Unit 9: The Mole- Guided Notes What is a Mole?
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1 Unit 9: The Mle- Guided Ntes What is a Mle? A mle is a name fr a specific f things Similar t a r a One mle is equal t ,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 That s 602 with zers A mle is NOT an abbreviatin fr mlecule A mle is als called Hw many dnuts are in ne dzen dnuts? Hw many dnuts are in ne mle f dnuts? Hw many jelly beans are in ne dzen jelly beans? Hw many jelly beans are in ne mle f jelly beans? Hw many f anything are in ne dzen anything? Hw many f anything are in ne mle f anything? Definitin f the Mle: The number f equal t the number f atms in exactly f Carbn-12 The quantity f Why are the mles f water mlecules and sugar mlecules s much smaller than the mles f jelly beans and dnuts? Why d yu think scientists use the mle? Think f the mle as a bridge..it cnnects the micrscpic wrld (f atms and mlecules) that we cannt see t the macrscpic wrld we live in The mle will be the bridge cnnecting mles,,, and 1
2 Mles and Mass Mlar Mass What is the desired unit in a lab fr mass? We need t relate the atmic mass ( ) f an element t an amunt f the element in The MOLE relates these tw! The f a substance is equal in magnitude t the f a substance Fr example the atmic mass f hydrgen is and the mlar mass f hydrgen is Mass f (r 6.02 x ) f a substance. Equal t the magnitude f the atmic mass f an element. Measured in The mlar mass f each individual element is listed n the peridic table Practice: What is the mlar mass f Sdium? What is the mass f a mle f Nitrgen? What is the mass f 6.02 x atms f flurine? What d yu call the mass f a mle? Calculating Mlar Mass T calculate mlar mass yu the mass f each atm in a cmpund Example: Determine the mlar mass f CaCl 2 Hw many calcium atms are in CaCl 2? Hw many chlrine atms are in CaCl 2? Add the mass f 1 calcium atm plus the mass f 2 chlrine atms Practice: 1) What is the mlar mass f magnesium nitrate, Mg(NO 3) 2? 2) What is the mass f ne mle f Al(OH) 3? 3) What is the mass f 6.02 x mlecules f water? 2
3 Percent Cmpsitin: What is a percentage? What des it mean if yu made an 88% n a test? A percentage is simply Hw wuld yu calculate the percentage f peple in this class wearing glasses? Percent cmpsitin is anther type f percentage. Percent cmpsitin is the percentage by f each element in a cmpund % cmpsitin= Rund yur answer t decimal places The ttal % cmpsitin f a cmpund shuld add up t Fine the percent cmpsitin f Carbn in the fllwing: C 3H 7OH CO 2 Practice: Determine the percent cmpsitin f all f the elements in the fllwing cmpunds (remember yu already did Carbn). 1) C 3H 7OH 2) CO 2 3) If yu add the percent cmpsitin fr each element in a cmpund what will yur answer be? 3
4 Mass Mles When cnverting between mass ( ) and mles, yu MUST determine the will be used as a cnversin factr t cnvert between units f and units f Because mlar mass is the mass f mle f substance the cnversin factr can be written as When cnverting between mass (g) and mles, lk at the units t determine if yu need t multiply r divide 1) What is the mass f mles f NaCl? (remember t find mlar mass) 2) If a student measured 0.25g f NaCl in lab, hw many mles des the student have? Practice: Cnvert the fllwing t grams: 3) 1.70 mle f KMnO 4 4) 2.5 mle CO 2 5) 1.98 x 10 5 mles f AlBr 3 Practice: Cnvert the fllwing t mles: 6) 74g f KCl 7) 125g f H 2SO 4 8) g f (NH 4) 2S 4
5 Types f Particles (Review) Type f Particles Explanatin Examples Atms Smallest cmpnent f an element that retains its chemical prperties Made up f prtns, neutrns, and electrns Mlecules Tw r mre atms are chemically bnded tgether Types f mlecules include: Diatmic mlecules, cmpunds, frmula units, etc Mle Particles 1 mle f a substance is equivalent t particles f substance T cnvert between mles and particles use the cnversin factr = Example 1: Hw many cmpunds are in 2.34 mles f sdium chlride? Example 2: Hw many mles are in 8.23 x mlecules f water? Practice: 1. Hw many mles are in 9.21x10 44 mlecules f Hydrfluric acid? 2. Hw many atms f sdium are in 13.2 mles f sdium? 3. Hw many atms f xygen are in ne mlecule f Phsphric acid? 4. Hw many atms f xygen are in 18.9 mles f phsphric acid (hint cnvert t mlecules first then cnvert t atms)? 5
