Use of Ammonium Chloride and Sodium Bicarbonate in Acute Heat Exposure of Broilers

Transcription

1 Use f Ammnium Chlride and Sdium Bicarbnate in Acute eat Expsure f Brilers S. L. BRANTON, F. N. REECE, and J. W. DEATON USDA, ARS, Suth Central Pultry Research Labratry, Mississippi State, Mississippi (Received fr publicatin Octber 4, 1985) ABSTRACT Ammnium chlride (N 4 C1) and sdium bicarbnate (NaC0 3 ) were added separately t the drinking water f 42- t 52-day-ld brilers. Birds were given access t the water ad libitum fr a ttal f 42.5 hr cnsisting f 18.5 hr prir t an 8-hr interval f severe heat expsure and a further 16 hr-pst expsure. Water and feed intake during the treatment perid were unaffected by either N C1 at 6.25 g/liter () f distilled water (DW) r NaC0 3 at 3.15 g/liter () DW. Water intake was increased by apprximately % in birds given water cntaining 6.25 g f NaCOj/liter () DW, while bth feed and water intake were severly limited by N 4 C1 at 31 g/liter () DW. Bld p f birds was substantially lwered by cnsumptin f N 4 C1, while cnsumptin f NaC0 3 did nt significantly affect bld p. Bld p f all treatments increased during the heat expsure perid and declined afterward; hwever, bld p change appeared t be mre prnunced fr birds receiving the N 4 CL. A crrelatin cefficient (r =.31) existed between bld p and mrtality, while a crrelatin (r =.72) was demnstrated between water cnsumptin and mrtality. (Key wrds: p, water cnsumptin, mrtality, bld) INTRODUCTION Bld, thrugh the prcesses invlving carbn dixide partial pressure (PCO2 ), CO- 3, and p is peculiarly effective in transprting and regulating the CO2 resulting frm the metablic prcesses (Filley, 1972). Because f their physilgical characteristics, birds are subject t alkalsis during high temperature expsure as a result f PC0 2 lss during panting (Calder and Schmidt-Nielsn, 1968; Frankel and Frascella, 1968). Because f the ecnmic effects f reduced grwth rates resulting frm chrnic heat expsure and death lsses resulting frm acute heat expsure, there is interest in alleviating the effects f high temperature thrugh chemical manipulatin f the bld acid-base balance. Teeter et al. (1985) reprted the use f dietary ammnium chlride (N 4 Cl) as a ptential bld acidifier and the use f sdium bicarbnate (NaC0 3 ) as a surce f CO-3 in alleviating the effects f chrnic heat expsure in briler chickens. Bttje and arrisn (1985a) btained better grwth rate and feed cnversin by using carbnated water rather than tap water as a surce fr drinking water f brilers expsed t chrnic heat expsures. Pardue et al, (1985) reprted that dietary ascrbic acid increased weight gains f heat-expsed females but nt f similarly treated males; hwever, 1986 Pultry Science 65: there was n indicatin that these wrkers were attempting t change the bld acid-base balance. Bttje and arrisn (1985b) have shwn that the infusin f carbnated water, calcium chlride (CaCl 2 ) NaC0 3 int the crp f cckerels during acute heat expsure affected bld p;bth NaC0 3 and CaCl2 dramatically changed bld p. The CaCl 2 and carbnated water lwered bld p, althugh carbnated water lwered bld p nly slightly when cmpared t tap water, whereas NaC0 3 in the drinking water resulted in elevatin f bld p. The bjective f this wrk was t determine the effects f N 4 C1 and NaC0 3 administered in the drinking water that was prvided ad libitum t briler chickens during acute heat expsure. MATERIALS AND METODS In each f three trials, cmmerical male brilers were utilized; birds in Trial 1 were 42 days f age, birds in Trial 2 were 45 days f age, and birds in Trial 3 were 52 days f age. Fr Trials 1 and 2, 60 birds were placed in each f fur cntrlled-envirnment chambers with cntinuus lighting, while 40 birds were used in each chamber in Trial 3. The chambers were 1659

