It is extremely difficult for the Hawai i beef industry

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1 Food Sfety nd Tehnology Mr. 27 FST-2 Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i Glen K. Fukumoto nd Yong S. Kim Deprtment of Humn Nutrition, Food nd Animl Sienes It is extremely diffiult for the Hwi i eef industry to ompete ginst the onentrte-finished eef tht domintes the U.S. eef industry euse of our stte s lk of grin prodution, lk of eonomy of sle, nd n ineffiient proessing segment. Nevertheless, produers ontinue to keep their fith in the lol nd emerging nihe mrkets, looking for opportunities for mrketing Hwi i-rnded eef produts. Forge, grss, or psture-finished eef prodution is nturl phenomenon euse ttle, eing ruminnts, effiiently utilize forges for its growth. There re 614 delineted wtersheds in our stte providing the opportunity to produe qulity forges. Thus, produing forge-finished eef y mthing prodution requirements with our diverse environmentl onditions is rel nd vile option for the Hwi i eef industry. Reently, mrket wreness for lolly grown nd rised produts hs een on the rise. Progrms suh s CTAHR s A Tste of the Hwiin Rnge Agriulturl Festivl, the Hwi i Deprtment of Agriulture s Islnd Fresh progrm, tivities of the Hwiin Regionl Cuisine Chef Orgniztion, nd other independent produt rnd leling hve ontriuted to the inresed wreness of lol produts. Buy Lol mpigns hve seen positive development nd growth of nihe mrkets within our insulr islnd eonomy. For the eef industry, movement towrd trget mrketing of forge-finished eef hs roused the interest of severl rnhers nd end-users, suh s resturnts nd supermrkets. In the pst, qulity issues hve plgued forge-finished eef produts. Studies hve shown tht forge-finished eef re generlly less tender, slightly drker in olor, hve shorter shelf-life, nd hve undesirle flvor differenes ompred to onentrte-fin- ished eef (Bowling et l. 1977; Kim 199). However, it is known tht forge-finished eef hs positive spets s well. For exmple, eef from forge-finished rsses is lener nd hs higher levels of helthy ftty ids (omeg-3, onjugted linolei id). Therefore, it ppers tht psture-finished eef produed in Hwi i hs the potentil to e mrketed s nturl, helth-promoting food, prtiulrly for those groups of people seeking niml produts rised in nturl onditions without muh intervention on nimls dietry intke or dministrtion of growth-promoting gents. Understnding the urrent sttus of rss trits of forge-finished ttle produed in Hwi i is importnt in improving rss hrteristis nd met pltility. Currently, however, no dt re ville, so this study ws onduted to survey rss hrteristis of forge-finished ttle produed in vrious sutropil environments on the islnd of Hwi i. Proedures Smple olletion A totl of 386 forge-finished rsses were evluted over one-yer period in Crsses were evluted sed on the U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture eef rss yield nd qulity grding system (USDA 1997, AMSA 21). Crss dt inluded hot rss weight, kft thikness, rieye re, mrling sore, mturity sore (one ossifition), nd qulity grde. Animl dt inluded sex, ge nd estimted reed types. The niml s ge ws estlished y onfirmtion or estimtion y the rnher nd postmortem determintion y teeth exmintion. Pulished y the College of Tropil Agriulture nd Humn Resoures (CTAHR) nd issued in furtherne of Coopertive Extension work, Ats of My 8 nd June 3, 1914, in oopertion with the U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture. Andrew G. Hshimoto, Diretor/Den, Coopertive Extension Servie/CTAHR, University of Hwi i t Mäno, Honolulu, Hwi i An equl opportunity/ffirmtive tion institution providing progrms nd servies to the people of Hwi i without regrd to re, sex, ge, religion, olor, ntionl origin, nestry, disility, mritl sttus, rrest nd ourt reord, sexul orienttion, or sttus s overed vetern. CTAHR pulitions n e found on the We site <

