A PRIMER ON DAM REMOVALS IN MICHIGAN. Joe Rathbun Michigan Dept. Environmental Quality
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1 A PRIMER ON DAM REMOVALS IN MICHIGAN Joe Rathbun Michigan Dept. Environmental Quality
2 Talk Outline Michigan dam factoids Effects of dams Removing a dam Steps Potential stumbling blocks Information resources
3 Dams in Michigan MDEQ tracks > 2,500 dams Michigan Dams with Improved Spatial Locations µ Nationwide = 200,000 to 2 million (or 8-9 million) ~ 2,500 generate power Legend MI Streams (Rf3) Statewide Michigan Counties Dams (All Michigan Dams) with LHGIS Attributes Kilometers
4 Ownership = Mostly private Local Gov't. Federal State Private
5 Number of Dams Dam Heights Most are < 20 feet high > 100 Height (Feet)
6 Dam Age Many are 65 years old Michigan Dam Construction History Number of Dams constructed
7 Dam Hazard Most are in Good Shape Unrated High Significant Low
8 Characteristics of Healthy Rivers Water quality temperature dissolved oxygen nutrients Water quantity flow regime Habitat complexity Habitat connectivity Sediment balance All impacted by dams
9 Interrupt Fish Migration & Breeding
10 Not Just Fish Inverts, too Michigan = 45 mussel species; 19 species are listed
11 Sediment Balance - Hungry Water Dam = slows flow = sediment drops out Water = sediment-starved Water exiting impoundment seeks to regain its sediment load Results in bank & bed erosion, coarsening of sediment, loss of spawning gravels
12 Hungry water = channel widening & plunge pool
13 Dam Removal vs. Repair Design life usually 50 to 100 years Often 3-5 times more expensive to repair than remove Either remove once or maintain forever Michigan Dam Construction History Number of Dams constructed
14 Dam Removal Nationwide ~ 1,000 dams removed Most since 1999 Most less than 15 feet high Michigan = at least 52 dams removed Sometimes controversial Increase flooding? Decrease recreation Historic structures The Old Mill Pond
15 A Good Dam Removal Supported by stakeholders Restores natural river processes Water quality & hydraulics Habitat complexity & connectivity Protects infrastructure Bridges, pipelines, water intakes No long-term environmental damage Uncontrolled sediment release Endangered species Invasive species
16 Dam Removal Project Components 1. Feasibility assessment 2. Obtain funding 3. Permitting 4. Engineering & restoration design 5. (De)construction 6. Monitoring Stakeholder involvement
17 1. Feasibility assessment Dam owner? Do some homework Land owners around reservoir Potential infrastructure impacts Bridges, roads, utilities Potential community interests & concerns Flooding, recreation, historic, aesthetic, emotional Sediment volume & contamination
18 Biggest Technical Issue: Sediment Management Natural erosion Blow and go Sediment removal Dredging or excavation Stabilization Slow or staged draw-down Combination
19 Sediment volume: not all reservoirs collect sediment Low, run-of-river dams often don t collect much sediment Tall dams with large reservoirs can collect a lot of sediment
20 Sediment volume: not all reservoirs collect sediment Aspect ratio (AR) = reservoir width / riffle width AR 1: probably little sediment AR > 5: may be lots of sediment
21 Sediment Volume = Probing Survey Use soil probe or chimney sweep rod to assess sediment thickness and type: Rock = bounce & clang Clay = bounce & silent Gravel = crunch Silt = silent, easy penetration Sand = gritty, limited penetration
22 Sediment Thickness = Probing Survey 12 ft rod
23 Sediment transport is variable; is it predictable? Dam Result Chagrin R., OH 9 13 % moved Hudson R., NY 33 % Muskegon R., MI 40 % White Salmon R., WA 65 % North Poudre R., CO % (Doyle et al., 2002)
