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1 mmmrmmr l-6}rmmmmidw(o}idffi'w,m ID {O}{9t (Yl {9l'r\{~IDIDID I,tipf~F~~IDNIIQN f ~ N,'S-V 01, X LJ X, F'WAV 4TH M... '95'. '''.:~":~~: "",~ ",,:,~;"...,. : s NON VIOLENT RESISTANCE ~ ~ m~~~~~-~'~~~~7~~ ~~ ~\~e d~?li'~if t)l~n~~~i)~~e~eabl~t ~~ns~i~~;s s~i;~eri;~~tin~t ~~cs~e~~ ~!O;fl whle sul a~ail1st the will f the tyrant. 'iiii ~ N certificate* r merit frm the. w,rid will * give us Sll'::CCSS, if we * have 1101 I an.cd S it by the swent f the brw. S ~ Cmplete ci~ disbedienre is rcbcllin*withut thc clcment f~'ilence ill il~ ~ ~ An ut and ut civil resister simpl}' ignres thc nulhrily (If'the State. ~ S ~ Civil resistance.* is a mst pwerful expressin * f sul-ill1guish and * an elquent $ e- 'i;fij prtest against the cntinuance f all evil state. 'i!iii' S / * '.*. - S ~ \Vhen a Gvernment becmes lawless 111 an rgantsed manner, civil dis/jbulience. $ IiiIIl becmes a sacred duty and is the nly r<:'medy pen speciall} t thse II h h;1.(1 n S hand in the making f the Gvernment r its laws. S ~ The path f ~ Pas'sive Resister is bese~with unsurmulllal:>le di~ulties' But in ~ ~ true Passive Resistance there is neither disappintmcnt nr def(:at, As truth is all ~ ~ pwerful, Satyagraha can never be defeated. ~ ~ * * *.\iii S A Passive Resist~r nevt;:r d,-=s.anything ut f fear frm withut. He shuld a S fear nly Gd. S S A Passivl: H..esistcr never desires t reach the gal by harburing r illcreasing S * * * ~ iij-will r 'hatred against his ppnent", ~ IiiIl -Gandhiji. ~ ~ :ut1!1~!r rc:l'~l~ I S "~lic r~ti ~!Jlil.{-{\ ~~l~l ill,<!.~ ~,<\:l\»lill, ~:'-'t <3H't::J., a=ll 'l>t~' iil..~.. 1't\':{\li.{\ ~:li8i=l ~It{\.. S ~ ~~, 't~'g ~~li-t\ ~:l'''l=ll ~~l\t!s\~llii 'tldl=ll ~I(lil ~.fi ~C\r: S ~.... '! »t1't~1 't~~'\i~ "'ll't~ (i.fl ':tl'\~lct l{ulc!.t{\ rt~ ~l'\. Cli g-t\'\l-t\ :C11"il~(I)~ ~l'tl:?:l=l ~~Ulctl li'1\11.{\ S..~. S ~.~~ ~r;rt'\ Gt'~l 41~I'U ~~1'{ '4~ {tel ~rt11 ut.1. v(~"t'~t ~r,rt'~ r'1. ~l H m ~11'{,\ n ~~l-{l S ul\(,lia "'t'pl~rtl!j' ~. S $ ~r.\..q Gt.)l ill, ~l(lii-t\ G>t~ctI1 ~'1tfl ll.''l'!l '}j,':.~l:" ~ "'t:t G'.1~~ ~l"{'\ ~l~ ~~:I ~ll{:tl W'l'1\ ~ S, ~~~ $ S ' l!!!!l ~Ht~ ""ll~..q<t~~ct :(l(l ~~I1'{lr "l:t ~ (ql~, "tl~ ~:(l.t;lilil;'\l iil ~Ul~ ~~~l Clrtl ~11«1 S :!J{tlet.,tlii QI~ rt'.fi. C\iill-t\ ~r;rtq ~'.)l!i~etl.{\ 'tret'l H1'{ 'lei 't'! ~ "'l':l. ill,1'{ ill,!j lil::t ::J~l1'{ Cliill-t\! \iiil 'tl~ ~l'\ 0.,:::) ~ ~(ql~~~l lil~t' ~'fh ~~'),{-{\iill~ ""U'il.f;\l 'l'l ~~ 't~'u "\~t ~(4nllLlIi r"~l~l ; r.;,\j.'~ctt:t ~~I" S S 1'{,rttfl~ ~('\ ~'t :.r~ctlilt ~I'd ~('lllt'~l 'H1"r''t!s; lt110'( rt,-fl... ~ l!!!!l ~('lllt~ U\l~ ~'ttfi 1I~ H<:\t rt'.{\, yl\t~ ~etlq vfl~1 HU;'\' <l=:t ~II ~'l{1'{..~. ~ 'iifi '" " " G S _ ~fllm.!j ~lctltl Gt'l~~=:tl rctnm!::{l 1 a~f ~~ ~"l.fl ~'rtlrtl \~ll. 't~i~~<tl.{\ \,):l\:j!. H1t..~. e S - - -'Il~~. S mmmmmmmmmmmmmmidmmmmmmmmmmmm~rm

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5 N. ts-vl.-xlix. FIULJAY, 4TH, MAY 195t R_aid.red.l lja. C,.r O. 11:II.,...~. p~r. PrI,. I SIX PEIlCE ~lli:rtalt C!DphtiOlt FRIDAY, "'IH MAY, 1951 The Writings On The Wall N the glm that i5 cast ver us nn-eurpeans IT - as a result f the present very reactinary plicy f the Gvernment, if smething is said favurable t us it brings a ray f hpe. Vtle are happy t recrd three such ~vents this week. One is the very Ulspkeh statement m...dc by the Dean f Jhannesburg, The Very Rev. \V. CA. Palmer ih which the Dean ~aid that "when human beings me denied the pprtunities f a full and free life, there arc ptential, surces f hatred and strife and ever-widening circles f evil... The test f any plitical party is hw far its practical plicy is allied t npplied Christianity and hw far it stands up t the light f ne elementary precept, "'Vhatsever ye wuld that men shuld d unt yu, d ye even s t them." Then the Vicar-General f Pretria, the Very Rev. frederick Amre, has smashed the thery f the Dutch Refrmed Church that apartheid is nt calltrary t' Hly scripture. The Vic ar G c ne I'a 1 has prved frm the New Testament that Christ nc\'er cuntenanced apartheid. He smashc'd clean thrugh it. The third is the \'crr, heartening speech made b}' Dr. Culin 'Steyn (D.P.,, lljemflltein) in the Duill.l Huse f Assembly. He if; reprted t have said: Suth Africa wuld have t make reasnable cncessins t the Clured peple if white civilisatin was t cntinue. These cncessins, he very ri~htly said, shuld be made nw, befre they were frced upn the Eurpeans. Cncessins which were acceptable tday, he said, wuld be rejected tmrrw. Far,sighted as he was, Dr. SteYII said; Suth Africa was ignring the effec.t f such legislatin (Clured Vters' Bill ) n its allies. The Unin needed friends, und it shuld nt embarrass its allies." The supprt f the nn Eurpeans. he said, shuld be bw.ined t help build up a happy and cntented natin. Sner r later the GO\'crnment ',-auld have t fllw this cur!>e..the mre we uplift the nn Eurpeans, he said, the mre we uplift ursel~'es.n_ He als ~aid that the Gvernment, by its present plicr, far frm crushing cmmunism was making the land fenilc fr it. \Ve have fluted abve what bas been said by thinking Eurpeans. His presence un a tin f the Suth deputa African said Prfessr J abavu. "yu will be ushered int a wrld Institute f Race Relatins that is particularly h,,~tile was s disliked by ne f t the 50-called Frt H arc: the present Cabinet l\linisters prducts. The "half-baked that he refused t see Eurpean" with cxaggetat the deputatin. Prfessr,cd ntins f superirity Jabavu was addressing the aud a fear f the ptentiality students nt a graduatin f the African, wuld ceremny. It was the first be their fe, he said. time in the 35 years' histry These are all hmetruths-writin.l:s f the Cllege that the 011 the graduatin add ress has been wall. If,\Vhite Suth.