IDENTIFICATION OF DORSAL GUARD HAIRS OF NINE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY VIVERRIDAE (CARNIVORA: MAMMALIA)

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1 ... Of IIOIA.. ZOOlWICAL. SURVEY 1m'Z.:I'...,... Rec. zl. Surv. India: 104 (Part 3-4) : 13-21,2005 IDENTIFICATION OF DORSAL GUARD HAIRS OF NINE INDIAN SPECIES OF THE FAMILY VIVERRIDAE (CARNIVORA: MAMMALIA) RINA CHAKRABORTY AND 1. K. DE* Zlgical Survey f India, 27, 1. L. Nehru Rad, Klkata INTRODUCTION Study f hair structure f a number f mammalian species had been wrked ut (Hausman 1920, Brunner and Cman 1974, Mre et at. 1974, Kppiker and Sabnis 1976, 1977, Keller 1981, Debrt et al. 1982, Teerink 1991, Wallis 1993, Venkatraman et al. 1994, De and Chakrabrty 1995, 200, Chakrabrty et al. 1996, 1999, De et at. 1998, Chakrabrty and De 2001, 2002, Tth, A. M. 2002) but knwledge n trichtaxnmy f many species is still wanting. Study f hairs f the species belnging t the family Viverridae have almst nt been wrked ut except cuticular structure f Arctgalidia fusca by Hausman Nine species f Viverrids have been identified frm the Indian regin (Alfred et al. 2002) and cmmercial explitatin and habitat destructin accelerate their enlistment as Schedule I and II in the list f Wildlife (Prtectin) Act., 1972 as well as appendices f CITES (Table 2). Of the nine species Paradxurus hennaphrditus (Pallas) and Viverricula indica (Desmarest) are distributed almst thr9ughut the cuntry in suitable habitat, but the frmer is nt reprted frm desert part f Rajasthan and Gujarat. Paradxurus jerdni Blanfrd and Viverra civettina Blyth are endemic t suthern India. The ther species Arctictis binturng (Raffles), Arctgalidia trivirgata (Gray), Prindn paraiclr Hdgsn, Viverra zibetha Linnaeus and Paguma larvata (Hamiltn-Smith) are mstly denigens f nrth eastern Himalayan regin and the distributinal range f Pagunla. Larvata is extended thrugh Uttar Pradesh up t Himachal Pradesh and als in Andaman Islands. Of the nine species Prindn pardiclr, Arctictis binturng and Viverra civettina are placed under Schedule I f YVildlife (Prtectin) Act., 1972 and the status is given as 'Endangered' *Zlgical Survey f India, M-Blck, New Alipre, Klkata

2 14 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA All the ther species are placed under Schedule II (Table 2). Thugh' cck (1939) prvided identificatin keys t the different species f the Indian carnivres yet it is nt sufficient fr identificatin f pieces f skins r prducts fr which the animals are pached. In the present paper an attempt has been made t reveal the structure f drsal guard hairs f the abve mentined species. MATERIAL AND METHODS Five tufts f guard hairs were cllected frm the mid-drsal regin f three dry preserved specimens f each species present in the Natinal Zlgical cllectin f the Zlgical Survey f India, Klkata. Samples were prcessed fr study accrding t the methd f Chakrabrty et al. (1996). The surface structure, medullary cnfiguratin and crss sectinal details f drsal guard hairs were studied micrscpically fllwed after Brunner and Cman (1974), Teerink (1991) and hakrabrty et al. (1996). Diameter and length f hair were measured with dial callipers, measuring scale (mm) respectively. Medullary index was calculated as k = ml h where m = width f medulla and h = width f hair. It is als t be nted that, in case f 'Transitinal' scale pattern, 'PD' and 'SS' were measured nly at shield regin. Nmenclature f clur is fllwed after Ridgway (1886) and structural nmenclature f cuticular as well as medullary cnfiguratin is fllwed after Brunner and Cman (1974), Mre et al. (1974) and Teerink (1991). Classificatin was fllwed after Alfred et al. (2002). OBSERVATION Findings have been summarised in Table 1 and 2 and Plates I-IX. RESULT AND DISCUSSION Frm the bservatins it culd be said that hair prfiles f the Indian Viverrids is 'Spatulate' and 'Shielded' except in A. binturng which is 'Rd' like. At the same time the basic cat clur f the bdy pssess different shades f 'Brwn' where as the same in A. binturng is 'Black' Average hair length varies greatly amng the species f the family Viverridae being (18 ± 6.82) mm as minimum in P. pardiclr and (76 ± 8.2) mm as maximum in A. trivirgata. Similarly average diameter varies frm (52 ± S.08) J..l as minimum in A. trivirgata t (120 ± J.l as maximum in V. indica (Table 1). Frm the study, it is clear that in all the species, range f hair length and diameter vary greatly nt nly in between the species f the family Viverridae but amng the same species als. S, these tw characters may nt be treated exclusively as family r species characters but it may be cnsidered alng with ther characters at the time f identificatin.

