficients; lineshape; light-matter interaction; line broadening 7. Laser Oscillation (Ch 8 V)- Laser oscillation and amplification; Gain saturation, Laser linewidth 8. General Characteristics of Lasers (Ch 9 V)- CW lasers; laser dynamics; Q-switching; mode locking 9. Laser systems (Ch 10 &11 V)- Three- and four-level lasers; Ruby lasers; rare earth lasers-amplifiers; gasdischarge lasers; free electron laser; semiconductor lasers 10.Topics in Laser applications- If time allows, we will discuss some special topics such as laser cooling, coherence and quantum optics

3 Class Website: Tentative Schedule

4 Introduction (historical overview) LASER: May 17, 1960 Ted Maiman

5 Introduction (historical overview) LASER: Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation May 17, 1960 Ted Maiman

6 Introduction (historical overview) Quantum mechanics is born: Planck (1900), Bohr (1913) (1900) (1913) Einstein postulated the principle of the stimulated emission (1917) (1906) (1917)

7 Introduction (historical overview)

8 Introduction (historical overview) (1928) Observation of negative absorption or stimulated emission near to resonant wavelengths, Rudolf Walther Ladenburg h h E 2 h E 1 Stimulated Emission (negative absorption)

9 Introduction (historical overview) MASER is invented (C. Townes, N. Basov and A. Prokhorov) 1954

10 Introduction (historical overview) Laser operation is predicted by Shawlow and Townes (1957)

11 The Laser Happens! May 17, 1960 Theodore H. Maiman " Stimulated optical radiation in ruby " Nature Vol 187 p. 493 ( Aug. 6, 1960 )

12 A Brief History of Laser

13 The Laser Fundamental research Laser cooling and trapping Light-matter interaction, quantum O, I, BEC. Technology Optical communication and sensing Data storage : Optical tweezers Interferometry (LIGO): 4 km Frequency comb: Spectroscopy, Optical clocks etc. Frequency standard: atomic clocks OTHER Medical applications Eye surgery, scanning Microscopy fabrication

14 1. Main Components of a Laser 1. Power Supply or Pump Source Examples: arc-lamp, another laser, electric discharge, chemical reaction, 2. Gain (Amplifying) Medium Can be solid, gas or liquid 3. Laser Cavity (Resonator) Example: two mirrors Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

15 Electromagnetic radiation: What is a laser? 2.1 What is light?! E = ee ˆ cos( t kz + ) 0 0 E = instantanous electric field E = amplitude eˆ = polarization vector =2 = 2 c / =frequency 2 k = s ˆ = s ˆ = wavevector c =wavelength =phase +E 0 ê ŝ -E 0 Propagation is governed by Maxwell s equations Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

16 Light: Maxwell Equations ME: No charge or current sources Wave Equation Transverse fields: E = 0 2 E 1 2 E c 2 2 t = 1 2 P ε 0 c 2 2 t Propagation in a dielectric Atomic Polarization P D = ε 0 E + P P = ε 0 χe Physics E(r, t) = Re E(r, ω)e iωt Engineering E(r, t) = Re E(r, ω)e jωt Electric susceptibility

17 COHERENCE: Temporal and Spatial Coherence Mutual coherence: able two fields to interfere Temporal Coherence: The phase (t) can vary randomly with time. The coherence time ( c ) is defined as the mean interval between such random variations. E = ee ˆ cos( t kz + ) 0 Coherence length c l c = cτ c Spatial Coherence: The phase (r) can vary randomly with transverse distance of an extended source Light source r z Spatially coherent k 1 Spread in wave vector k φ L Δ (x) ΔL Spatially incoherent k 1 Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

18 Light source Intensity Example: Michelson Interferometer (Measuring the Coherence Properties of Light) k= 2π λ mirrors L1 L2 L=2(L1-L2) I = E 2 cos 2 (k L/2) ( delay) beam splitter detector ~L c τ c = l c /c ( delay) ( L) Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

19 Fourier transform time-frequency E ω = න E t e jωt dt Conjugate variables t ω 1/2 Spread of a beam α = α ഥα 2 t 1 ω 1 Space-momentum t 1 ω 1 E k = න E x e jkx dx x k 1/2 x 1 k 1

20 2.4 Properties of Laser Radiation High degree of temporal coherence (almost single wavelength) High degree of spatial coherence (highly directional, low divergence) Efficient (e.g., wall plug efficiencies of 50% in semiconductor lasers) Very short pulses (<10 fs) have been generated High average (e.g. > 100 kw!) and peak powers (e.g. > 10 TW!) can be achieved Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

21 Laser versus white light bulb: a comparison Section 2.4 p.2 Proprietary Data University of New Mexico

22

F. Elohim Becerra Chavez

F. Elohim Becerra Chavez F. Elohim Becerra Chavez Email:fbecerra@unm.edu Office: P&A 19 Phone: 505 277-2673 Lectures: Tuesday and Thursday, 9:30-10:45 P&A Room 184. Textbook: Laser Electronics (3rd Edition) by Joseph T. Verdeyen.

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