2 1660 BRANTON ET AL. TABLE 1. Feed, water cnsumptin, and mrtality in briler chickens acutely expsed t heat given distilled water cntaining either ammnium chlride (N^Cl) r sdium bicarbnate (NaC0 3 ) at varying levels Feed cnsumptin Water cnsumptin Mrtality Trial 1 N 4 C1 NaC0 3 Trial 2 N 4 C1 NaC0 3 Trials N C1 NaC0 3 (kg) b 8.7 ab 7.4 a 9.6b 9.3 b (liters) b 12.9 b 2.6 a 14.0 b 16.0 C a,b Numbers fllwed by same letters are nt significantly different at P>.05. based n a design described by Reece and Deatn (1969). Twenty birds were placed in each f three cmpartments in each chamber in bth Trials 1 and 2, while nly tw cmpartments f birds each were used in Trial 3. A 24-hr linear temperature cycle f 23.9 t 29.4 t 23.9 C and a cnstant dewpint f 22.8 C were used thrughut the three trials, except during the heat-expsure perid, during which time a temperature f 40.6 C with a relative humidity f 33% was maintained fr 4 hr. The 29.4-C temperature was attained each day at 1600 hr, while the 23.9-C temperature ccurred at 0400 hr. During the heating perid, the 40.6-C temperature was attained at 1130 hr and maintained until 1530 hr at which time the nrmally assigned temperature regimen was restred. Fr each trial, feed and water were prvided ad libitum. Beginning 45.5 hr prir t the (n.) 9/78 0/38 /42 7/40 1/40 16/80 9/41 19/38 12/40 1/40 25/158 9/79 39/80 19/80 2/80 (%) * b ll a 49 c 24 b 3d heating episde, ne cmpartment in each f the fur chambers was designated a cntrl and supplied distilled water. In Trials 1 and 2, birds in ne f the tw remaining cmpartments in each f tw chambers were placed n distilled water cntaining N 4 C1, while birds in the third cmpartment in each f these same chambers received distilled water cntaining N 4 Cl. Similarly, in the remaining tw chambers, ne cmpartment in each chamber received NaC0 3 in distilled water, while the remaining cmpartment in each f these same chambers received NaCC>3. In Trial 3, ne cmpartment in each f the fur chambers received N 4 C1. Tw ml heparinized bld was cllected frm the left ulnea cutanea vein f randmly selected chickens and maintained at 5 C. Bld p f the samples was determined utilizing a Sargent-Welch (Mdel 9000) ION/p meter

3 ACUTE EAT AND EXPOSURE OF BROILERS 1661 BLOOD P ( X 1 ) X-WATER CONSUMPTION * 40 >- 30 l- cc s 1 0 g an in -BLOOD. ^.**. D,PRE-STRE SS fi^ WATER CONSUMPTION,LITERS ( X g ) -8.0 FIG. 1. Water cnsumptin and bld p vs. mrtality fr Trials 1 and 2. Multiple regressin analysis yielded equatin Y = X, X 2, with partial regressin cefficients f X! (p) =.03 and X 2 (water) = equipped with an Orin 8103 Rss cmbinatin p electrde, thus precluding the determinatin f abslute bld p values. 1 Fr Trials 2 and 3, relative bld p values were determined at five perids: a) 45.5 hr prir t heat at which time all birds received distilled water (DW), b) 0730 hr the day f heat, c) 1030 hr the day f heat and temperature f 41 C, e) 1500 hr the day f heat and temperature f 41 C, f) 0830 hr the day after heat. All waterers were emptied twice daily, and bth the discard vlume and the filled vlume were recrded. Data were examined statistically by the analysis f variance (Steel and Trrie, 1960); 'Trade names in this article are used slely t prvide specific infrmatin. Use f trade names des nt cnstitute a guarantee r warranty by USDA and des nt signify that the prduct is apprved t the exclusin f ther cmparable prducts. Trials 1 and 2 were based n the split-plt design described by Cchran and Cx (1957). Duncan's (1955) new multiple range test was used t determine significance between means. Mrtality data were subjected t Chi-square analysis. Multiple regressin analysis was based n Snedecr (1956). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Mrtality was significantly increased by the N 4 C1 at the level and was decreased significantly by the NaC0 3 at the level (Table 1). eat mrtality was inversely related t water cnsumptin. The N 4 C1 at significantly reduced water cnsumptin, while NaC0 3 at significantly increased water cnsumptin. Feed cnsumptin tended t parallel water cnsumptin except that the NaC0 3 at did nt increase feed cnsumptin. Figure 1 shws water cnsumptin and bld p pltted vs. mrtality fr all replica-