CHAKRABORTY & DE. : Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f nine Indian species etc. 15 The average scale cunt per millimeter f hair length was nted (205 ± 12.86) as minimum in P.

3 CHAKRABORTY & DE. : Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f nine Indian species etc. 15 The average scale cunt per millimeter f hair length was nted (205 ± 12.86) as minimum in P. pardiclr as well as (400 ± 17.6) and (400 ± 10.7) as maximum in V. indica and P. jerdni respectively. Thugh the average scale. cunt amng the species varies greatly yet it hardly exceed 240 ( ) in five species, nly the same in A. trivirgata and P. hermaphrditus is 331 ± and 325 ± respectively (Table 1). Amng the nine species 'S'cale Pattern' is 'Irregular wave' in P. Larvata, A. binturng, A. trivirgata, V. civettina, P. jerdni and P. hermaphrditus and in ther three species it is 'Transitinal' In shield regin, it is 'Regular Petal', 'Narrw Diamnd Petal' and 'Regular msaic' in V. indica, P. pardiclr and V. zibetha respectively as well as in basal regin, the same is 'Irregular wave' in P. Larvata and 'Regular wave' in P. pardiclr and V. zibetha (Table 1, Plates I-IX). Hausman (1920) nted 'Intermediate-vate' type cuticular scale in Arctgalidiafusca but 'nthing was mentined abut scale.pattern. Thus, it may be pined that, the abve mentined characters may be ne f the key character fr identifying Viverrid hairs. The scale margin is 'Crenate' in P. Larvata, A. binturng, A. trivirgata, V. civettina, P. jerdni and P. hermaphrditus where as scale margin distance is 'Clse' nly in P. Larvata and P. hermaphrditus and 'Intermediate' in ther fur species. It is als nted that the scale margin is 'Dentate' at shield regin and 'Crenate' and 'Smth' at basal in V. indica and P. pardiclr respectively. Where as in V. zibetha scale margin is 'Smth' thrughut but scale margin distance is same as P. pardiclr (Table 1). The mean 'SS' were bserved maximum in V. civettina as (80.75 ± 9.21) and minimum in P. pardiclr as (18.5 ± 2.52) (Table 2). It was nted that 'SS' varied greatly nt njy in between the different genera but als in between the species f th same genus. Likely, the maximum 'SS' bserved in V. civettina while the same in the ther species V. zibetha, it is nly (37 ± 2.04). The same is true in P: jerdni and P. hermaphrditus, where mean 'SS' measured (45.25 ± 4.8) Jl and (35.5 ± 3.1) respectively. It is bvius that, wing t the scale pattern and arrangement, 'PD' differs greatly frm species t species. It was measured maximum as (62.5 ± 5.21) Jl in P. pardiclr and minimum as (8.75 ± 2) Jl in P. hermaphrditus (Table 2). The prximdistal measurements vary s greatly, prbably becall,se mstly f 'Transitinal' scale pattern. But in thse species where the scale pattern is 'Irregular wave', the average 'PD' ranges frm (8.75 ± 2) t (16.5 ± 3.46) Jl nly (Table 2). Except A. binturng, the medullary cnfiguratin in all the species is 'Unbrken vaculated' and transeverse sectin is 'Ovate' r 'Circular' But in A. binturng the medullary cnfiguratin is 'Simple' and transeverse sectin is 'Renifrm' (Table 2, Plates I-IX). It is als nted that, medullary index is > 0.80 in P. Larvata and V. zibetha whereas the same is < 0.80 in the rest f the Indian species f the family Viverridae except A. binturng which is > 0.90 (Table 2). In A. binturng the crtex is s thin that it makes a different identifying character fr the species. Usually the medullary index is always species specific but while the same verlps, Jike in P. pardiclr and P. jerdni, then the ther characters becme f great supprt fr the identificatin f the species.

