Project Name Wind Analysis Report Presented to: Client Logo Revision Generated by Date Reviewed by Date Comment

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1 Project Name Wind Analysis Report Presented to: Client Logo Revision Generated by Date Reviewed by Date Comment

2 1.1.0 Introduction According to the approved Design Basis The wind speed is considered as per Employer Requirements 160km/h (44,4 m/s) and assumed to be 3 sec. gust wind typical for the region. Therefore, the following is applied: Wind speed (10 minutes mean) = 29,8 m/s. The paper, Comparative study of Eurocode 1, ISO and ASCE procedures for calculating wind loads by Dan Langu et al., quote the following ISO code conversion factors between different averaging intervals: 1,05 Vref(1h) = Vref10min = 0,84 Vref1min = 0,67 Vref3sec. Hence for the 10 minute mean wind velocity (vb,0 in EN , chapter 4.2 (1)P) a value of 0,67 x 44,4 = 29,8 m/s shall be applied. For further details on wind load assessment, please refer to Technical Note M001-ISG-CIV-ENN Wind effects are considered with specific analysis because different inclinations faces form shelter cover up Basic velocity pressure q b = ρ v b 2 = 555,03 N/m 2 v b = c dir c season v b,0 = ,8 = 29,8 m/s ρ = 1,25 kg/m Peak velocity pressure q p (z) = c e (z) q b = 1,38 KN/m 2 c e (z) = exposure factor = k r 2 c t ln(z/z 0 ) [7+c t ln(z/z 0 )] for z z min (z shelter = 5,8 m) with: k r = 0,19 (z 0 /z 0,II ) 0,07 z 0,II = 0,05 m (terrain category II, Table 4.1 UNI EN :2005 )

3 Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 UNI EN :2005 Terrain category used The table below shows the q p value referred of the terrain category where shelters are located: Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-2 q p value Terrain category kr z 0 [m] z min [m] c e (z min) c e (z) q p(z min) [kn/m 2 ] q p(z) [kn/m 2 ] I II III IV

1.1.3 Wind pressure on surfaces 1.1.3.1 Vertical walls Columns and façade Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 Surfaces considered Table Error!

4 1.1.3 Wind pressure on surfaces Vertical walls Columns and façade Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-1 Surfaces considered Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-3 UNI EN :2005: External pressure coefficients for vertical walls Assumption: h/d = 5,8 m / 14,8 m =0,40, value taken by the interpolation of two cases (1-0.25): c pe,ww = + 0,6 Windward c pe,lw = - 0,5 Leeward INTERNAL FACADE p(+) s(-) Windward Leeward Cpi Cpe Wi = cpi qp(z) kn/m We = cpe qp(z) kn/m Wnet = cpnet qp(z) kn/m

5 Net pressure on a roof The net pressure on a wall, roof or element is the difference between the pressures on the opposite surfaces taking account of their signs. Pressure, directed towards the surface is taken as positive, and suction, directed away from the surface as negative. Example are given in figure below. Error! No text of specified style in document.-2figure Pressure on surface Wind pressure on internal surface of a structure W i = q p (z i ) c pi Internal and external pressures shall be considered to act the same time. For buildings without a dominant face, the internal pressure coefficient c pi should be determined from Figure 7.13, a µ for each wind direction θ, which should be determined from expression: Error! No text of specified style in document.-3 Figure Internal pressure coefficients.

But in this case is not possible to estimate µ, so, as is provided by the EN 1991-1-4, c pi should be taken as the more onerous of +0,2 and 0,3.

No text of specified style in document.-4 Surfaces considered Duopitch/Multispan roofs c pe : Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.

6 But in this case is not possible to estimate µ, so, as is provided by the EN , c pi should be taken as the more onerous of +0,2 and 0, Wind pressure on external surface w e = q p (z e ) c pe The c pe coefficient analysis is reassumed below: Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 Surfaces considered Duopitch/Multispan roofs c pe : Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-5 Surfaces considered The present case results from the superposition of two cases compliant UNI EN :2005. The pitch of the roof s inclination varies from 0 to 10 degrees.

7 Duopitch roof: Wind Load in both direction 0-90 are considered. Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-6 Duopitch roofs CODE case

8 Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 UNI EN :2005: External pressure coefficients for duopitch Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 UNI EN :2005: External pressure coefficients for duopitch

Multi-span roofs: consider in the wind load, but c pe,roof taken is 1 for all sequence, in favour of safety. Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.

9 Multi-span roofs: consider in the wind load, but c pe,roof taken is 1 for all sequence, in favour of safety. Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-7 Muti-span roofs CODE case The c pe values are shown in these pictures below: Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-8 Duopitch/multispan roofs c pe considered

Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-9 Duo-pitch/multi-span roofs cpe considered Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 Wind Pressure duo-pitch/multi-span roofs loads considered.

10 Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-9 Duo-pitch/multi-span roofs cpe considered Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-4 Wind Pressure duo-pitch/multi-span roofs loads considered. INTERNAL VERTICAL ROOF ROOF p (+) p (-) Windward Lee-ward f 2,x f 1,x f 1,y f 2,y C pi C pe W i=c pi q p(z) KN/m W e=c pe q p(z) KN/m W net=c pnetq p(z) KN/m Duopitch simple canopy The yellow zone is considered as duopitch simple canopy ; the canopy s inclination varies from 0 to 10 degrees. Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-10 Surfaces considered

Pitch angle α of 10 degrees is considered for the inclination values shown in the image below: Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.

11 Pitch angle α of 10 degrees is considered for the inclination values shown in the image below: Figure Error! No text of specified style in document.-11 Canopy Section In Duopitch canopies case, there are two different conditions for Wx an Wy wind directions. When the wind is in x direction, fully block canopy is considered, with φ (blockage term) equal to 1; but in y direction the canopy is empty and φ (blockage term) equal to 0. Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-5 UNI EN :2005: External pressure coefficients for duo pitch canopy

12 NOTE: Please consider that in the current design of shelter, fully block canopy (φ equal to 1) is considered in all directions because is the worst case in favour of safety (higher values of suction coefficients pressure coefficients remain the same). Table Error! No text of specified style in document.-6 Wind Pressure duo pitch simple canopy. Loads considered CANOPY (Suction) CANOPY (Pressure) A B C D A B C D C pnet W net = c pnet q p(z) KN/m

Load combinations will be created according to the below option.

Load combinations will be created according to the below option. Eurocode Wizards The Eurocode Wizard option shows a dialogue box where various pre-defined beams, frames, rafters and trusses can be stated easily and roof, snow, wind and imposed loads as well as load