-\frica deli\'ered by an African, ignres thelll it will d ~ 0 "As yu leave.: the Cllege," at ils peril. Wrking Of The Grup Areas Act-Gvcrnmcnt's Sincerity Being Put T Test The Native Advisry. Bard, a statutry bdy cmprising tbe six municipal Native lcatins in Jhannesburg, (xpressed "great alarm" at the fact that the Western Areas scheme, which invlved mving mre than 18,000 families frm the western district f Jhannesburg, had been discussed by the Gvernment and by varius representatives f tbe City Cuncil withut reference t Native pinin. A meeting f the bard said that althugh they had nt been cnsulted. they felt that many thusands f hmeless families were being prejudiced by the prpsal t give pririty t thse living in the Western Areas, many f whm wue adequately hused. The bard said they had always understd that tbe Grup Areas Act the majrity in ally area, and the meeting therefre suggested that, as the Eurpeans in Ihe \Vestern Areas were in the minrity, they shuld ue mved, i anybdy was. t be m ved. The same rule shuld apply t C:lt ManN, in Durban.,,,here tbe Municipality cllabrating with the Gvernment, is trying bard t usurp land wned by NOTES \\'e n\\' qute ~vb:j.t a distinguished African, Pr_ fessr D. D, T. Jabavu, has said. Prfl.:Sf,01' Jahavu uelngs t the very mderate a Eurpe:m :lre3. It clearly shws Indians and t turn the area inl schl. He is a frmer' what the bject f the Grup member f the Frt Hare Areas Act is. It is as has been said hy Gvernment spkesmen, Cllege staff <tnd has sat n t remve what they call the severill public cmmissins. black spts frm the white ar~a~. It f curse stands t reasn th:!t if black spts predminate the wise curse wuld be t remve the white spais in rder t bring tbe 3rea int unifrmity. Is nt the Gvernment attempting the impssible? Fr in the map f Suth Afric:! it is the black Spt that predminates and therefre it shuld he the white spt tb:!t sbuld justifiably be eliminated. That indeed wuld be mre practicable and the crrect tbing t d. Desperate Plight r Hmeless Clured Peple In a St. Gerge's Day service 10 St. M:!ry's C:ubelral, tbe Very Rev. \V. A. Palmer, the Dean f Jhannesburf', made reference t the desperate plight f hmeless Clured peple. S many Eurpeans, the Dean $;lid, did nt knw tbe desperate plight f the Clured peplt'. The lack f husing bad brken up the family lives f many respectable. selfsupprting Clured peple. "1 ask sincerely: with all this cncern abut the plitic:!1 status f the Clured man, is it beynd the wit f man t give the Clured wrkmen huses f simplicity and decency? Ha'le we nt yet learnt,th:n when hum3n beings are hused in hvels and tenements, n;>t lit fr habitatin, and denied.,the pprtunities f OJ full :lnd free lice, there are ptential surces f hatre:! and strife, and everwidening circles f evil?" Tile Dean cncluded: "N do'jut I

6 shall be accused f preaching plitics. I am nat afraid f that. "The test f any plitical party't me is hw f:lr its practical plicy is allied t applied Christianity and hw far it stands up t the ligbt f ne elementary precept 'Whatstever ye wuld that men shuld d unt yu, d ye even s t tbem.''' "Christ Did Nt Cuntenance Apartheid," Says Dean In Reply T D.R.C. "The Dutch Refrmed Church ray seem very str?g in SOUlh Africa, but in the wider view f wrld -::bristianity it is but a very liule part f Christendm; and n ther part f Cbristendm will be fund t agree tbat. racialism is cuntenanced by New Testament Christianity," s;lys the Vicar-General f Pretria, tbe Very Rev. Frederick Amre, in tbe new issue f the Kingdm. "Smething ugbt t be said abut the c:i im f certain members f the Dutch Refrmed Cburch that ap3!theid IS nt cntrary t Hly Scripture," says writer, wh, as Dean f Pretria, is Vic:u-Gen:ral until the Bishpdect arrives. It was true that the natill f Israel was given a special psitin f privilege in tbe Old Testament. "But if, wlngly, ne taku a stand On the Olel Tesument and ignres the :'-lew Tesl:lment, the ne nalin I which is prved t be the dminating race f the wrld is nt the Afribner but the lace f Isuel, :l cnclusic wbich \\Qutd be mst unpalatable t the supprters f ap:jttl,eid." Christ was the authrity fr Cbristians, :ldd New Test.lment shwed bw that authrity was fllwed in che early days f tbe Christi3n Church. "Christ came t a cunlry where :Ipartheid was well knwn; it W3S the apartheid - between Jew and Samarit3n. Did Christ cuntel1.1nce this ap3rtbeidi' On the cntary, He sm;lsbed clean thrugh it." Chtlst healed grups f -peple all tgether as human beings in Eventually the Eurptans in sblp!it;itt.ls, there is dthing t Suth -Africa wuld have t stp yu giving inferir rigbts in 'make reasnable cncessins t. au directirts-educatin, freedm the Clurrd prple if white f mvement, etc. It is against civilisatin was t cbtinue. the whle principle f Parliament These cncessins shuld be ary Gvernment t' legislate withmade nw, befr~ they were ut cnsultatin, r at least majrfcrced upn the Eurpeans. It ity cnsent. It is the destructin shuld be remembered, declared f the whle essence f Parlia Dr. Steyn, that cnces3ins which mentary Gvernment tbat a frw~fe