24 Post-Removal Channel Evolution (Doyle et. al., 2003) New channel dimensions former dimensions upstream dimensions?
25 Estimating Mobile Sediment Volume New channel will reoccupy old channel if: Reservoir sed deposit is thin Reservoir has remnant thalweg Mobile sed volume = thalweg length x cross-sectional area at u/s riffle (x 5) Bankfull channel at upstream riffle
26 Sediment Volume Case Study - Shiatown Useful assessment = compare to annual sediment yield at dam site 56,000 cubic yards of mobile sediment 75,000 tons Annual sediment yield 42,000 tons = 1.8 years of normal sediment transport
27 Not All Sediments Are Clean Pb As Cd Zn Se Ni Cu Cr
28 First, is it mostly sand? Do a sieve analysis If sediments are > 90 % sand (or larger), chemical analyses are not required
29 Usually collect short cores, by wading or from a small boat
30 Standard Chemical Analyses Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) Metals arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel, selenium, silver, zinc
31 Number & Cost of Contaminant Samples 6 samples for first 10,000 yd sample for each additional 10,000 yd 3 All analyses $420 per sample, or $2,520 for 6 samples
32 2. Funding Sources MDNR Dam Management Program Contact = Chris Freiburger US FWS Great Lakes Basin Fish Habitat Partnership US FWS National Fish Passage Program NFWF Sustain Our Great Lakes Great Lakes Fishery Trust MDEQ Nonpoint Source Program Design, sed testing, channel restoration
33 3. Regulations Pertaining to Dam Removals Part 301 floodplain impacts Part 303 wetland impacts Part 315 dam safety Plus local permits (SESC), maybe Federal permit for endangered species, maybe historical preservation issues Info on state & federal permits = DEQ website, MDEQ/USACE Joint Permit Application
34 Some Potential Stumbling Blocks Sea lampreys Can be a deal-breaker Contaminated sediments Dredge, isolate, cap Sediment quantity Dredge or staged removal Endangered species Mussels = relocate
35 4. Design Data Needs Structural details and condition of dam Volume of sediment behind dam Probing survey in reservoir Hydrology & hydraulics Model post-removal water levels (HEC- RAS) if they re likely to increase Scour analysis for critical structures Sediment quantity and quality (contaminants)
36 Plans and Drawings for: Removal of structures Infrastructure protection Channel restoration, if needed Excavate channel early on? Riparian habitat restoration, if needed Plantings and seeding
37 Post-construction: vegetation can recover naturally, and quickly Shiatown Reservoir, Shiawassee R. Nov July 2013
38 5. (De)construction Details Equipment Yellow iron, diamond saws Materials Stone rip rap, cover soil, plantings Sequencing Reservoir dewatered? Complete or phased removal? Channel stabilized? Vegetation planting? Staging areas for equipment Site access
39 Machinery & Equipment Work from bank or in-stream? Knock down or cut apart?
40 Sediment resuspended by machinery in water << a rain storm
41 Dredging Hydraulic or Mechanical Mechanical in the wet Hydraulic Mechanical in the dry
42 6. Monitoring Always good, seldom done Need pre- and post-removal data Channel morphology Fish populations & passage Maybe water quality May require years of sampling, especially for channel morphology
43 Good monitoring guidance document Gulf of Maine Council on the Marine Environment. 2007
44 Removal = Restoration? Dam removal = reach-scale improvements: Fish passage Hydrology Sediment transport Organic matter & nutrient transport Temperature & DO regimes But not necessarily large-scale effects, or all ecological functions
45 Removed Forever? Billerica Dam, MA Built in 1710 Removed in 1721 Rebuilt in 1722 Removed in 1723 Rebuilt soon after; 1724? Removed and new dam built in 1791 Removed and new dam built in 1829 (1839 Thoreau writes of removing with a crowbar) Concord River Removal under discussion; Present
46 Still glides the stream, and shall forever glide; the form remains; the function never dies. William Wordsworth, 1820 Unless you put a dam on it
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