4 16 REC.ORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA Frm the study it is clear that the identificatin f species frm the hair sample f the family Viverridae culd nt be pssible with ne r tw characters but bviusly it culd be dne with a grup f characters. Again, frm the hair prfile, clur, medullary cnfiguratin, transeverse sectin and medullary index f A. binturng, it seems quite different frm the ther species f the family Viverridae. Pcck (1939) placed A. binturng under sub-family Paradxurinae alng with the species A. trivirgata, P. larvata, P. hernlaphrditus and P. jerdni. But frm the present study, it culd be pined that A. binturng may demand a different taxnmic status, at least at sub-family level. Accrdingly, based n the characteristics f the drsal guard hairs, keys t the identificatin f different species f the Indian Viverridae are presented belw. Key t the Indian species f the family VIVERRIDAE 1 a. Clur Black; medullary cnfiguratin 'Simple'; T. S. Renifrm; hair 'Rd' like; length (55 ± 11.21) mm; diameter (110± 8.76) J.l; scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin distance 'Intermediate'; scale margin 'Crenate'; 'SS' (56.5 ± 6) J.l; 'PO' (15 ± 2.96) J.l; medullary index 0.93 ± Arctictis bil,.turng 1 b. Clur Claret Brwn, Bay r Burnt Sienna; medullary cnfiguratin 'Unbrken vaculated'; T. S. Ovate r circular a. Medullary index> 0.80; T. S. Ovate b. Medullary index < a. Buff band at subshield; scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin 'Crenate'; scale margin distance 'Clse'; 'SS' at shield (47.7 ± 3.94) J.l; 'PO' at shield (16.5 ± 3.46) J.l; medullary index ± Pagunz.a larvata 3b. Band if present at subshield, nt mre than 4 mm in width; scale pattern 'Transitinal'; 'Regular msaic' at shield and 'Regular wave' at basal; scale margin 'Smth'; scale margin distance 'Distant' at shield and 'Intermediate' at basal; 'SS' at shield (37 ± 2.04) J.l; 'PD' at shield (39 ± 3.52) J.l; medullary index 0.89 ± Viverra zibetha 4a. T. S. Ovate b. T. S. Circular a. Buff band at shield; length (23.83 ± 2.12) mm; diameter (120 ± 10.6) J.l; scale cunt (400 ± 17.6); scale pattern 'Transitinal', 'Regular Petal' at shield, 'Irregular wave' at basal; scale margin and scale margin distance 'Dentate' and 'Distant' at shield and 'Crenate' and 'Clse' at basal respectively; 'SS' (22 ± 1.6) J.l; 'PO' (53.5 ± 4.66) J.l; medullary index ± Viverricula indica