acceptable tday wuld.be tuitus majrity in Parliament r~lect,ed t,mrrw. Suth Afnca shuld disenfranchise anther was 19nrlDg the dfect f such. f b. d 'f legislatin n its allies, he added. :eclln 0! e cmmunity, an. ~ In the trubled state f the wrld, IS destructive f tbe.wble Spl.rJt with "difficulties in Asia :md that they s.buld d~senfranchlse Africa:' the Unin Deed friends, thse wh disagree WIth them. and it shuld nat embarrass its UP's Pledge T Restre ' allies. Rights "Then we must g under," exclaimed the Minister f Justice, Mr. C. R. Swart. "N, Vie need nt perish," replied Dr. Steyn. The supprt f the Dn-Eurpeans, he said, shuld be btained t belp build up a h3ppy ;lnd cntented natin. Sner r laler the Gvernment wuld have t fllw this curse. "1'he mre we uplift the nn. Eurpeans," be said, "tbe mrc we uphft urselves." Dr. Steyn added dat it \\uld be unwise and harmful t pass the Bill,even by a twa-thirds majrity. The way t cmbat Cmmunism was nt by making the nn Eurpeas embiuered. "Yu are making the sil \lery fertile fr Cmmunism," said Dr. Steyn. What Mrs. Ballinger Was Precluded Frm Saying Press reprts state that as tbe stipulated time fr che debate n the Clured Vters' Bill wall ver the Native representative Mrs. Ballillger was nt able t~ say what sh~ bad desired t say. The fllwmg are same f the p~ints,give? by the 'Sunday Tllnes which Mrs. Ballinger wanted t make: General Hertzg gave a slemn undert:lking in 1936 that this very thing wuld nat happen. It was :I bargain-in return fr supprt in pulling the Nativts n ~ sepuate vters' rll. General Heu%g said tbat the \:rc3t Deed f His healing pwer. Eurpeans Were :tfraid f the He did nat sep3r:lle them int Natives, hut if they culd be put grup befre healing them. "He n a separate rll :tnd given a chse as the her f ne f ~epresentatin which wuld nt His best-knwn parables a member f a despised peple, raci;llly Eurpe:lns, tbey wuld then be tnvlve any swamping f the impure, the gd Sam.uit.ln. He able t. be generus twards them. did nt S.1y that the Samaritan S tbelr prprtinal representa. shuld ha\ic stayed ;It an illn '{r tin W:lS curt3i/ed. But ic h~ nt 1I0n-Jews nly.' "-'The Slar: had the effect General Hertzg sul;gested. It has created :I pl' A Sane View tical ~nferirity frm which a pr~greulve lss f b~ic rights has Speaking in the Heuse f As. sembly during the Clured flwed. Fe;lr "a, nt diminished Vtc~ Bill. Dr. Clin Steyn is and rutrictive laws have increased. The natives :Ire much reprted t bave made ne f the f the Wi~C5t ~peechts. He cun. less free tday)han tbey were in selled c:lutin aud cmprmise. 1936, Jl.3uie:ubrly in the Cape Cmprmiu, he ~aid, W2s nt nly pssit?le but e!tedtial. where they had Ihe franchise: When yu have retluced citizen- The Leader f tbe"ppsitin, Mr. J. G. N. Strauss, pledged the United Party t give back t the Clured peple their plitical rights and t see that these rights were entrenched. As sn as Dr. T. B. Dnges, Minister f the Interir, had mved tbe secnd reading f the Vdte Bill in the Huse f Assembly last week, Mr. Strauss began a lg speecb cndemnin~ the Bill, wbich, be li3id, culd nly lead t the frmatin f a slid 2nri-Eurpean blc in Sutb Africa. He was asked several times by way f interjectins whether r nt he wuld repeal the Bill when the United P.arty was returned t pwer. He gave n categrie:tl answer until in an interjectin be tld tbe fllwing speaker, Mr.P. O. S:luer, Minister f Transprt: "The plitical rigbts tbat are nw being taken away :tdd that were always cntrenched, will be given b:aclt t the Clureds :ldd will be entrencbed." Mr. Strauss said that the United Party wuld als cntrench the equality f the tw nffici:ll languages, the freedm f the Press, f the curts, f cnscience 2nd f speech, ad wuld TRY NATURE'S FOR YOUR WRITE TO 4th May, tqsl entrench the psitin f tbe Unin in the CmmnwC.:llth. Mr. Le Lvell (Benni) wh spke fr the Labur Party said the Labur Party wuld stand by tbe United Party Pledge t restre the Clured vte. Dr.-Malan Agitated The Natinalists' first tbughts t as viced by the Prime Miaisttt, Dr. Malan, says the Plitical cr respdent f 'The Star (Jhu> nesburg), were t turn tbe Oppsitin's declaratin t electral advantage nt nly in Ceres but als in the cuntry generally. Guarantee the Cmmnwealtb coddectini' That wuld 112fringe the svereign independence f Suth Africa.. GU.:lrantee freedm f tbe Press? That has never beed tbre;ltened. Guarantee freedm f mvement? That wuld enable Indial t stream frm Natal int ther prvinces. Guarantee freedm f asscia. tin? That wuld mean recgnising Native trade unins. Guarantee freedm f lpeech? A gift t Cmmunism. - The air f almst pained.hck with which Dr. Malan spke f these hrrifying guarantees carried the suggestin that the idea f gverning with due regard fr persnal freedm 'WaS freigc t him and his party. Cape Twn Rejects Apartheid Fr Taxi. ~ ~tin ppsing apartbeid i.a taxis 10 any frm was passed at a meeting f Cape Twn City Cu!3ci! last week. Mving tbe molln, Mr: H. J. M. Hlmes said that the intrductin f sucb a plicy wuld cripple nn-eur. pean taxi Owners financially. Tbe nn.eurpean cmmunity was lng-suffering, he said, and was gr2.dual!y being. ppressed by 10sIDg tts cmmn ru vte, by the. intrductin f apartheid in traids :tnd ther measures, and n0'y there was talk f apartbeicl ill taxis. OWN REMEDY AILMENTS S.A. HERBAL INSTITUTE. JI~I" Old Arc..., I 100 Market Street, P.O. Bx JOHANNESBURG, "Agents and canvassers n cmmissin basi. wan_,.

