Very Fine Grained-, Very Coarse Grained-, and Internally Stratified-Tsunami Deposits: Geologic Constraints on Flow Conditions
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1 Very Fine Grained-, Very Coarse Grained-, and Internally Stratified-Tsunami Deposits: Geologic Constraints on Flow Conditions By: Curt Peterson, Portland State University Ken Cruikshank, Portland State University Harry Jol, University of Wisconsin, Eau-Claire Acknowledgements: Robert Schlichting (Cleaveland HS/Portland State University) Adam Cambel (MS Student, Portland State University) Holly Johnson (Undergrad, University of Wisconsin Eau-Claire) Support: EERI (SE Asia), City of Cannon Beach, NOAA, DOGAMI (Oregon)
2 50 N CANADA Willap a Bay WA Longbeach Seaside Cannon Beach Columbia Riv er OR JDFP NAP USA Washingt on Oregon Cannon Beach, Oregon Mapping Paleotsunami Sand Layers (TSL) Debris Layers (TSL) km Ro ckaw ay Tillamook Bay N km California W QuickTime and a TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
3 Tsunami Debris Layer (TDL) Used to establish whether 1700AD Event overtopped the 6 m elevation barrier spit CANB03TDL/TSL#1 CANB04TDL# Treatment Ponds Key Sand Auger Site
4 Tsunami Organic-Mud Debris Lines, Dec 26, 2004 Tsunami, SE India PERI01_100m DEVA03_ 340m PARA01_700m
5 Test of Event #4(1300BP?) maximum runup distance using mineralogy in CANB33TSL and diatoms/bromine in CANB84TDL CANB31#4TDL/TSL (1 km, 4 m NGVD88) CANB84#4TLD? 2 km, 8 m NGVD N Ecola Ck. Br idge Cannon Beach Scale 1km 84 Presence marine centrics (?) 60% rounded augite
6 Reconnaissance Searches for Upland Paleotsunami Deposits Cascadia Margin Stable proximal localities in terraces, deflation Surfaces, and floodplains Cambel et al, 2006 GSA Low-redox hosting sites
7 89TH Site # cm Proximal Sand Sheet 89TH Site # cm Distal Sand Sheet
8
9 89TH09 (TSL) 89TH12 (TDL) 89TH14 (TDL) Additional AMS14C, diatoms, bromine pending Maximum Runup Elevation ~12 m NGVD88 ~13-14 m 1,500 BP
10 50 N 20xVert 0.5m GPR Imaging of Tsunami Sand Sheets, Seaside, Oregon Jaffe, 2006 (map) 450MHz Profiling of 1700AD tsunami coulee sand-sheet fan (2005) CANADA JDFP NAP Seasid e USA Washingt on Oreg on km N California 0m W
11 Sand Sheet Bedforms, Dec 26, 2004 tsunami, SE India PARA01 100m PARA01 275m PARA01 330m PARA01 400m
12 1964 Alaska farfield tsunami core sites, Seaside, Oregon Jaffe, 2006 (map) HORN 12THAve PLUM 450 MHz, 900 MHz PulseEkko 1000A 300 v 5 cm step Spacing 64 stack Historic sandsheet GPR targets
13 Sand sheet cm thick HORN GPR GRID, 450 MHz line and Core Observed: Flow Velocity 3m/s (Running Speed) Water Depth 1.25 m (Horning Cabin) Estimated Fr=0.9 Critical Flow Plane Bed Internal Stratification 2xVert
14 12TH Ave GPR GRID, 450 MHz line and Core Observed: Peak Flow Velocity 3m/s (Running Speed) Water Depth 3 m (12th Ave Bridge Deck) Estimated Fr=0.5 Subritical Flow Sand sheet 5-8 cm thick <------Flow Ripple Orientation 180 TN Ripple length 50cm Ripple height 3-5 cm Low-Index Ripple Cross Bedding 2xVert 0 0.5
15 PLUM GPR GRID, 450 MHz lines and Core Sand sheet variable 3-18 cm thick in mounds Observed: Peak Flow Velocity >5m/s (Sprinting Speed) Water Depth 1 m (Spillman s Bank) Estimated Fr>1.7 Supercritical Flow (Spillman observed breaking-standing waves) Chaotic Internal Stratification 2xVert <------Flow <------Flow Mound stratification
16 Very-Large Clasts, Yielding Critical Shear Stress, Seaside, Oregon Cobble Ridge Breach 1700AD paleotsunami AveK, Seaside, Oregon
17 Forested Cobble Ridge (arrow) and ridge breaches, AveK and AveQ Clast size distribution is exposed in cobble ridge source area (Db 5-30 cm)
18 Mobilized brick clasts in mounds from demolished URM structures, SE India Entrained cobble from breakwater Kalpakam, SE India Boulder transport up beach bluff Khaw Lak, SW Thailand
19 Critical Shear stress in distal site, Seaside, OR Maximum clast size Db 20 cm entrained >100m by tsunami flow View southwest from cobble ridge to channel bank 140 m distance: Paleo-flow depth=1.5 m Channel bank with 1700 AD tsunami sand and cobble layer exposed at depth Using a critial shear stress formulation (Komar, 1991) c = 0.039( s Š ) g D i 0.18 D The predicted shear stress for this distal pour-over site Is 190 dyne/sq cm A typical critical shear stress for sand is 2-3 dyne/sq cm
20 Tsunami cobble/boulder entrainment in proximal localities: the search is on. Conclusions 1: Very-fine grained tsunami deposits permit mapping of maximum inundation and, in appropriate settings, also maximum runup height. 2: High-resolution GPR permits imaging of tsunami sand sheet internal stratification, yielding constraints on flow direction and velocity or depth 3: Very-large clast transport provides minimum estimates of critical shear stress, an important lower-limit on flow force.
MINIMUM RUNUP HEIGHTS OF PALEOTSUNAMI FROM EVIDENCE OF SAND RIDGE OVERTOPPING AT CANNON BEACH, OREGON, CENTRAL CASCADIA MARGIN, U.S.A.
Journal of Sedimentary Research, 2008, v. 78, 390 409 Research Article DOI: 10.2110/jsr.2008.044 MINIMUM RUNUP HEIGHTS OF PALEOTSUNAMI FROM EVIDENCE OF SAND RIDGE OVERTOPPING AT CANNON BEACH, OREGON, CENTRAL
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