5 CHAKRABORTY & DE. : Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f nine Indian species etc. 17 5b. Length (34 ± 3.42) mm; diameter (100 ± 6.18) J1; scale cunt (240.8 ± 14.12); scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin distance 'Intermediate'; scale margin 'Crenate'; 'SS' (80.75 ± 9.21) J1; 'PD' (11.25 ± 1.85) J1; medullary index 0.62 ± Viverra civettilla 5c. Length (31 ± 7.25) mm; diameter (92 ± 10.76) J1; scale cunt (325 ± 16.72); scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin distance 'Clse'; scale margin 'Crenate'; 'SS' (35.3 ± 3.1) fj; 'PD' (8.75 ± 2) J1; medullary index 0.72 ± Paradxurus hermaphrditus 6a. Length (18 ± 6.82) film; diameter (63 ± 5.21) J1; scale cunt (205 ± 12.86); scale pattern 'Transitinal', 'Narrw Diamnd Petal' at shield; 'Regular wave' at basal; scale margin and scale margin distance 'Dentate' and 'Distant' at shield and 'Smth' and 'Intermediate' at basal respectively; 'SS' (18.5 ± 2.52) J1 at shield; 'PD' (62.5 ± 5.21) J1 at shield; medullary index 0.64 ± :... Prilldll pardiclr 6b. Length (76 ± 8.2) mm; diameter (52 ± 8.08) J1; scale cunt (331 ± 18.72); scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin 'Crenate'; scale margin distance 'Intermediate'; 'SS' (68.6 ± 8.96) J1; 'PD' (13.8 ± 2.35) J1; medullary index 0.66 ± Arctgalidia trivirgata 6c. Length (30 ± 8.81) mm; diameter (90 ± 12) J1; scale cunt (400 ± 10.7); scale pattern 'Irregular wave'; scale margin 'Crenate'; scale margin distance 'Intermediate'; 'SS' (45.25±4.8)J1; 'PD' (11.25 ± 1.16) J1; medullary index 0.64 ± Paradxurus jerdni SUMMARY Nine Indian species f the family Viverridae, Viverricula indica, Paguma larvata, Prindn pardicir, Arctictis binturng, Arctgalidia trivirgata, Viverra zibetha, Viverra civettina, Paradxurus jerdni and Paradxurus herl1laphrditus had been wrked ut. Frm the study it is clear that identificatin f the species frm the hair sample is pssible, with the help f a grup f characters. Hwever, n character culd be placed as family character but except A. binturng all the ther eight species pssess 'Unbrken vaculated' medullary cnfiguratin, shielded and spatulate hair prfile as wen as 'vate r circular' T. S. But the same characters in A. binturng nted as 'Simple' Inedullary cnfiguratin, 'Rd' like hair prfile and 'Renifrm' T. S. Thus, frm this study, it culd be reveal that A. binturllg is little different frm the ther eight Indian species f the family Viverridae. S, it may demand a different taxnmic status at least at subfamily level. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Authrs are thankful t Dr. 1. R. B. Alfred, Directr, Zlgical Survey f India fr his kind permissin and facilities prvided fr this wrk and als t Dr. S. Chakrabrty It. Directr (Retd.) fr critically ging thrugh the manuscript.

6 Table 1.: Cmparative accunt f the characteristics f the guard hairs f nine Indian species f the family Viverridae (Mean and SD given in Parenthesis); 'SS' = Side t side cuticular scale length; 'PO' = Pximdistal cuticular scale length; B = Basal; S = Shield; Sh = Subshield; EN = Endangered; Sch = Schedule; VU = Vulnerable. SI. Name f the Species Prfile Clur Length Diameter Scale cunt I Scale Scale Scale N. (mm) (J!) mm f hair Pattern margin margin length distance 1. Viverricula indica Spatulate, Straight, Claret Brwn with Transitinal S : Distant S : Dentate Desmarest Shielded, Banded Buff Band and (23.83 ± 2.12) (120 ± 10.6) (400 ± 17.6) S: Regular B: Clse B :Crenate Shield Petal B: I rregular wave 2. Paguma larvata Spatulate, Straight Claret Brwn with Irregular Clse Crenate Hamiltn-Smith r little wavy, lighter basal, dark (38 ± 3.86) (60 ± 8.72) (231 ±8.71) wave shielded, Banded apical and single brad Buff band at subshield 3. Prindn pardiclr Spatulate, Straight, Claret Brwn, Transitinal S: Distant S: Dentate Hdgsn Shielded, Band may Brad Buff band (18 ± 6.82) (63 ± 5.21) (205 ± 12.86) S: Narrw B : Inter- B: Smth r may nt present at subshield, if Diamnd mediate present Petal B: Regular wave 4. Arctictis binturng Rd like, Little Black Irregular Intermediate Crenate Raffles wavy, nn banded (55 ± 11.21) (110 ± 8.76) (218 ± 10.38) wave 5. Arctgalidia trivirgata Spatulate, Straight Burnt Sienna, Irregular Intermediate Crenate Gray r little wavy, Shiel- lighter at (76 ± 8.2) (52 ± 8.08) (331 ± 18.72) wave ded, nn-banded basal 6. Viverra zibetha Spatulate, Straight, Claret Brwn, Transitinal S : Distant Smth Linnaeus Shielded, Band narrw Buff band (33 ± 5.8) (95 ± 9.36) (234 ± 11.72) S: Regular B : Intermayr may nt nt mre than msaic mediate present 4 mm at sub shield, B: Regular if present wave 7. Viverra civettina Spatulate, Straight Dark Bay, Brad Irregular Intermediate Crenate Blyth Shielded, Band rna} Buff band at sub (34 ± 3.42) (100 ± 6.18) (240 ± 14.12) wave r may nt present shield, if present 8. Paradxurus jerdni Spatulate, Claret Brwn, Irregular Intermediate Crenate Blanfrd Straight, Shielded, lighter at,basal (30 ± 8.81) (90 ± 12) (400 ± 10.7) wave nn banded 9. Paradxurus Spatulate, Straight, Dark Bay, either in Irregular Clse Crenate hermaphrditus Shielded, nn- whle r at apical, (31 ± 7.25) (92 ± 10.76) (325 ± 16.47) wave Pallas banded basal lighter 00 t'i1 n til "'T1.., ::r: tt1 N r a n > r til c:: <: tt1 "'T1 Z >

