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4 `N (4'! 3K :0 + 4K O GQ a. + J :0 + A (4K: S a. + 30! 4; /CB :0 + E :0 + < 4 3 :5D) 4Q* a. + 4: OK *!+ : V4K J E wn 4 5: Q ) Kq 3N)!4 a. + (3 4 8 b 3N)!4! :J Z9 K (... ) 3N)!E (3N)!w5 (3N) uq 4 ) a ZB 4: I E -CQ ) 4K 3N) m! 8 -CQ 3++9 :0 + E 3N)!GQ!K3N>*! 54!K> J8 O ).(305 :378 (O+?) 4K' '! <$ #%0 - F 4.4)8: OK + J 4K :Kc' (:0!Kc' E wn 4 5: Q ` / e :0!Kc' _L (: TL Kc' T a.: '? (! 3 / 3N)!4!4 0> ++, :J :(:.' ) :. cn' 4N : / uq 30 (UN ) J 8 (:?) 4A : / [q 4!).3 5)!>N (c'! 3N) cn' 4N : / uq 30 4>!) ) Q : 9 Q? (GQ 4 8 4» : 5: = )!GQ ) : ` / F9 :..«4: [M* M : / [q :0!4 c' H )? :(:.' ) :. cn' 4N :N)!w5 30 (t : / A Z4.3 (: / uq 4!>!KZ4» : E GQ :!KMK (: / [q 3 4K `Q (!GQ!> ) 4!N) `9 ) 3 ) O.> ( + ) Q (:4 O (`+ ) `9!KO ( 4 )!w5 3N) (> `9 I).4: s :!!w5!w5 4 `J (3N)!w5.4K:!!Kd!L / 4N!w5 ` 30 (>!) ZB 3 :<G'.4: [K :. cn' 4N : / [q!w5 30 ) [M* :. cn' 4 ),N!GQ ' ) I E 4 3N)!4 / c' ;.3 h? 4 A!w5 3N) [+ :!" # 6"74 &5% / ! "0 + #34. Wagner 4

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6 :>Q) + N+ ( ) _E : + :>Q) + (3N) (378 (O+?).3 4 ; <$J #E(0 & P)L #". <& P)L.- [K FE :N) uq !KZ :B ' ++, :E 5 3N) :N!K4 8 ) uq (375) )? ! ) +* 0! 3N)!K3 : (384).3 4 :0 :> g8 4 ' :/E 3N4/ ) 4 3 e! E! 3N)!) ] ) 3'? :/E! ) K3 (t' : J9 > H 4!, ()8 E) ' ) -d 9C< `4>!K3 gs : (384) 5 )!49.w@ E '!K 4 K8 ) '? K ) MLE \) 4 8 b '!GQ :; g!j ) K3Q 4 ) 30p gs KN [M* (3N) uq [M* (!GQ ) - (:N)!KMK 4 = M (376)! b '.3! _ :M* g :N!K4 8 `!" # 6"74 &5% / ! "0 + #34 <A P)L.- :;! 3N) :9!K3 ) 4 8 = (975) 4 8 b / :K)D? (997) Z b Œ _ (:N)!KMK (- _ 4K: ) -= «4K w5 g 4! [K =!w5 Œ ) 4 Œ `+ ) > : 4 8 b :>Q) 3 :?!).3'? ( )!) OECD 4 8! : J 8! 3N) :/E!KMK ) :N)!K3!J ) - (3N)!KMK g K[K)D? p 3 w FN!4bE uq ` 30 L9 a+,.3 30p g!gq 4 ) :; 4 8 b b c' / :E F L ) 4 ; 3N)!4 c' / GDP 3N) b 3N)!4 gs : V4K ) 3 4 ; 4 8 g / /= /-.5/ /./'< ' 9- g5(m "N(D.3 4 -= >N H ˆK ) u' ) `' 4 -= >N E.4: :* > < Z4!K a+,. Bourgigan and Morrison. Sarel 3. Volscho 6

