Lecture 18: Species, Hybrids, and QTL. Oct 23, 2006
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1 Leture 18: Speies, Hyrids, nd QTL Ot 23, 2006
2 ourse Logistis Reminder: Guest leture Fridy, Novemer 3 Reding posted on wesite 2 nd Reminder: no lss on Wednesdy, Novemer 1 nother 2 nd Reminder: Everyone will hve one extr redit opportunity for 25 points Red pper of your hoie in moleulr eology nd write 2- pge ritique See me for pprovl of pper nd speifi instrutions Due lst dy of lss hek the Term Pper Pge Smple grnt pplitions (plese tret with disretion)! Smple outline (oming tody) Grding riteri (oming tody)
3 ssignment tests Speies Lst Time
4 Speies onepts Hyrids QTL nlysis Tody
5 Mehnisms of Speition lssi model: lloptri speition Symptri speition: in the presene of gene flow llopolyploids nd utopolyploids: instnt speition Diploid hyrid speition (homoploid hyrid speition) Eologil speition Nikls 1997, The Evolutionry iology of Plnts
6 Speies onepts t lest 25 speies onepts exist in the literture oyne nd Orr 2004
7 Speies onepts oyne nd Orr 2004
8 Eologil Speies onept Eologil riteri llow for esy reonilition with hyridiztion nd sexulity Prolem is it doesn't llow for overlps in nihes etween speies No len wy of deling with lloptri speies Opertionl diffiulties in defining nihes nd determining nihe equivlene
9 Phylogeneti Speies onept Monophyleti group omposed of the smllest dignosle luster of individul orgnisms within whih there is prentl pttern of nestry nd desent (rrft 1983: urrent Ornithology) Lowe, Hrris, nd shton 2004
10 Phylogeneti Speies Prolems Lks mehnism: merely oservtion of ptterns Gene trees versus speies trees Wht is the proper geneti distne for defining speies? Rte heterogeneity Retiulte evolution oyne nd Orr 2004
11 Retiulte evolution in sunflowers
12 Hyrids nd Speies onepts Hyridiztion is widespred phenomenon in plnts Up to 16% of plnt gener hve hyrids Less ommon in nimls Introgression is ommon phenomenon: spred of genes from one speies into gene pool of nother through hyridiztion nd repeted krossing Hyrids n e identified using moleulr mrkers tht re ommon in pure zone of one speies nd sent or low frequeny in other ytonuler disequilirium Hyrid indexes Hyrid zones often nrrow nd persistent
13 Poplr Hyrids pproximtely 30 speies, 6 setions, 2 mjor groups in the genus (ottonwoods, spens) Extensive hyridiztion mong speies within nd etween setions Hyrids Prent speies our in highly divergent hitts Hyrids our in intermedite hitt: hyrid hitt P. fremontii P. ngustifloi
14 Poplr Hyrid zone introgression P. fremontii t low elevtion, P. ngustifoli t high elevtion, hyrids in etween out 30% of P. fremontii lleles introgress into P. ngustifoli Unidiretionl introgression: only to P. ngustifoli ytonuler disequilirium: plnt with P. fremontii orgnelles tend to hve P. fremontii nuler mrkers
15 Trnsgressive segregtion in Hyrids Hyrids often hve phenotypi trits outside the rnge of their prentl speies ould e due to Epistsis: intertions mong loi omplementry lleles t single lous
16 Hyrid speition in sunflower Hyridiztion n sometimes led to instnt speition llopolyploidy quite ommon: perhps 80% of plnt speies hve polyploid nestry Diploid hyrid speition: sunflowers (Helinthus)
17 Hyrid speition in sunflower Hyridiztion etween Helinthus nnuus nd H. petiolrus yields reprodutively-isolted nd eologilly differentited H. nomlus, H. prdoxus, nd H. desertiol
18 Hyrid speition in sunflower Synthesized sunflower hyrids hve similr rerrngements in repeted rosses, nd similr to nturl hyrids Rieseerg et l Siene 272:741
19 Identifying genes Underlying Speies Differenes Hyrids provide gret tool for identifying geneti differenes etween prent speies Lrge geneti differenes esy to detet in hyrids: phenotypi segregtion Linkge nd quntittive trit lous (QTL) nlysis Need pedigree nd moderte numer of moleulr mrkers Very lrge regions of hromosomes represented y mrkers
20 Quntittive Trit Lous Mpping F 1 F 1 X HEIGHT GENOTYPE Prent 1 Prent 2 X Knott et l. (1997) TG 84: , modified from D. Nele
21 Next Time Mpping nd QTL nlysis ssoition studies
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