(Communicated at the meeting of January )

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1 Physics. - Establishment f an Abslute Scale fr the herm-electric Frce. By G. BOR ELlUS. W. H. KEESOM. C. H. JOHANSSON and J. O. LND E. Supplement N0. 69b t the Cmmunicatins frm the Physical Labratry at Leiden. (Cmmunicated at the meeting f January ) he results btained fr the therm-e1ectric frces f Pb and Sn at liquid helium temperatures and higher 1) tgether with the assumptin made prbable by thse results. that the HOMSON-heat a is zer in the supracnducting state 2). render the establishment f an abslute scale fr therm-e1ectric frces pssible. he H OMSON thery gives the frmula de al dy which n accunt f the N ERNS therem gives?y integratin ' e=.[~ d-.[id. (2) 0 he integrals may be called the abslute therm-e1ectric frces per degree fr each f the tw metals. and they are f curse f mre interest than the therm-electric frce f the cupe. t is bvius frm (2) tha t if the integral is knwn fr ne metal. it may he determined fr any ther metal at any temperature by measurement f the therm-electric frce against the first. get the value f the integral fr that ne metal. it is. hwever. necessary t knw the values f al cntinuusly frm dwn t the lwest temperatures. Frtunately the measurements seem t give such a knwledge with a fairly gd degree f accuracy. Belw the critical pint f Sn at K al is by assumptin zer fr Sn as weil as fr Pb. Frm 3.72 t K it is zer fr Pb. and may be calculated fr Sn and fr the special silverally wire called "nrmal" in the Cmmunicatin mentined 3) by the aid f equatin (1) frm the thermc1ectric frces against Pb. Abve 20 0 K al is knwn fr the nrmal frm the direct measurements f the HOMSON heat made by BOR ELlUS. KEESOM and JOHA NSSON 4) and may be calculated fr Pb and Sn fr m thc measurements f Cmm. N. 217c. All these values have been determin~d graphically ') G. BORELlUS. W. H. KEESOM. C. H. johansson and j. O. LNDE. hese Prc Cmm. Leiden N O. 217c. 2) Cf. 3 Cmm. Leiden N O. 217 c. 3) Cf. Cmm. Leiden NO 217 c. 4) hese Prceedings Cmm. Leiden N O. 196a. (1)

2 11 and are shwn in Fig. 1 by the full lines. Between 7.2 and 20 K ther~ is an interval. where n values culd be directly calculated frm ur measurement. As will be seen frm the diagram in the case f Sn the gap can. hwever. quite easily be filled up by cnnecting the curves n its sides. As t Pb and the nrmal the shape f the curves between 7.2 and 20 is rather unfit fr a graphical interplatin. he dtted lines in the figure were derived frm the therm-electric frces against Sn accrding t equatin (1). At the critical pints the curves are simply drawn as if there were a discntinuity in defd. thugh in fact we nly knw. thilt there is a rapid change. As hwever the curves are btained here by graphical derivatin this detail will have n influence n the result f the ABLE. Numerical values t Fig. J. OK. " vlt per (degree)2 Sn31 Pb31 Nrmal < is i i.o i.o io O.Oi O.Oi i

3 12 graphical integratin in the fllwing. he numerical values cnnected with Fig. 1 have been cllected in able. Fig.. a de.b. dt fr Sn31. Pb31 and silverally-nrmal in vlt p~r (degree)2. he curves in Fig. 1 have been graphically integrated, and the abslute therm-electric frces per degree eab. =.[ ~ d (3) th us btained are given in Fig. 2 and able 11. he even frm f these curves as cmpared with the curves in Fig. 2 f Cmm. N0. 217c, see~s t cnfirm the crrectness f the graphical interplatin fr Sn between 7.2 and 20 K and als demnstrate the usefulness f the abslute scale. " e ~/O JO '; ),ver-,.. _u. V ---- '1\ l~ 1\ t'--.. Pb ""--- ~ -... ~ r--- 7f-~ Fig. 2. herm-electric frce in vlt per degree fr Sn310 Pb3 and silverallynrmal in th~ abslute therm-electric scal~.

4 13 ABLE l. hermelectric frces in micrvlt per degree in the abslute the-rm-electric scale. OK Sn31 < 3.7 Pb31 Nrmal Oi la O.iO S 0.3is is i2 ia i7s i i i i7s 80.ii i i With further use f the measurements f BORELlUS. KEESOM and JOHANSSON n the HOMSON heat f the nrmal the e abs f this wire are calculated further up t K and are given in table 111 fr the same temperatures as are used in ur interplated tables fr therm-electric frces per degree in the earlier papers 1). We es ti mate the errr in these abslute therm-electric frces at rm temperature at abut micrvlt per degree. ') hese Prceedings and Cmm. Leiden NO. 206a and b.

5 ABLE 111. herm-e1ectric frce in micrvlt per degree fr the silverally-nrmal in the abslute therm-electric scale. (e abs = J; d) OK e eab.s 11 K e i8 i i i i i5 0.i i 5 33.\ i io 1.02 i i i8 e ab i We at last wish t pint ut that the pssibility f using the measurements n the supracnductrs fr the establishment f the abslute scale was nt quite dear t us at the time as the measurements were perfrmed. he results are therefre nt in details the mst cnvenient fr this purpse. t is prbable that the scale can be mre exactly determined by measurements n an extended number f supracnductrs. Summary. he authrs intrduce eab. =.J' ~ d (a = HOMsON-heat) as the therm-electric frce per degree f a metal in the abslute therm-electric scale. hey calculate this quantity fr tin, lead, and the silverally-nrmal they used, n the basis f their measurements f the therm-electric frces and f the HOM SO N-heat, f the assumptin that a = 0 in the supracnducting state, and f an interplatin fr tin between 7.2 and 20 K.

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