7 39 $/ ' +, -. '()" *% /$0 " #,-&./ :, b!kc' :J :(Gini) :E F L (UN G c' ( ( ) GDP.y.p Q ) MN :.' cn' 4N 3N) : / uq 30 :(GS) 3N)!4 (t.3 (CPI) :* G 4' ) Kd! c' 4 Œ : (P & ).3 (GDP!d 4<) :>Q) :.' cn' 4N 4 Œ : ( G D & P).3 3N)!4 - Œ (u!gq 4 ( o<gq : M d < a+,!;!k m 8 :!)4, ) 3 4!)8bE 8 M! 8! N )!M e!gq!k 5.3 ( ) ; (VAR %) < 9J& ;( " +".3-3 :M@E / 98 ) 980 (97!KZ M I! 5'! N)4 (FQ J) [4?.4 5 :* > OK \) :=C!K@N! HN 4+/ H. 4 ) :=GQ :! N)4 3 :+ OK * ) :!K: I' -@K : :C+/ ] E) * )!K@N wn 4: \q ) 4 0g!*!K? (w53. ; : :[?! :!'!K :./ I) 4!' I) _ G (! 5'!K@N ` / :>Q)! J./ :+Q ) ` /CB : D) H.3 w?te! 5'!@N ` (40 `J < : Z4 VAR : / Z4 :44 5,N Z4 A ` y y = ( Gini, GS, P&, GD& P) y = ϕ :3 OK' VAR!@N FNQ y Z9 o + 4 i= ϕ i y t + ε t 7. Consumer Price Index.O : tc+ 4> 3N)!4 `N :!)4, tq. 3. Sims 7

8 ϕllϕ4 Gini ϕo Ginit ε K.. GS ϕ o + GSt + ε P& K.. ϕ 3 P& o t ε 3 K.. K.. GDP & ϕ 4 GDP & o t ε4 ϕ4llϕ 44 a+, ;!K - : 4 3 -d! 5' Z4 q `0Q. > 0>!K> H!K;Q) 4> n ) O : ) :8 `>NnJ/ b I ; 3 4 :> [K)D? I) ) 4!K:? J./ : K :>EOK Z4 ˆK ) n)!m=. '? K (M " "(F : : ) K : (! 5' Z4! 5 ] 8 (K : : 3E K 8 :J.O -4Q K :.3 *O> N* -:J 5(M sd / ND) (H-N -"/ ]' F " -!? r.-', " (<F (/l %0 %5 % ADFO? (M -/63 -/99-3/73 -/49 Gini -/6 -/96-3/67-3/5 GS -/6 -/96-3/67-3/05 P & -/6 -/98-3/7 -/ G D P a+,!k* : t8j 5(M ' 4)( JP=) / ND) (H-N -"/ -!? r.-', " (<F (/l %0 %5 % ADFO? (M -/6 -/98-3/7-6/ Gini -/6 -/96-3/67-6/0 GS -/6 -/97-3/68-5/39 P & -/6 -/98-3/7-5/65 G D P a+,!k* : t8j. Stationary. Adjustment Dickey- Fuller!" # 6"74 &5% / ! "0 + #34 8

9 39 $/ ' +, -. '()" *% /$0 " #,-&./ :d _! 5`L; e *!K : 4K () ) () Z)4E E.4K B E 0F.5=I' / D) AD) `<9 B 3 '! 3K!;Q) cq VAR Z4 e.4k ec L * ' CE es8 ((SC) M > ˆK :;.q!k> (!;Q) > 3E ] 4!K> :!? ) Z)4E 0, (HQ) Ao-3 0; D /0 * 0/08 0/30 (SC) ) - D /33 * 0/73 /46 H.: ; (HQ) S 9 ((AIC). ( K = ) 3 e!;q) 4> * VAR.-H. (F 0F.=I' AD).3-', (ALC) Yo3? D /4 * 9/79 9/77 =I' 0 a+, :t8j.3 ] > 3 C/ * VAR.5 A_) (!;Q) 4> > ) : : n? `0Q [q 4 :9 B VAR!KZ4 (4) Z)4E < VAR Z4 q `<9 (O: )8 Eviews M*- ;.3 9. Error Terms.376 (: =5.W.!>N!. 9

10 Gini ( ) GS ( ) Gini 0/85 (0/09) 0/000 (0/00) GS -3/6 (0/0) 0/46 (0/8) VAR A_) r.4-', G DP & -06/03 (47/7) 0/48 (0/86) P & -30/7 (70/47) -/95 (/8) G 0/0005-0/0 0/44-0/43 DP & ( ) (0/0004) (0/04) (0/04) (0/30 ) P & -0/000-0/039 0/4 0/9 ( ) (0/000) (0/08) (0/36) (0/8 ) C R squared 0/064 (0/04) 0/83 0/3 (4/8) 0/39 44/ (3/7) 0/4 40/85 (34/3) 0/36 (u ' F(P) "? JDH B% pf [) : (4 ) M!.) VAR!@N!K :J 4 8 b `>NnJ/ () `J 3 K e K 4 8 E)!KW 30 5K.4K: G DP & ) P & ( GS!K W > V, e 30 3N) uq O) 3N) 4 > V, e!4 W e g : 4K () `J n ) 4: ' u) -A!KZ ) :! [M* y/ ((:.' cn' 4N e ).: 4> OKM?!KZ J 4: [K!4>!K).:! [M* y/ 4> -) Z )! [K y/ 4 - Œ W [M* y/ Z 4!GQ 4 > V, e!4 W e g ˆK.4K: [K! 4 8 n? ) :!!" # 6"74 &5% / ! "0 + #34. Impulse Response Function 30