7 Table 2. : Cmparative accunt f the characteristics f the guard hairs f nine Indian species f the family Viverridae (Mean and SO given in Parenthesis); 'SS' = Side t side cuticular scale length; 'PO' = Pximdistal cuticular scale length; B = Basal; S = Shield; Sh = Subshield; EN = Endangered; Sch = Schedule; VU = Vulnerable; T.S. = Transverse Sectin. SI. Name f the Species SS () PO () Medullary Medullary T. S. Remarks N. Cnfiguratin Index 1. Viverricula indica Desmarest S: S: Unbrken Ovate Sch.11 (22 ± 1.6) (53.5 ± 4.66) vaculated (0.769 ± 0.02) CITES; APPENDIX III 2. Paguma larvata Hamiltn-Smith Unbrken Ovate Sch. II (47.7 ± 3.94) (16.5 ± 3.46) vaculated (0.826 ± 0.01) CITES; APPENDIX III 3. Prindn pardiclr Hdgsn S : S : Unbrken Circular Sch.l; EN (18.5 ± 2.52) (62.5 ± 5.21) vaculated (0.64 ± 0.08) CITES; APPENDIX I 4. Arctictis bfnturng Raffles Simple Renifrm Sch. I; EN (56.5 ± 6) (15 ± 2.96) (0.93 ± 0.001) CITES; APPENDIX III 5. Arctgalidia trivirgata Gray Unbrken Circular VU (68.6 ± 8.96) (13.8 ± 2.35) vaculated (0.66 ± 0.02) 6. Viverra zibetha Linnaeus Unbrken Ovate Sch.11 (37 ± 2.04) (39 ± 3.52) vaculated (0.89 ± 0.01) CITES; APPENDIX III 7. Viverra civettina Blyth Unbrken Ovate Sch.l; EN (80.75 ± 9.21) (11.25 ± 1.85) vaculated (0.62 ± 0.09) CITES; APPENDIX III 8. Paradxurus jerdni Blanfrd Unbrken Circular Sch. II; VU (45.25 ± 4.8) (11.25 ± 1.16) vaculated (0.64 ± 0.03) CITES; APPENDIX III n 9. Paradxurus hermaphra'itus Unbrken Ovate Sch. II Pallas (35.5 ± 3.1) (8-.75 ± 2) vaculated (0.72 ± 0.02) ZSII(Rec-'05)Rec-104(3-4)-3WT/19