2 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Dt nlyses To exmine the rss trits s ffeted y ge, three ge groups were estlished: Group 1, less thn 24 months old; Group 2, 24 3 months; Group 3, greter thn 3 months old. The ttle were reeived from 22 different rnhes or ontrtors, originting from ll distrits of the islnd exept South Kon nd Pun. With the diversity of rnh soures, ttle reeds represented in the survey vried widely. Fourteen different reeds were identified y the rnher or determined y oservtion t slughter. The vrious reeds were tegorized into four groups to exmine the rss trits y reed groups: Group 1, Bos turus (Blk Angus, Red Angus, Hereford, Jersey, Murry Grey, Wgyu rosses) nd Bos trus rosses with Bos trus; Group 2, Bos turus rosses with ontinentl nd/or Bos indius; Group 3, ontinentl reeds (Chrolis, Gelveih, Mine Anjou, Simmentl) nd rosses; Group 4, Bos indius rosses nd Bos indius omposites nd rosses (Brngus, Beefmster, Snt Gertrudis). Dt nlyses ws performed using JMP softwre (SA Institute, Cry, NC). The effets of ge, estimted reed types, nd sex lss on rss trits were determined using the GLM proedure. Results nd disussion Assessment of rss trits Figure 1 presents the distriutions of sex lsses, ge nd estimted reed types of forge-finished ttle slughtered in Hwi i. Steers nd heifers omposed 8% nd 42% of the totl numer of ttle proessed. Bos turus nd Bos turus rosses with other reeds omprised most (94%) of the forge-finished ttle produed in Hwi i. The mjority (74%) of the forgefinished ttle were slughtered etween 24 nd 3 months of ge, with 1.1% eing slughtered elow 24 months of ge nd 1.9% eing slughtered ove 3 months of ge. Figures 2 nd 3 nd Tle 1 summrize rss trits of forge-finished ttle in Hwi i, nd Tle 2 shows the ntionl verge rss trits surveyed during the Ntionl Beef Qulity Audit 2 (MKenn et l. 22). Men rss weight, rieye re, nd kft thikness of Hwi i ttle were 62.9 l, 11. in 2, nd.27 inh, respetively. Compred with the ntionl verge, Hwi i ttle hd lighter rss size (166 l less), smller rieye re (1.6 in 2 smller) nd thinner kft (.2 inh thinner) thn those of the ntionl men. Averge mrling sore nd mturity of forge-finished rsses of Hwi i were Slight + nd A mturity. Ntionl verge mrling sore ws Smll (Tle 2). Averge USDA qulity grde of forge-finished rsses of Hwi i ws Selet, while the ntionl verge ws lose to low Choie. The distriution of USDA qulity grdes of forgefinished rsses of Hwi i were 12.6% for Stndrd,.4% for Selet, 29.7% for low Choie, 6.% for verge Choie, nd 1.3% for ove verge Choie (Figure 3). As expeted, Hwi i rsses hd higher proportion of Stndrd nd Selet grdes nd lower pro- Figure 1. Distriution of sex lss, ge, nd reed type of forge-finished ttle slughtered in Hwi i. Sex lss distriution Age distriution Breed distriution Heifers Sex lss 8 Steers elow 24 month month Age 1.1 over 3 month Bos turus 41.1 Bos turs rosses Continentl Breeds Bos indius 2