7 4th May, 19~1 INDIAN OPINION 1!i3 TO THE AFRICANS (MANILAL GANDHI) I WISH my wrds wuld reach Iaeger, be mre he:llthy and tbe eyes and cars f every mre. san.: by :lviding them. Mrican. My heart ges ut 10 And s:miry is a cmmdity which them in the el.:trerne1y di~cult is r:lre tday thrughut the times they are passins thrush. wrld. Their grievances are far greater The Africans shuld knw th:lt tbm Ibse f tbe IndiJns. They nt all white men are bad. There~ Iu"e been crushed in their wn are very many wh 3re exlremely IlDd and nlv tbe present Gv- gd and wh have rendered and e!drent wishes 10 keep them per- are still rendering magnificent llljdently dwn-trdden by divid- services t the Africans. The mg tbem int \'3rius grups. Adams Mi~sin, tbe McCrd The pass laws are a curse. They Hspital, and the Frt Hare Iuve been declared s by eminent Cllege arc utstanding e ampies, EurpC3ns. Still they exist. and many Africans wh are arti They must be ablished. But culate tday, we a deep debt f they cannt be ablished until gratitude t thse institutins. there is a prper awakening amng S the "Africans shuld tbink betbe Africans. As I h:lve said in fre cndemning r hating the tbe elise f the Indians 1 say als white ma as such. t the Africans that they cannt Tday the white man is living affrd t be angry with their in iear f the black m3n. T a DPptessn:. They t need t great extent the white.mac bimdirect the searchlight within. Let self is t blame fr that. Nevertbem search within F them'stlve:; thcless the Afrin shuld dispel 211d try t examine their wn that fear. The behaviur f the 'Weaknesses. There is a grwing African shuld be such that the batred fr the white man ;lmng white man culd have 00 fear f them. I admit there is quite him whatsever, ;lnd nt need sufficient prvcatin fr it. But t carry fire arms fr selfthe Bible teaches us that we - prtectin. Nr sbuld the Africa [e3r the white.m:ln. Wh fears Gd fears n man. Gd is his shield at 31\ times. If the Africans c:ln be persuaded t fllw this path and st:lnd slidly united t face their trubles with curage and patience they will sn find 'them disappearing like the mrning mist befre sunshine. It might be cnsidered sme what presumptuus n my part t venture t ffer unasked-fr advice t the Afrkans when there ne m3ny disticguished leaders f their cmmunity wh can better guide them. With my sincere aplgies t them I wuld urge them t treat me as ne f their humble servats and be assured that I have been prmpted t address these few wrds t the Africans with a desire t serve their cause which I deem it my duty t serve 3S much as 'ur wn cause. It is t mney tbat is needed but men-gad-fearing men-t fight fr the freedm f the African peple. The way f MahaCma Gandbi f Truth all\.i nn-vilence in thught, wrd and deed is the nly way fr their salvatin and the salvatin f all the ppressed peple. TAYLOR'S TELLI NG REPLY t MR. MALLINSON first place, may I call Mr. Mallll1 sn's attenli~n t the fact that ne lks fr water, light, sewerage and the cnvenlcnce f patients when sidng hspitals? The Same cnsideratirls Ihat led t the funding f the Bere3 Nursing Hme n the Berea led Dr. McCrd t ~ite this hspital 15 years ag. Rather, ne might say that,certain Eurpe;lns have Sited tbeir hmes badly in builaing r buying beside McCrd's if they arc nt able t see the Afric3n ther th;n thrugh the jaundiced eyes f self interest. The hspit31 W.lS sited utside f the city limits ne3r1y 50 ye31s ag. Tday it is surrund~d by Eurpe;ln hmes with their ikayas fr husehld servants. I cannt accept rbe principle that it h3s n right t remain here, if the need fr healing still exists. That need may disappear wben we decide we can get n withut African servants and industrial wrke;s. Then it will be lgical t send their schls, churches :lnd hspit3ls :Jway with them t the Reserves r wherever else we find fr them. Until such time des COllie, we h3d best m3ke up ur minds t keep their hspil31s fr ur \\'n prtectin ;IS wcll as fr humanity's sake. shuld nt bate the enemy but cnquer him by lve. It"- i,s a DR. difficult thing t d, and yet nt difficult if we bave faitb in Gd ALAN' B. TAYLOR, and bey His law in every act f curs. Are the Africans trying t Dr. Alan B. Taylr, Medical per cemt. Clured. This is a Medical Superintendent dd SD? They are victims f hat~- Superintendent f the McCrd Zulu hspital, as its n3me implies. MId a great many ther sins. Zulu Hspital, in a letter t Ihe If Indians are admitted it is Drillk evil.mngst them is per- 'Natal 03ily News' writes; because they are sick and in need, Durban T Prtest haps the wrst f a1l: Ids ruin- SIR,-May I be permitte4 t because we have accmmdatin Against Clured Vuters' ig tbem and their whle sciety. reply t Mr. Mallinsn, available fr the time being at Bill Gambling is als rife amngst M.P.C., whse address t a least: and fin;l1ly because it is ur them. And these evils are deli- Mayville grup yu reprted in belief tbat Gd cares as much On the eve f the general ber.ately encuraged by the auth- yur clumns last week. Yu fr a sick Jndian as a sick African strike planned by the Franchise rities because the mre pverty- reprt Mr~ Mallinsn as having OJ Eurpean. Actin Cuncil in C:lpetwn, a Blrkken the Africans :l[e the stated th:ll there W;lS bund t If McCrd's were in fact an mass prtest me~(icg will be mdre easily can they be explited. be frictin between the residents Indian h~pital, which it is nt, held in Durban n Sunday, May It is beart rending t see thu- in the area ;lnd the McCrd Zulu it might still be said t be well 9, at 2 p.m. 3t tile Nicl Square, sands f Africans (and I am Hspital authrities.. situated. It is within 300 yards under the jint auspices f tbe aslumed t have t admit, In- It has been the plicy f the f Sydenham, nw almst entirely Clured Peplcs' Natinal Unin di~ns t) flcking at tbe race bspital management t see that Indian. Only tw Eurpean (Nat.ll). the Afric3n Peples' curse t squander their hard the hspital was cnducted in hmes facing n McCrd Rad 0ll;anisatin (Natal), the African.eared wages and it is just as such:l way that it wuld nt be can be a\vare f the presence f N3tinal CngrcS5 (Naul) and the brarl,rending t see tbem gelling a nuisance, with the result that the hspital, s~ the hspital in Natal Indian Cngress. Be:lides rtud after strng drinks and re- nly fur f ur neighburs have.essence has McCrd Rad t cndemning the Separ;lle Cllning t fr3tricidal wars. (I viced cmplaints in the last tw' itself. ured Vters' Bill, the meetin,; is migbt state here, by tbe way, that years. Mst f them have again Mving the hspital as sug als t cndemn the Grup Areas my heart bleeds t see the dis and again availed themselves f gested by Mr Mallinsn, t Act. A statement issued by ~uceful sight f hundreds f the services f th~_ hspital n Sydenham, wuld be tbe height leaders f the cnvening bdies Indi3ns fldcking at all the Indian behalf their serv:lnts. f flly. Why shuld an African calls upn all nn-eurpe311s f ban. There is nthing mre I am nt cnscius f tbe hspital be mved int a pre- Durban 3nd Eurpean demcrat~ dcguding and the sn~r it ends friciin referred t, except as it dminantly ;rrtdian are3, at a cst t cme in their thusands t the better it will be fr themselves has been stirred up in recent f 2;0,0001 Wuld it make it this meeting t vice "the united alld fr their future generatin mnths by tw r three indivi- easier fr the servants wh cme ppsitin f all justice,lving. alld fr Ihe fair name f Mther duals. n ft r in their mistresses' peple f Durban against measures India.) These are evils the Afri- It is suggested that the hspital cars frm hmes alng tbe Berea, which vilate human rights and tans must d everytbing in their be mved t a mre suitable area, r even fr thse sick wh cme wbich make deep inr03ds int POwer t get rid f. Here there,and that, ~s it caters fr large by train r bus int Durban 3nd the meagre existing rights f tlie all~ everywhere beer halls are numbers f Indi:Jns, it shuld g then find their way up t the nn Eurpe3n peple," Amng bcllig put -up by the aulhrities t Srdenlmn. hdspital n the hill, if the hspital thse wh are scheduled t speak lr the Africans. These are pl<lcl"s Here Mr. Mallinsn betrays were mved deep int Sydenhatn at Sunday's meeting are Mr. S..whith I wuld wish they culd his lack f knwledge f the facts where pdssibly land might still be..d. Fmchdl, Mr. E. C. 511'311"s,!buli. It is flly t believe that invlved. Our in-patients are fund l'vailable?, Mr. A.. W. G. Champin and t~y CJlltlt live withut in apprximately &2 per cent. Afri- T the suggestin that the hs-, Dr. G. M. N3icker, chairmen f : tolic.ating drinks. They wiullive - can, 16 per cent, Indian, and 2 pital w:ls wrngly sited in the' the respectivc cnvening bdies.

8 154 OUR INDIA LETTER S (FROM OUR OWN CORRESPONDENT) ~ Barda Ruler Depsed Tl;e president f India i5su(~ ad rder withdrawing recgnitin frm H.H. Maharajh Sir rratap Singh as' the Ruler f Barda and recgnising his eldest sn. Yuvsraj Fateh Singb, ad tbe Ruler f Bar~a. lbe rder says inler alia: "His activities alter the cming it frce f the CODstitutin f India have been particularly bjectiable. He challenged tbe Cnstitutin f ':dia" and ntended that the mer~er f Barda with Bmbay was brught abut withut bis ccurrence and was nt warranted by the terms f his agree. ment with the Gvernment f India. The Gvernment f India pinted ut t him that, in challenbing the validity f the merger and the Cnstitutin f India, he bad indulged in an act f dislyalty t the cuntry and that the Gvernment f Idia wuld have t cnsider whether be culd cntinue t enjy his present status and positin which depended n his recgnitin by the Plesidtnt UDder tbe CODstitutin which he,ught t repudiate. Undeterred by this warning, be bas in suh Aequent crrespndence defied the authrity f tbe Gvernment f India, even charging them pub1i~ly with 'malicius dislr tin f fact,.' Furthermre. it bas be!'n hrught t the ntice f the Gvernment f India, and they have every reasn t believe, that His Higbl'e s is rganizing and financing vari. us activities with a view t unding tbe cnstitutinal settlement arrived at with Rulers f Indian State!. They have als reasn t believe that he has been giving supprt generally t the reactiunary and' anti.nlltinal elements in tbe cuntry." Barda, April 23 BARBARISM IN SOUTH AFRICA HRI Manilal Gandhi's fast hi s stlved t Fcus ~ce agai tbe attentin 01 th,e IndIan peple t tbeir cmpatnts' sulferi s in Suth Africa as als t tbse 01 the clured pepi r. Re: the recent ruling f. the spcakft f tbe Sutb AFcan Parli.. met the 'Hindustan Times' remarli:s:-the present rulig f the Speaker thrws t the wind allihse asfurances by enab1i~ Parliament t ~n~ct tbe new BIU by a bare ma,nty and since the present Gvernmeat d nt cmmand a twthirds majrity in Patliament, the immrality 01 the whle prctedigs becmes au the mre evident. One incidental result f the ruling is t bring Sectin 137 f the Act which establishe.d Eg\i~h and Dutch, nw Afn 1lIa10~ 3S thll fficial languages! the' Un::t withi its sc~pe, tbus deprivig the Engh;bspeaking pe?les f the UOln f a guaratee embdied in tbe Cstituti. Dl. Malan's Grup Are3s '\ct has already thrugh. ly antl :~Dized the Native, Cl. ured and Indian sectis f th~ ppulatin. Mr. Manilal GadhL'" fasl ad bis determina, tin 10 bleak the apartheid 1:1\\'s (Ud indicatis f the d...p feeling which tbe plicy f '~>:It~atin has arused. Mr. G dhi', breach f tbe Grup Arens Act may lvell be the ph. lude t n prtest mvement which will invl~e ut merely Indians in the Unin hut als the AfricBF. And nw the _CJlured ppulatin f the Cape ad even Eglish,pe~kiDg p~ple f tbe Unin are bund t he nlarmed by the carse tbe Unin Gvernmeat seem determined t take. Dr. Malan clln afird t dely the...teless Ahicaa and ladinn but when be chlluenges tbe Eglish. speaking peple f the Unin, he is strikig at ~he very basis 00 which white hegemy in :Suth'AfrSCl1 has been rtared. Havi~ embarked 00 a plicy f :lktd racialism, it is nt surprhig thnt the Sulb Alri clln Natinalists d nt kdow where t stp. The Cngresl President, lir. Purushttamdas Taden, strikes the right te in his belated cable t lir. MnDilal Gendhi when he challengc5 U.N. t d its duty tei wards tbe "b:ulnrism" f Suth '. nleu. Stern Warniag This annoudcement made by the Prime Miister, was wel COOled with tumultuns cheer. in Parliament and ha. been uiversally Dcclaimed in tbe cuntry. Pndit Nehru laid in Parliament:-"I need nt remind tbe Huse the integratin f States has been brught abut peacefully Dnd with the willig c-peratin f tbe ruleu. In...iew f this c. peratin received frm the rlers, geerus prvisin has been made in the OODstitutin regarding tbelr privy pune lad OPiNiN llth May, 1951 tbe maintenance f tiuet, pr~. Relief Mea.urea vileg~s, and dignities.. this A messnge frm Patna si.,. privileged psitin inevitably tbat tbe Gvernment f Bihar impses crrespndidg biga. have aunted ver Rs. 5 crni tis and standards f be. fr giving relief t the peple ia haviur nnd lyalty t the Can- scarcity.bit areas t "mltisata stitutin. The rulers tk a their lujlerings as far AI pta&> wise decisin and a great ticable" by prviding them with rnajjrity f them, I haye n btb wrla and fd, it,.." dubt, still cnsider their de. fficially learnt. Arrang8ll1ea" cfsid W&s a wise ne. Tbey have been made fr distributia have given n cause fr cm f fd grains thrugh 0.,.. plaint. A few f tbem, hw- 3,999 fair price shp'- in the ever have DOt appreciated the urban and rural areal whidl bligatins that rest upn them will cater t the needs f Oft( and their bebaviur bad nt '9 mhlin peple. beed satisfactry. The Maharaja f Barda bas been De Rajgbal Sani.dbi,", f tbem. The Minister f?r The Gvernment bave iatl& Statu made a reference In duced in Parliament a BiB Parliament n April 3 t sme seeking t ensure"the "prsc thse -rulers. It is-with maintenance, pretervatid and great regret and reluctance administratin f the Rajghat that tbe Gyernment have bad Samadbi, the shrine built id t take actin in this particular memry 05 the Father f tbi case. But any c!jall~ge.t Natin." The Bill prpoeel t tbe Cnstitutin f India r establish with certain pwen a any tber uncnstitutinal r cmmittee cnsistir;g f teftd anti-natinal activities n be- members. f wbm fur will he balf f tbe Gvernment and very nn-fficials. The chairman f prmpt actin has t be taken s, the cmmittee will be nmioateli tbaf the very privileges and n by the Central Gvern_&, surces we have placed at The statement f bjecll ~ their dilp~al may Dt becme tbat the Cmmittee will d means fr subversi!l f the things reasnable and n8c:euarj Cnstitutin and f the peace t ensure tbat tbe Rajg. f tbe land, when we have s samadhi is prperly maiataia8d, many difficulties and dange" cntrlled add administered, It t face. shall rganise and "rqulate, Scarcity In Bihar peridical functins at tbi Re: Bihar'S acute scarcity f - samadbi. such as "Sarvd.,.' lad grains tbe Prime Minister Day, F~~~ay prayers and GudIN Nehru said that every member ]ayanh. f the Gvernment f India Nehru On Wrld and Parliament was determined. t d bis utmst t deal with Situatin the fud situatin in Bihar.. Prime Minister Nehru, "tld "50 far a, I am cncerned," he a U.S. jurnalist that he~... ured firmness tempered witll.aid, "I am almst beginning friendliness but n appw..t t feel tbat perhaps 1 can setve f evil as a basis fr appracb better,--if I may say s, by ging t lettle internatinal di.p... t,bihar, "if necessity arises, Mr. Nehru laid the basic ~ tban sitting here and even tday in the wrld WII fhi. serving Irm thse benches." "And fear:is the mst dad'" Mr. Nehru said in a brief state- us cmpanin fr any indi'fib f B'h dual r any cuntry t ~ ment tbat mem ert rm J ar Fear clgi tbe mind' add,. f the Huse and every mem as ad instrument fr peace bitt were naturally very deeply in- leads t passined' acti." terested in the fd situatin Of the United NatflJt,"..r. tbere. In fact, every member Nehru said it hlcd been cr.tid ber f Gvernment was anxius be believed itl spiritual.rad rletermined t d bit tiveness was grwing 1-. U utm.t in thi. regard. All itl peace struclure is chadl'd Ihnt we wishl'id t~ say at this and if it becmes an in.t~ lr war tbe it dc. at flldo' stage Will that the Gvernment tin 011 Uatted Natin. li"tit India were in custant tducb smething ele which IAII1 wilh the situatin in Bihar and really Dt be nccessary.' till nly a little while ag the riginal United Nati. i_i Directr.General f Fd re. he said, was tbat every ccjtlqts1 turned frm the naected area. in the wrld shuld be a f Bibar with bis reprt. The member nd bammer "ut'. lin. instead f iilhtlll'. till Gvernment f rndill had-sent battlefield But DOW be lilt in tbe last tw r tbree mnth, a gd part f the 11'01'14 _ nr -:J9Q.f}99 tn. 01 fd graid.l, nt tbere. "The UAi""'" Ind were trying tbeir utlilolt t tina puts itlelf In a' send much mre, ptitioll by leepidi. a

9 India-Suth AfricD The Gvernment f India have published the text f the coldlduiclltins which pass cd between the Gvernments f India and Suth ~frica last tdnth. On March 3 the Gvernment f India asked the Gvern'ment f Suth Africa whetber the Unin Gvernment were agreeable t a rud tllble cn. ference being cnvened in terms f the U.N. General Assembly reslutin f December 2, J950. The Unin Gvernment n March 5, replied that tbey were unable t accept tbe reslutin since its terms cnstituted "in..' lerventin in a matter which is. essentially within the Unin's jurisdictin." They "ele, hw. ever, prepared fr a RTC n the basis f the Cae Twn frmula 1 f last year, ;"hich allws the II widest freedm f discussin t all parties ~ilhut any further. cnditins." On March 17 tbe " GveCDment f India urged re I coll.5ideratian and pressed tbeil I wn view that' "discussins shuld take place in accrdancl" with tbe General Assembly'~ resluti." On March :2J, the Unin Gvernment expressed tbeir inability t agree t this [prpsal. On March 28. the I GvernlI:ent f India set the Unin Gvernment a cpy f!i their wn cmmunicatin 01 I: General f the UN, which, alter ~ March 27> t the Secretary. i giving a gist f tbe crrespnd. ence 1:etween tbe tw Gvernments cncluded by saying:. "The Gvernment f India bave I 4th May, 1951 tries lite China r Ceyln. If yu cannt deal with II. cuntry within the frm f th United Natins, then the nly aher- I native i!o t deal with it utside ultimately by frce f arms."! n ptin but t bring the mat I ter t the ntice f the UN fr such actin as may be csidered necessary." Males Exceeding Females There are mre men than wmen in ldia tday. This masculine predminance is evident t a greater extent in the Nrth tbad in the Suth. The nly u:ceptins are lhdras, Travanc~e.Ccbin,Orissll, eutch and Manipur. Accrding t the 1951 cesus figures, the male, ppulatin in Madras is abut, ~8,4Q<:'.CXJO cmpared with abut I ~8,500.00<? females. In Travan. cre.cchin there are JOQ7 wmen t every J. men, while in Orissa, eutch and I Maipur, the female ppulatid exceeds tbe male respectively by '.37.7 and 3.+ per cent. In mst Western cunhier, including tbe British Isles and the Appearing befre the Freign Affairs Cmmittee f the United States Huse f Representatives, United States Secretary f State Dean Achesn recently urged the United St. tes Cngress t take prmpt actin n legislatin which wuld make available 2,000,000 tns f grain tl) meet hj shrtages in India Secretary Achesn tld the Cmmittee that "It is f the greatest imprtance t the wrld that India, this great new natin" be granted fd aid a. a means f maintaining Its stability. INDIAN New Wrld, tbe prepnderance f females hac, hwever, been prminent. The Dle givin~ these figures adduces several reasns fr this phenmenn, the mre imprtant being: sub cnscius neglect f tbe femalechild and preference fr the male cbild: child marriage: ladt f facilities fr tbe birth and grwth f children: prhi. bitin :f widw re.marriage; purdah system. Imprtant Census Figures The land area f India (excluding Kashmir) is 'J,I38,8J4 square miles: ttal ppulatid OPINION The phtgraph, made after the c ngressinal cmmittee meeting in Washingtn, D C., shws Sf>cretary AC"~ln (left) cnferring with Madam Vij:lya Lallshmi P.ll1dit, Ambassadr f Indi" t the UniteJ 5tale;.-(US1S) J,624; f these'. malei ; females J ; Percentage 01 increase J3'4., In area; tbe tbree largest States are: (in thusands) Madhya Pradesh J3O, Rajasthan J28, Madras J27. In ttal ppulatin, the three largest States: (in thousands) Uttar Pradesb ; Madras ; Bihar 40,218. In male ppulatin, the first tbree re: (in tbu!>ands) U.P ~; Madras ; Bibar In female ppulatin: (in tbu. sands) u.r. 30,Jl2; Madras 28,538: Bihar J7.3Jl. (n per. centag increase, tbe first threu Delhi 9Q r.c.: Crg 35.5 p.c.; Tripura Slates with tb minimum percentage f in crease: Punjab 0.4; Pepsu T.3: Himachal Pradesh +8. Fr Harijan Uplift Shri Rajaji, Hm Minister, said in Parliament 00 this subject:-"if my friends will he just t this Gvernment and t the Gvernments f the varius States, he will recgnize that a great deal mre bas been dne tbnt he Dr I1nyne like bim wuld have dne if be bad beed in ur psilin. A great cleal mre curage hu been shwn by thse in tbe upper classes wh tk up this mvement than anybdy in ay cuntry bas shwn in re. spect f parallel maltl'rs. A great deal mre curage has bee taken in hand by the upper classes in all the States by all Ongresscne r thers t wbate-;-er p rsuasin tbey rna)' belng in tbis rl'gare', tban anyne culd have expected f tbem nccrding t rdi. nary human nature." The Hme Minister gave in de tail, as an instance, the mensures taken by the Madra.. Gvernment t hf':jp Harij~ns plitically and ecnmicnlly. Other Gverments have similar recrds t their credit. In tbe matler f educatinal facilitits, recruitment t services, wehare wolk, husin#;' etc., tbhe h~ s been substantial increa~e frm year t year in the mney spent nnd meawre5 takl'n fr the l:cnefit f Harijsn r There has nt been a sigle cmplait tbnt any Harijan has!ldversely suiteri'd. The safeguards pr~ided in the Cnstituti are sufficient guarantee fr the future. ISS We Can't Help Gbaffar Kban, Nehru Grieves Prime Minister Nebru feeling. ly referr~d t the incarceratin f Kban Abdul GhalIar Khan, "ur friend, fighter and cmrade," wh is in Pakistan prisn. In a speech in Bmbay Mr. Nehru said that the thught f tbe imprisnment f the Khan brthers was "pricking ry mind like a thr" all these years. "All ur achievements seem fruitless t me when I thin~ f ne ma." Mr. Nebru said: "a man wh was with us in the fight fr!!eeda;. We called him BadsLah Khan and we lve bim dearly. But he and his brther and several f his cuntrymen are in prisn tday," There IVere tw d,f'fi culties lacing bim in tbis mat ter, Mr. Nehru said. One '\Vas the pain camed t bim persnally and t India t see "tbis great mlln" in prisn; and the tber was his belplessness t help him in any manner. Pakistan had alleged that india 'I\'as aiding Afghanistan financially. "We d nt believe in ding things under a curtid r bebind a purdah. 11 we wisb t belp anyne, w~ shall d it penly. But I must state that we have nt helped, eitber penly r cve~tly, Afghanistan in any manner. Yet, we are helpless as regnrds Khan Abdul GhalIllr Khan. "He is in pri~l1 tday because he wuld nt cmprmise OD the questin f prvincial autnmy fc'r bis prvince. He accepter! Pakist!'n. but tbe Gvernment f Pakistan bas charged that bis lyalty is with India. And since be 'lvas in the ppsitin, Pakistan has imprisned him. My psitin is very embarrassin~..ii 1 were t raise my vice in f.vur f Badshah Khan, then the chnr,::e wuld be tbat I am intederig in the affairs f Pakistan. I h&.ve written a cuple 01 letters t Mr. Liaquat Ali KhaD, nt in tbe capacity f a Prime Mini:;ter