11 39 $/ ' +, -. '()" *% /$0 " #,-&./ "H- (F "04 JDH B% pf -).-J B '.&) "F! e.3 4 :? J./ : 3E M e K ) W `+ K :0g: O n)!m=.:!m= 4 8! :!K e K ) >! F 4 4< 00 ) N) 3 () `J a0b.3 4 ; Kn)!) [M* (3 MA K O. 5: < \' I Gini,L 4Q 4K:.4: [M* Gini _L K gs (:.3 - Œ ) 3N)!4 4 4.!GQ 4 :54K_L?/ p!-) B '.&).-J a+,!k* :t8j 3. Variance Decomposition 3

12 (d, -%, <PAY% +") %\9 (( #L&.3- :! `J!GQ 4A 4 4. :N> I) > ) : ] m F L) :>EOK!K )8 ) > (\).: ; K \) :>EOK 8 )! 5'!@N F L ; K (4 4. :N> I)!@N F L!) :>EOK!K :5 )8: OK * J (K 4.: ; D) 4+ p49 8 ) 3.)8 3! 5' g 8 K :>EOK 8 -=! :: > < 5?!K@N e K :0 D) 4+ p49 ) g!k 8 ) / -3 4) )4 ) / - 4) ) 40 / ) ) ) / ) ) / -4 4) )4 8 D) 4+ p49 8 :N) beok 4+ p49 8 beok 8 ) 0OK 4 g 8 Z)!@N!!;Q) H p49 : ( g 8 (-)!@N.4: 4s p49 g 8 (-!@N. E) beok D) D) 4+ p49 ) g 8 H -A!@N. E) beok D) 4+ p49 D) 4+ 8 H ) 4 g 8 H O=?!@N -= ) E) beok. E) beok!" # 6"74 &5% / ! "0 + #34 Trace Max- Eigen p,5.5 /(F / D) AD). (F Q' l (\3 ; ' (L -!?.5-', H o H I.-H II.-H III.-H IV.-H V.-H r = o r 43/8 7/63 66/9 84/5 8/ 0 r r r r 3 r 3 r 4 r = o r = r r = r r = 3 r 3 r = 4 /3 8/97 /69 /68 /5 6/8 /68 37/50 8/4 6/7 34/3 9/07 /5 6/7 3/79 7/4 5/7 34/ 5/36 /4 5/7 48/46 0/34 8/4 35/79 8/ /9 8/4 46/5 9/86 7/76 34/94 6/8 /0 7/76 a+,!k* :t8j. Johansen. :@K * 4' f (.""&0/iI / "D,5 ' ; ' *".(378) 4, (: *. 3. Trace 4. Maximal Eigen Value 3

13 39 $/ ' +, -. '()" *% /$0 " #,-&./ s Z4! :>EOK e E) (D) + OM ) g!k 8 -= H.3 4 Z)4E 4: nj> K :N> I) 4 Z C /009 G DP & -0/03 P & -0/ "D,5 -!? r.6-', GS -0/056 Gini - (M ( /(F a+,!k* :t8j!kz :B!GQ 4 ) - Œ (3N)!4 (4 8 b :N>! (F 4 :48: 3 < Gini = /009 0/056 GS -0/009 0/03 G t 8 : (-/3) (5/8) (6/6) (7/) B _! 8,N K F L - d!n> : 4K BK 4 4. :N>!.: 4s K :N>! E) wn 3 :> 4< 5 4 ) - Œ ) 3N)!4 :;! (:!K d!n>.3 ( ) :!) 4 8 b!gq %W. " #D9.4 g OKq : zg'.): K!GQ O /L :J 3N)!4 ) !K ; a+, ().O= 4 8 b (3N)!4 (4 8 b!k ` K I) (! 5'!@N e : (*O> N* :J 8 ;.3* 5 Q : - )!GQ 4! 5`L; e a+,!k - 4 cq ) 3* 5 Q : K n (4 cq M M > 4s Z4!;Q) / e!;q).44 ˆK ) KW b [) (n)!m= ) :8 `>NnJ/ b ; 5 K 4 cq ) O 4K K FE 4 8 b :54K_L 4Q Z! [M* y/ 4 5 Z/ 3N)!4 > V, e!4 :!M= ; ˆK ) 3* [K 4 N) g!4>!k) n ) ! :54K_L 4Q 3N)!4 O4 = n) (K :>EOK 8 ; )C/ (3 b :; g 3N)!4 (4 4. H.O u q K (! 5 :E) ' H ) 4 3 a+, O!=