6 Vlume Mles stands fr standard temperature and pressure Because gases differently at different temperatures and pressures, we have t be specific abut the temperature and pressure f a gas we are discussing Standard temperature= Standard pressure= All prblems in this are at STP unless therwise stated The vlume ( ) ccupied by ne mle f at STP is always = We can use this as a cnversin factr when cnverting between vlume and mles Example 1: What vlume will 5.99 mles f xygen gas ccupy at STP? Example 2: If a gas ccupies L f space at STP, hw many mles f gas are present? Practice: 1. If a sample f carbn dixide ccupies 457 L f space at STP, hw many mles f carbn dixide gas are present? 2. A sample f gas was measure t cntain 4.23 mles f gas at STP. What is the vlume f this gas? Mle Math Practice 1. What is the mass f 1.23 x atms f ptassium metal? 2. What vlume wuld 75 g f xygen gas (O 2) ccupy at STP? 3. Hw many cmpunds f carbn dixide are present in 15 L f carbn dixide at STP? 6
7 4. What vlume wuld 6.5 x mlecules f hydrgen gas (H 2) ccupy at STP? 5. Hw many atms f aluminum are in a 0.50gram sample f aluminum metal? 6. What wuld the mass f a 32L sample f Nen be at STP? Mlecular and Empirical Frmula is a grup f element symbls with subscripts which represent the actual cmpsitin f a mlecule. Shws the actual # f each atm fund in a specific mlecule (nt simplified) shws the simplest whle number rati fr the elements in the cmpund. (i.e. simplified mlecular frmula) T find the EF, determine the largest cmmn denminatr f the subscripts f the MF. Smetimes the EF = MF (especially with ) Example: Determine the empirical frmula fr the fllwing: Mlecular Frmula 1. H 2O 2. H 2O 2 3. C 6H 12O 6 4. CH 4 5. C 2H 6 6. C 8H 18 Empirical Frmula Determining the Mlecular Frmula Yu are given: EF and Mlar Mass f the MF 1. Determine the f the EF. 2. the mlar mass f the MF (given) by the mlar mass f the EF 3. mm MF mm EF = a multiple 4. the subscripts f the EF by the answer the step 2. 7
8 Mlecular Frmula Practice: 1. What is the mlecular frmula f a cmpund that has a mlar mass f g/ml and an empirical frmula f CH 2? 2. What is the mlecular frmula f a cmpund that has a mlar mass f g/ml and an empirical frmula f CO 3? Determining the Empirical Frmula Given: percent cmpsitin f each element in the cmpund Steps t determine EF: 1. Use the mass given, r if n mass given assume there is exactly f the substance (aka change percent sign t grams). 2. Cnvert mass int f each element (by dividing the mass by the mlar mass f the atm). This will give yu mles f the atm. Keep decimal places. 3. Cmpare the mle quantities by dividing all mles by the smallest number f mles (*this step shuld prduce a whle number) 4. Use the ratis frm step 3 as. Prblem: Determine the empirical Frmula fr a cmpund with the fllwing cmpsitin: 40.00% C 6.72% H 53.28% O Nw using the EF t calculate the MF. Suppse the mlar mass f the MF is 180 g/ml. What is the mlecular frmula? 8
9 Empirical Frmulas: If yu d nt get numbers when yu divide by smallest number f mles, and yu get a number that ends in.5, multiply ALL ELEMENTS by (because.5 is really ½) If yu dn t get whle numbers and yu get a decimal ther than.5, yu messed up Why d we want whle numbers? Example #2: Calculate the empirical frmula f a cmpund cntaining 38.67% C, 16.22% H, and 45.11% N. Example 2 Cntinued: After determining the EF, suppse the mlar mass f this cmpund is g/ml and determine the MF. Example 3: A substance is 41.87% C, 2.35% H, and 55.78% O. What is the empirical frmula? Example 4: Caffeine is 49.48% C, 5.15% H, 28.87%N, and 16.49% O. What is the empirical frmula? 9
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