10 156 IN_IAN OPINJON. r d U' 't b b's reply t Mr. n. V. K\lmatb ~h<\t but ns Jawaharlal, 11 citizen, I. Ox r DiversI y, were,. 1 Gvemment had DOt received II ~VC receivl:u replies Irm Lin- Prfessr f Eastern RehglnJ. Q Bny speci~ cmmunicatln r quat Ali Khan, but h" t has Whispering Gallery news r any kind f evidence expressed his belplessness in the R' d which might lead t the pas. matter. "It is a fact that India epajre aibility f Subhas Obandra. B~se has been parlined, but hw can Repairs t the Gl Ghumat at beinlt alive. The Deputy MID' we ever frget ur ld cmrades Bijapur, wrld famus fr ill islet n Octber 12, 1946, after. wh fught with us side by side? wbispering galjery and aculltic due enquiry and the cllectin We are silent abut Badsbah prperties, started by the f wbatever evidence it was Khan's incarceratin nt be. Archaelgical D.!partment tw ps~ible t ~atber then t the bccause we arc nt hurt but years ag, have nw bee cm- caect tbat tbere WitS little because, bwever injured and' pleted and the mnument is dubt thnt Subbas Cbandr~ ~rieved we may feel, we are expected t be thrwn pen t. Dse died 00 Augu'it 18, ll}4li. still belpless. It dcs nt brin~ the public by the end f Mav. This cnclusin, said Dr. ~e5kar,~ me any happiness t remember First repairs t the dme we~e bad been cnfirmed lrm re that we here lueccupying seats carried ut in 19SB-1I7 wben it' paris received Irm the.japanf pwer and ur friend is suf- was nticed that the dme had ese G:lvernment add their fering impri50nment." develped a number f vertic'l1 allencies Bnd in particular by [l The Greatest Danger In The Wrld Prf. S. Radhakrishnan India's Ambassadr t the Sviet, tld tbe Press Trust f India in Lndn, in Mcrch that the great cst dac~<!r i the wdd tday ;s tbat we nrc attending mre t tbe increase f armaments tban thc settlement f prblems by negtiatins." Prf. Rl1dba. krishnan, wh left by air fr Berlin and Mscw, said in lin inlerview: "We seem t apprach cnference tables with the cvictin tbat we shah nt &ucceed-nt with tbe CODvictin tbat we must make the cfereu!:e succeed, Tbe great idea1ism tb'lt prevails in the wrld,fr tbe Ucited Natins tday Ibust make us realise the insufficiencies f tbe present Uniled Natins Organisatin, and mnke it mare represenlative. 1 here is a danger. r it beidg weakened further and dividing the wrld inl tw United 'blcs." Pe!. Radbakrishna recently addressed the ROYIlI Institute fr lutunatinal Affairs and the S:hl f Religin, add met leadin~ members f the!:ciety f Fliends and the Na- _ tinal Peace Cunril. E e gave Lis ID~t lecture f tbe term at NEW MYSTERY COMIC SERIAL and hrizntal cracks and the statement f a medical fficer f intrsds sbw/!d patches f tbe.japanese Army wh stated dampness due t perclatin f tbat be had made ut a death water. "the dme was tbe cettificate, the cause f the death sealed by guniting 00 the ut- bein~ exten~iveburns and sbck, side by laying a fabric f mild "The latest cmmunicati.thnt steel. L3.ter it was decided t tbe GJvermet received was strengthen als the intrads f Irm Majr General Bhnsle f tbe dme as thide patches f the I,N,A. Cmmittee n March plaster began t fall and the 30 IOn in which be slaled same prcess f guniting was th~t the 'ashes f Subhas Chandra repeated ver the whle f the Bse were depsited in a Japan intrads. Pandit Madh Sarup ese temple in Tky n Scptem Vats. Directr.General f Ar- hr Enquiry is b~ig chaelgy, Western Circle, said made' in this matter." Dr. that it was a matter f great Keskar expressed the iability satisfactin that the marvellus f Gvernment t furnish the acustic prperties f the dme dates lind surces f the varius badnt suffered n scc'unt f cmmunicatins th~y had retbe rep1iu Bnd had remained ceived regardin' the matter, absalutely unimpaired. It was " prpsed, he said, t bave a Wrld.Wide Braille mechanical recrding f tbe acustic prperties f the bam- Abut five millin blind pe' b scafflding ra ised frm tb pie in the Ontinents f Asia flr f mausleum t tbe apex anll Africa will benefit frm B f the intrads, during tbe UNESCO cnference tbllt W3B carryig ur f the repairs, bad held rcaenlly at Beirut, in tb bee remved. It was pssible, Lebann. This nference wlla Mr. Vats added, tbat it might auended by delegates. frm be fund that the acustic pr- eleton dili~rllnt cnnlries In the Middle Eut and Arrie,. perties had.imprved after tbe many f the delegates them repairs, selvell beiul( blind. Althgh Reprts Abut Netaji. Dr. n. V. Keskar, Deputy Minister fr External Affairs, stated in Parliament in a written "LESLEY they spke mllny dlq'urent langaagee, they culd all Tead Braille, and ne f the things the nference has dne Is t rpoober n standardised bralue SHANE 4th May, '1951 alphabet. The Beretar1 f th Dr\lleh Emplr 800tet,. fr the Dlind. Mr. Jah Wilsn, "RbI) II himself blind spke 10 a BBO prgramma f what thtl 000 ference hal] ahleved. U. 1I]ld that tb'3lr task wu t wrk ut l\ single Braille alphabet wblh Clld ezpren all the leltere and lidde f mre than eight bundred different Ianllnllilea. He 8Xplalnd tbat Braille 'letletl... frmeti' by dlq'eret cmblaliom r six dte arraneed like tbll 110ta n a (lmln. TIwl lliltcrent cmbinatins t them dts give liixty-three ptelble varialidei, In Eglleh Bnl1le there arel twenty-six lr the lehere f the alphabet, and the rest are fr punctuatin and cntratins. Nearb all the principal lagllgte r tbe wrld have l\t least ne BrailJe cde. Dat tbe truble i8 that the pineers did t knw abllt eah ihtr's wrk. The,. u unlled the 81gllB In their wn way, ad s In many pub f the wrj() peple wh spesk the 83mB rllimuar languages ant read eah ther's Bralll.. UNE3CO'e task wab t preduae n einj,lle wrld Brame, and tben t get Draille printing hulei all ver the wrld t ule It. InI Enrpe lind America there'hu been Il ra:lanable unifrm Drllllla system fr years, Lilt, year Tsprceentativee f the blind I frm many entrles agreed tbat thie unifrmity shuld be r ntended, anu tbs Beirut Cn ferenm has mane that ptlible fr mre than hall tbe blind I peple in the wrld. Thla will I bave 00 effect n Eglillh Brnllll', but It Ie BD ImmenCil I step frward In many ClunlrlH wbere cnntrles where Brslne 1 printing bab nly jobt bega, I and where educatin f the I' blind i!l ging ahead If'pidl,. Ultimately, a blind man tlaing. a single set f letters wiu be i able t read any Braille blr In any language be knwb, whll1 is mre than any sighted pel'lln I an d.-(b.b.o,) I I' ii 1 I