14 :; (4 8 b 3N)!4 g 4 4. (3 30p 4 8 b 3N)!4 g.3 `< :.!K3 C E : a+, `<9 H! 3N)!K3!V; (GQ 3N) 3N' M ) )49 > (: Q 44 (:<G' [q P9! :9!P* = )!G,4L!K3 7q (:<G' [q.e :... ) :E'!w5 ) :N 0+ m0!e :N m0p :M@E.3 3N) t.! 4 4 3E -d!kjk # ! "0 +!" # 6"74 &5% / 34

15 39 $/ ' +, -. '()" *% /$0 " #,-&./ 35 ++,!.=."#?/ p#!-) (#F +3 /ii.5r8 (L ".(376) pf0 `> (!.50-7 z (5 (!GQ #?/ p!-) (F./iI JD).5 (Lj)".(384) 5 ) 4, :./ (! z (70 (!GQ ++,!.=." ( / * :K)D? -:./!.G*." (# / #?/.(F (F ' (ln".(384)!k ) ( z (7 (:/E. :.""&0/iI / p,5 ' ; ' *".(378) 4, (: * Aly, H. and M. Strazicich (000). "Is Government Size Optimal in the Gulf Countries of the Middle East". J.E.L. E 6, H, 53. Blackburn, M.L. and D.E. Bloom (99). "The Distribution of Family Income: Measuring and Explaining Changes in the 980s for Canada and the United States". NBER Working Papers, No National Bureau of Economic Research, Inc. Branson, W., (976). "The Dual Rols of the Government Budget and the Balance of Payments in the Movement Form Short- run to Long- run Equilibrium". Quarterly Journal of Economics, 4 (4).PP Breen. R. and C. Garcia- Penalosa (005). "Income Inequality and Macroeconomic Volatility: An Empirical Investigation". Review of Development Economics, Vol.9, No. 3, PP Chu, K.H. Davoodi and S. Gupta (000). "Income Distribution and Tax and Government Social Spending Policies in Developing Countries". IMF Working Paper 00/6, Washington, International Monetary Fund. Dasgupta, P.A.Sen and D. Starret (973). "Notes of the Measurement of Inequality". Journal of Economic Theory, Vol. 6, pp, Fishlow, A., (995). "Inequality, Poverty, and Growth: Where Do We Stand". Annual World Bank Conference on Development Economics, PP Fluckiger, y. and M. Zarin- Nejadan (994). "The Effect for Macroeconomic Variables on the Distribution of Income: The Case of Switzerland". Journal of Income Distribution. Vol. 4, No., PP Jantti, M. and S. Jenkins (00). "Examining the Impact to Macro - Economic Conditions of Income Inequality". ISER Working Papers from Institute for Social and Economic Research, No Mehran. F. (975). "Income Distribution of Iran". Statistics of Inequality. ILO, Geneva. Olalla. L. F. and F. Vella (005). "Macroeconomic Activity and the Distribution of Income in Spain". Working Paper, European University Institute, PP

16 Volscho, T., (004). "Income Distribution in 4 OECD Nations, : Evidence from the Luxembourg Income Study". Working Paper, No. 386, Luxembourg Income Study. # ! "0 +!" # 6"74 &5% / 36

17 The Effect of Government Size on Income Distribution in Iran Asaad Alahrezaee, Javad Hoseinzadeh, Ayoub Faramarzi, Mansureh Yazdankhah Received: 6 October 03 Accepted: 5 February 04 Income distribution and income inequality are the most important issues in the field of public economics and development that have been noticed by governments and policy makers in various countries. On the other hand, viewpoints about government s role in economic development, increased. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of government size on income distribution in Iran. So we try to use vector autoregressive model that contain income distribution and government size and other important macro variables that affect income distribution such as economic growth and inflation rate. In this study data over for model estimation have used. The results shown that increasing in government size, inflation rate and economic growth have a negative effect on income distribution. So the government should give its economics roles to private sector focus on monitoring roles. JEL Classification: O5, E4, C3. Key Words: Income Distribution, Government Size, Vector Error Correction Model.

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