8 20 RECORDS OF THE ZOOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA REFERENCES Alfred, J. R. B., Sinha, N. K. and Chakrabrty, S Checklist f Mammals f India. Rec. zl. Surv. India, Dcc. Paper N. 199 : Brunner, H. and Cman, B. J The identificatin f mammalian hair. Inkata Press, Victria, Australia. 196 p. Chakrabrty, R., De, J. K. and Chakrabrty, S Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f Indian species f the genus Panthera Oken (Carnivra: Felidae). Mammalia, 60 : Chakrabrty, R., Chakrabrty, S. and De, J. K Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f the species f Indian Lesser Cats (Carnivra: Felidae). Malnmalia, 63 : Chakrabrty, R. and De, J. K Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f five Indian species f the family Canidae (Carnivra: Mammalia). Malnmalia, 64(4) : Chakrabrty, R. and De, J. K Structure f mid-drsal guard hairs f hunting lepard, Acinnyx jubatus venaticlis (Griffith) and Lesser Panda, Ailurus fulgens F. Cuvier (Mammalia: Carnivra). Rec. z!. Surv. India, 100(1-2) : De, J. K. and Chakrabrty, R Structure and pattern f guard hairs f Crab eating mngse, Herpestes urva (Hdgsn) (Mammalia: Carnivra: Herpestidae). Prc. z!. Sc. Calcutta, 48 : De, J. K. and Chakrabrty, R Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f striped Hyena Hyaena hyaena (Linnaeus, 1758) (Hyaenidae : Carnivra: Mammalia). J. Bmbay nat. Hist. Sc., 99(3) : De, J. K., Chakrabrty, S. and Chakrabrty, R Identificatin f drsal guard haris f five Indian species f Mngse, Herpestes /lliger (Mammalia: Carnivra). Mammalia, 62 : Debrt, S., Fivaz, G., Mermd, C. and Weber, J. M Atlas des Pils de Mammiferes d' Eurpe Institut de Zlgie de I' Universite' de Neuchatel. Hausman, L. A Structural characteristics f the hair f mammals. Am. Nat., 54 : Keller, A Determinatin des mammiferes de la Suisse par leur pelage : V. Carnivra, VI. Artidactyla. Revue suisse de Zlgie Annales de la Sciete suisse de Zlgie et du Museum d' Histire Naiurelle de Genevc. 88 : Kppiker, B. R. and Sabnis, J. H Identificatin f hairs f sme Indian mammals. J. Bmbay nat. Hist. Sc., 73 : Kppiker, B. R. and Sabnis, J. H Further studies n the identificatin f hairs f sme Indian mammals. 1. Bmbay nat. Hist. Sc., 74 : Mre, T. D., Spence, L. E. and Dugnlle, E. E Identificatin f the drsal guard hairs f sme mammals f Wyming. Wyl1ling CaIne and Fish Dept. Bull. N. 14, Cheyenne, 77 p.

9 CHAKRABORTY & DE. : Identificatin f drsal guard hairs f nine Indian species etc. 21 Pcck, R. I The Fauna f British India, including Ceyln and Burma. Mammalia, Vl. I. Primates and Carnivra (in part). Lndn. (Tailr and Francis). Ridgway, R Nmenclature f clrs. University Press, Jhn Wilsn and sn, Cambridge. 129 p. Teerink, B. J Hairs f West Eurpean Mammals. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 223 p. Tth, A. M Identificatin f Hungarian Mustelidae and ther small carnivres using guard hair analysis. Acta Zlgica Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae, 48(3) : Venkatraman, K., De, J. K. and Tandn, S. K Ultrastructure studies f hairs f seventeen species f carnivre mammals using scanning electrn micrgraphs. Rec. zl. Surv. India, 94 : Wallis, R. L A key fr the identificatin f guard hairs f sme Ontari mammals. Can. J. Zl., 71 :

International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 2, 2017,

International Journal of Science, Environment and Technology, Vol. 6, No 2, 2017, 1245 1250 ISSN 2278-3687 (O) 2277-663X (P) HAIR CHARACTERISTICS OF INDIAN MOUSE DEER MOSCHIOLA INDICA GRAY, 1852 Manokaran