Stratigraphy and paleogeography of Gondwana
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1 Stratigraphy and paleogeography of Gondwana GéoRessources - CREGU - CNRS UNIVERSITE DE LORRAINE , Vandoeuvre les NANCY FRANCE Vienna Karoo U Basins michel.cuney@univ-lorraine.fr
2 The Gondwana supercontinent Gondwana supercontinent incorporated: S. America, Africa, Arabia, Madagascar, India, Sri Lanka, Australia, New Zeland, Antarctica + pieces of Europe South & North China blocks were close to Australia, as indicated by bioprovince connections with east Gondwana during the Early to mid-palaeozoic Cambrian Ordovician: deposition of a thick pile of Qz-rich sandstones on the Gondwana over > 6000 km from the Atlantic coast of N. Africa to Arabian Peninsula In Europe Armorican Quartzite Formation Its breakup started in the Early Jurassic (180 Ma)
3 Torvik and Cocks,
4 Formation of Gondwanaland High continental topography, and the lowering of sea level Li et al., 2013 N. Australia Siberia S. China India Sahara Congo E. Africa Laurentia Baltica W-Avalonia W. Africa Amazonia Kalahari A: Amazonia; A: E-Avalonia; AN: Arabia-Nubia; wa: W-Avalonia; B: Baltica; C: Congo; CAFB: C. Asian Fold B.; EA: E.Antarctica; ES: E.Svalbard; G: Greenland; I: India; K: Kalahari; L: Laurentia; NA: N.Australia; NC: N.China; R: Rio Plata; S: Sahara; SA: S. Australia; SC: S. China; Sf: Sao Francisco; Si: Siberia; T: Tarim; WA: W. Africa
5 Formation of 540 Ma Tarim N. Australia Gondwanaland A: Amazonia; A: E-Avalonia; AN: Arabia-Nubia; wa: W-Avalonia; B: Baltica; C: Congo; EA: E.Antarctica; I: India; K: Kalahari; L: Laurentia; NA: N.Australia; NC: N.China; R: Rio Plata; S: Sahara; SA: S. Australia; SC: S. China; Sf: Sao Francisco; T: Tarim; WA: W. Africa Li et al., 2013 E-Avalonia W-Avalonia S. China S. Australia India E. Africa Sahara Kalahari W. Africa Congo Sao Francisco Amazonia
6 Map of Gondwana showing position of the cratonic nuclei (after Gray et al., 2008).
7 THE KAROO FORMATION Series of basins developed on the Gondwana continent. Stratigraphic limits: between Carboniferous and Jurassic ( Ma), end with the regional basalt flooding event theoretically ended with the initiation of the Gondwana break up during Lower Jurassic Paleogeographic extension of the Karoo sedimentation: S & E of Africa from South Africa to Somalia-Ethiopia (largest development), West Africa: Angola, Namibia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, North of Africa: Niger, South America (Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Bolivia ) Asia (India, Saudi Arabia, Australia.) But also Permian sediments with U in Europe (Gondwana?)
8 Calculated effect of supercontinent cycle on sea level during Phanerozoic Comparison with first-order eustasy, degree of platform flooding & number of continents K A R O O
9 Permo-Triassic, Jurassic, Cretaceous fluvio-deltaic Gondwana sediments potential for U mineralisation in: Beaufort Group, Karroo basin of South Africa (Le Roux, 1985), Parana basin, S. America (Barretto, 1985), France (Comte et al., 1985), Niger (Cazoulat, 1985), Ngalia, Amadeus & Cooper basins, Australia Gondwana basins, India. Callingastaupstata Basin, Sierra Pintada, Argentina Proliferation of land plants & their incorporation in fluvial to marginal marine, poorly sorted sediments derived from fertile granitic & metamorphic rocks with high U contents in interbedded tuffaceous rocks (as an additional source of U) make Gondwana sediments a favorable host for sandslone type U deposit. (Finch & Davis, 1985; Le Roux & Toens, 1987)
10 THE KAROO Basins In the southern half of Africa
11 The Karoo Basin
12 The Karoo U Province sediments Includes parts of Adelaide Subgroup, & a smaller, crescent-shaped satellite region in the Molteno and Elliot formations. Thickest sandstones host the largest ore bodies & these sandstones are up to 70 m thick in Adelaide Subgroup & up to 40 m thick in Molteno & Elliot Formations. Sandstone bodies = meandering river & sheet flood deposits in Adelaide Subgroup, = braided & meandering deposits in Molteno Formation = meandering & sheet flood deposits in Elliot Formation Sandstone bodies interbedded with dark green, greyish red & maroon mudstone + subordinate siltstone, more abundant in Adelaide Subgroup & Elliot Form. and = to sandstone in the Molteno Formation.
13 Karoo basin system in the NWtrending Ubende Belt Tanzania & E. Congo reflects an early stage of Gondwana break-up Karoo basins, much larger than the remaining ones, formed initially as a result of tectonically controlled subsidence during the Late Carboniferous - Permian & were filled by fluvial-deltaic to lacustrine sediments Along the Ubende belt, they probably formed 2 major basin systems: Kalemie-Lukuga -S.Tanganyika (KLT) the Rukwa - Songwe N. Malawi (RSM) troughs. Damien DELVAUX 2001
14 Karoo basin system in the Ubende Belt
15 Stratigraphy of Kayelekera
16 Geological map of the eastern part of the Tim Mersoï basin (after Julia 1960) & 2003 airborne perimeter from M. Souley, IAEA, 2005
17 STRATIGRAPHIC CONTROLS OF THE LOCATION OF THE U DEPOSITS IN THE TIM MERSOI BASIN West Air (Niger)
18 Gondwana sedimentary basins in South America and Africa Paraná Basin sedimentation area covers > 1,700,000 km 2 (Paraguay, Uruguay, Argentina, Brazil) It may have been interconnected with the Karroo (in Africa), Paganzo (Argentina), & Tarija Basins (Argentina and Bolivia) Tarija Parana Precordilliera Paganzo Karoo
19 Parana basin Sedimentary package deposited between the Late Ordovician and the Late Cretaceous
20 Paganzo basin (Argentina)
21 Carboniferous to Permian
22 Tajira basin (Argentina, Bolivia)
23 Tajira basin stratigraphy
24 Gondwana basins in India EW Koel-Damodar & NS Rajmahal basins composed of separate outliers arranged linearly NW-SE Son-Mahanadi & Pranhita- Godavari basins (PG) continuous of outcrops Son-Mahanadi (MR): funnel shaped, narrow in SE & broad in NW Pranhita-Godavari constant width Satpura Gondwana basin to the NW of Pranhita-Godavari basin is E-W Mahadek Basin (to the NE)?
25
26 Gondwana basins in Australia Perth Basin China India
27 Gondwana basins in Australia Perth Basin
28 PANGEA at 260 Ma Modified from Meert (2012) NCB=North China Block, SCB=South China Block, AI=Armorica, Avalonia & Iberia..
The Karoo Supergroup Drakensberg Group Stormberg Group Beaufort Group Ecca Group Dwyka Group THEME 11: The Karoo Supergroup
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