3 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Figure 2. Distriution of rss weight, rieye re, nd kft thikness of forge-finished ttle slughtered in Hwi i. Crss weight distriution Rieye re distriution Bkft thikness distriution Over Below Over Below Over. Hot rss weight, l Rieye re, In 2 Bkft thikness, In Figure 3. Distriution of mturity, mrling sore nd USDA qulity grde of forge-finished ttle slughtered in Hwi i. Mturity Mrling sore distriution Qulity grde distriution A 14 B Below tre 47.7 Slight 31.8 Smll Modest Aove modest Stndrd.4 Selet o Choie Choie Aove Choie Mturity sore Mrling sore USDA qulity grde Tle 1. Crss trits of forge-finished ttle produed in Hwi i. Trit N Men SD Minimum Mximum Hot rss weight, l Rieye re, in Bkft thikness, in Mrling sore Mturity USDA qulity grde Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 A A = 9; A 1 A 1 = 8; B B = 7; B 1 B 1 = 6; C C 1 = ; C 1 C 1 = 4; D D = 3; D 1 D 1 = 2; E E 1 = 1 Stndrd (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Selet (,, +) = 4,, 6; Choie (,, +) = 7, 8 nd 9; Prime (,, +) = 1, 11, 12 Note: low =, verge =, nd high = + 3

4 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Tle 2. Crss trits of U.S.-fed steers nd heifers. Trit Men SD Minimum Mximum Hot rss weight, l Rieye re, in Bkft thikness, in Mrling sore USDA qulity grde Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 Stndrd (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Selet (,, +) = 4,, 6; Choie (,, +) = 7, 8 nd 9; Prime (, o, +) = 1, 11, 12 Note: low =, verge =, nd high = + The dt re from MKenn et l. (22). portion of Choie grde thn minlnd rsses. The 2 Ntionl Beef Qulity Audit reported 2.% Prime, 42.1% Choie, 42.2% Selet, nd 6.6% elow Stndrd (MKennn et l. 22). Crss trits within sex lsses Tle 3 presents rss trit mens within sex lsses. Men slughter ge ws not different etween heifers nd steers. Steers hd signifintly hevier men rss weight (643 vs. 83 l), lower kft thikness (.24 vs..3 inh), nd lower mrling sore (8.2 vs. 9.46) thn heifers, ut no differene ws oserved in rieye re nd mturity etween the two sex lsses. There ws signifint differene in the qulity grde etween heifers nd steers. As ws expeted from the higher mrling sore of heifers, heifers produed higher USDA qulity grde rss ompred to steers. The men qulity grde of heifers ws high Selet (.96) while tht of steers ws verge Selet (.). Similr to our results, in onentrte-finished ttle Chot et l (26) reported tht steers hd smller rieye re, less kft thikness, nd lower mrling sore nd USDA qulity grde sore thn heifers. Crss trits within ge groups Crss trit mens within ge groups re summrized in Tle 4. As ws expeted, with the inrese of niml ge, rss weight eme hevier, rieye re eme lrger, kft thikness inresed, mrling sore inresed, nd mturity sore deresed. The men USDA qulity grde of rsses ws ffeted y the ge groups. Men USDA qulity grde of ge group elow 24 month ws in etween low Selet to verge Selet (4.6), while Tle 3. Mens nd stndrd errors (in prentheses) for rss trits within sex lss. Sex lss Trits Heifer Steer Age, months (.32) (.28) Hot rss weight, l * (.92) (.4) Rieye re, in (.14) (.11) Bkft thikness, in.3.24 * (.12) (.1) Mrling sore * (.218) (.18) Mturity (.23) (.2) USDA qulity grde.96. * (.141) (.113) Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 A A = 9; A 1 A 1 = 8; B B = 7; B 1 B 1 = 6; C C 1 = ; C 1 C 1 = 4; D D = 3; D 1 D 1 = 2; E E 1 = 1 Stndrd (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Selet (,, +) = 4,, 6; Choie (,, +) = 7, 8 nd 9; Prime (,, +) = 1, 11, 12 Note: low =, verge = nd high = + * P<. the men USDA qulity grde of 24 3 month ge nd over 3 month ge group ws high Selet (.6 nd.7). 4

5 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Tle 4. Men nd stndrd errors (in prentheses) for rss trits within ge groups. Age group (months) Trit Below Over 3 Hot rss weight, l 8.6 d 61.9 e 63. f (12.23) (4.1) (9.72) Rieye re, in d 11.4 d 12.1 e (.26) (.1) (.24) Bkft thikness, in.2 d.28 e.3 e (.23) (.9) (.19) Mrling sore 7.47 d 9.3 e 9.12 e (.41) (.14) (.33) Mturity 8.8 d 7.93 e 7.61 f (.2) (.19) (.41) USDA qulity grde 4. d.6 e.7 e (.282) (.1) (.224) Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 A A = 9; A 1 A 1 = 8; B B = 7; B 1 B 1 = 6; C C 1 = ; C 1 C 1 = 4; D D = 3; D 1 D 1 = 2; E E 1 = 1 Stndrd (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Selet (,, +) = 4,, 6; Choie (,, +) = 7, 8 nd 9; Prime (,, +) = 1, 11, 12 Note: low =, verge = o nd high = + d,e,f Mens within row not shring ommon supersript differ (P<.). Men differene ws nlyzed y Tukey honestly signifint differene (HSD) test. Crss trits within estimted reed types Tle summrizes rss trit mens within estimted reed types. Continentl reed type rsses hd hevier rss weight, lrger rieye re, lower kft thikness, nd lower mrling sore thn other reed type rsses. USDA qulity grde of ontinentl reed types tended to e lower (low Selet) thn other reed types (verge Selet or high Selet). These results re in generl greement with results oserved in grin-finished ttle rsses (Binder et l. 22, Wheeler et l. 2). Considering tht the proportion of ontinentl nd Bos indius reed types were muh lower (3.4 nd 2.6%) thn Bos turus nd Bos turus rosses reed types (2.9 nd 41.1%) nd the reed type lssifition ws sed on pproximte ssessments, the results on men rss trits within reed type need to e interpreted with ution. Correltion etween kft thikness nd mrling sore Figure 4 shows the reltionship etween mrling sore nd kft thikness of forge-finished ttle slughtered in Hwi i. The following eqution predits mring sore from kft thikness: mrling sore = x kft thikness (in inhes). The orreltion ws.1, inditing tht kft thikness does not hve high preditive vlue for mrling sore. The orreltion (.1) oserved in this study is lower thn tht oserved in other studies with onentrte-finished ttle. Gregory et l. (199) reported.44 orreltion etween mrling sore nd kft thikness, while Klopfenstein et l. (2) reported orreltion rnging from.48 to.64. Conlusion The results of this survey provide the forge-finished segment of the Hwi i eef industry with seline informtion from whih future reserh tivities n e initited to help the eef industry mesure progress in rss trits. The results show tht high qulity rsses n e produed on 1% forge-sed prodution systems in Hwi i. However, improvements trgeted t hevier rss weights, lrger ri-eye re, nd lower dys to hrvest re key res whih merit future reserh efforts. In ddition, euse the urrent survey did not inlude the met qulity hrteristis, it is reommended tht met tenderness hrteristis of forge-finished ttle in Hwi i e surveyed in order to estlish enhmrk for future improvement in the tenderness of forge-finished eef. Literture ited AMSA. 21. Met evlution hndook. Amerin Met Siene Assoition, Svoy, Illinois. Binder, T.D., W.E. Wytt, P.E. Humes, D.E. Frnke, nd D.C. Blouin. 22. Influene of Brhmn derivtive reeds nd Angus on rss trits, physil omposition, nd pltility. Journl of Animl Siene 8: Bowling, R.A., G.C. Smith, Z.L. Crpenter, T.R. Dutson, nd W.M. Oliver Comprison of forge finished nd grin finished eef rsses. Journl of Animl Siene 4, Chot, W.T., J.A. Pterson, B.M. Riney, M.C. King, G.C. Smith, K.E. Belk, nd R.J. Lipsey. 26. The

6 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Tle. Men nd stndrd errors (in prentheses) for rss trits within estimted reed types. Breed type Trit Bos turus Bos turus rosses Continentl Bos indius rosses Age, months 28.9 d 26.9 e 26.2 d,e 2.1 e (.28) (.3) (1.4) (1.2) Hot rss weight, l (.31) (6.3) (2.82) (23.74) Rieye re, in d 11.4 d 13.6 e 11.2 d (.12) (.13) (.42) (.48) Bkft thikness, in.28 d.27 d.1 e.27 d,e (.1) (.11) (.1) (.27) Mrling sore 9.14 d 8.68 d,e 7.23 e 8.4 d,e (.173) (.197) (.679) (.77) Mturity 7.8 d 7.96 e 8. d,e 8. d,e (.2) (.28) (.97) (.11) USDA qulity grde.79 d.3 d,e 4.17 e.3 d,e (.118) (.134) (.479) (.2) Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 A A = 9; A 1 A 1 = 8; B B = 7; B 1 B 1 = 6; C C 1 = ; C 1 C 1 = 4; D D = 3; D 1 D 1 = 2; E E 1 = 1 Stndrd (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Selet (,, +) = 4,, 6; Choie (,, +) = 7, 8 nd 9; Prime (,, +) = 1, 11, 12 Note: low =, verge = nd high = + d,e Mens within row not shring ommon supersript differ (P<.). Men differene ws nlyzed y Tukey honestly signifint differene (HSD) test. effets of ttle sex on rss hrteristis nd longissimus musle pltility. Journl of Animl Siene 84: Gregory, K.E., L.V. Cundiff, nd R.M. Koh Geneti nd phenotypi (Co)vrine for growth nd rss trits of purered nd omposite popultions of eef ttle. Journl of Animl Siene 73: Kim, Y.S Crss hrteristis nd met qulity in forge finished nd grin finished eef mini review. RDA Journl of Agriulturl Siene 37: Klopfenstein, T., R. Cooper, D.J. Jordon, d. Shin, T. Milton, C. Clkins, nd C. Rossi. 2. Effets of kgrounding nd growing progrms on eef rss qulity nd yield. Proeedings of the Amerin Soiety of Animl Siene. symposi/proeedings/942.pdf. essed Jnury 27. MKenn, D.R., D.L. Roeer, P.K. Btes, T.B. Shmidt, D.S. Hle, D.B. Griffin, J.W. Svell, J.C. Brooks, J.B. Morgn, T.H. Montgomery, K.E. Belk, nd G.C. Smith. 22. Ntionl Beef Quilty Audit 2: Survey of trgeted ttle nd rss hrteristis relted to qulity, nd vlue of fed steers nd heifers. Journl of Animl Siene 8: USDA United Sttes stndrds for grdes of rss eef. U.S. Deprtment of Agriulture, Agriulturl Mrketing Servie, Livestok nd Seed Division. Wheeler, T.L., L.V. Cundiff, S.D. Shkelford, nd M. Koohmrie. 2. Chrteriztion of iologil types of ttle (Cyle VII): rss yield nd longissimus pltility trits. Journl of Animl Siene 83: Aknowledgments Authors knowledge Mr. Rik Hein nd Mr. Mihel Brton of Hwii Nturl Mets nd Mr. Bill Petrie t Kon Speilty Mets for their ssistne in dt olletion nd Dr. Sturt T. Nkmoto for his ritil review of this mnusript. 6

7 UH CTAHR Crss Chrteristis of Forge-Finished Cttle Produed in Hwi i FST-2 Mr. 27 Figure 4. Correltion etween kft thikness nd mrling sore. 2 Mrling sore 1 R 2 = Bkft thikness, inh Prtilly devoid (,, +) = 1, 2, 3; Tre (,, +) = 4,, 6; Slight (,, +) = 7, 8, 9; Smll (,, +) = 1, 11, 12; Modest (,, +) = 13, 14, 1; Moderte (,, +) = 16,17, 18; Slightly undnt = 19; Modertely undnt = 2; Aundnt = 21 A group of forge-finished steers eing tmed down using the highly pltle leuen vriety Kx2. Developing lowstress niml hndling tehniques is key ftor in forgefinished prodution systems. Exmple of highly mrled ri eye musle produed on forge. This prtiulr steer ws hrvested t 21.3 months of ge from the UH-CTAHR Melni Reserh Sttion. 7