4 1662 BRANTON ET AL. TABLE 2. Relative bld p values f briler chickens prir t, during, and after, heat expsure Pretreatment Preheat Bld p' Maximum heat Pst heat Mrta lity Trial 2 N 4 C1, Trial 3 N 4 C1, Trial N 4 C1, x. a O m cb e cb e a d b e a Numbers fllwed by same letters are nt significantly different at P> Relative values; see text fr measurement methd. 2 N 4 C1 = Ammnium chlride s 3 9 X 2 in ui a. V- Ui UI X h- c a. w UI AC 1- if> (n.) 0/ 3/21 16/80 4/80 16/100 7/101 (%) a 7b NAC0 3 ( ) NAC0 3 ( ) CONTROL N CI ( ) N CI ( ) 4 PERIOD FIG. 2. Changes in bld p are shwn thrugh the curse f Trial 2 fr all treatments.

5 ACUTE EAT AND EXPOSURE OF BROILERS 1663 tins in Trials 1 and 2, alng with the multiple regressin analysis. A very lw effect f bld p n mrtality was evidenced; hwever, a rather high (r =.71) negative crrelatin between water cnsumptin and mrtality due t heat expsure was demnstrated. Table 2 shws the trends in bld p that were measured during the curse f Trials 2 and 3 fr the cntrl birds and fr the birds receiving N 4 C1 at the level alng with heat expsure mrtality fr these tw treatments. eat expsure significantly increased bld p fr the cntrl birds drinking DW; p returned t pre-expsure level after the episde. Additin f N4CI at in the drinking water significantly depressed bld p prir t the heat expsure. Althugh p increased significantly during the heating episde fr the N 4 Cl-treated birds, it was signficantly lwer than fr the cntrl birds; p decreased t pre-expsure level 17 hr after the episde. Fr Trials 2 and 3 cmbined, use f N 4 C1 t lwer bld p significantly reduced mrtality due t heat expsure, but the results reversed between Trials 2 and 3. Figure 2 shws the cmparative bld p values fr all treatments during the curse f Trial 2. Ingestin f NaC0 3 did nt effect p. Ingestin f N 4 C1 at either r f DW lwered bld p abut the same amunt. Althugh the birds treated with the high level f N 4 C1 drank nly % as much water as thse receiving the lw level f N 4 C1, the cncentratin f the high level f N 4 C1 was five times greater than the lw level, and thus the N4CI ingested by bth grups was the same. Althugh bld p fr the N 4 C1- treated birds remained lwer than either the cntrls r the NaC0 3 treatments, p during the heating episde appeared t change mre fr these treatments. Results f this study indicate that water intake, as influenced by the presence f the cmpunds used in this study, mre directly affects mrtality assciated with acute heat expsure than des the influence f the specific cmpund n bld p. REFERENCES Bttje, W. G., and P. C. arrisn, 1985a. The effect f tap water, carbnated water, sdium bicarbnate, and calcium chlride n bld acid-base balance in cckerels subjected t heat. Pultry Sci. 64: Bttje, W. G., and P. C. arrisn, 1985b. Effect f carbnated water n grwth perfrmance f cckerels subjected t cnstant and cyclic heat temperatures. Pultry Sci. 64: Calder, W. A., and K. Schmidt-Nielsen, Panting and bld carbn dixide in birds. Am. J. Physil. 215: Cchran, W. G. and G. M. Cx, Pages in Experimental Designs. Jhn Wiley and Sns, Inc. New Yrk, NY. Duncan, D. B., Multiple range and multiple F test: Bimetrics 11:1 42. Filley, Giles F., Acid-Base and Bld Gas Regulatin. Lea and Febiger, Philadelphia, PA. Frankel,. M., and D. Frascella, Bld respiratry gases, lactate, and pyruvate during thermal in the chicken. Prc. Sc. Exp. Bil. Med. 127: Pardue, S. L., J. P. Thaxtn, and J. Brake, Influence f supplemental ascrbic acid n briler perfrmance fllwing expsure t high envirnmental temperature. Pultry Sci. 64: Reece, F. N., and J. W. Deatn, Envirnmental cntrl fr pultry research. Agric. Eng. 50: Snedecr, G. W., Pages in Statistical Methds. Iwa State Univ. Press. Ames, IA. Steel, R.G.D., and J.. Trrie, Pages in Principles and Prcedures f Statistics. Mc Graw-ill, Inc., New Yrk, NY. Teeter, R. G., M. O. Smith, F. N. Owens, S. C. Arp., S. Sangiah, and J. E. Breazile, Chrnic heat and respiratry alkalsis: ccurrence and treatment in briler chicks. Pultry Sci. 64: