251 Million years. 299 Million years. 318 Million years. 359 Million years
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1 The Late Paleozoic
2 251 Million years 299 Million years 318 Million years 359 Million years
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4 Major Questions How did marine life of late Paleozoic time differ from that of middle Paleozoic time? How did terrestrial floras change on a global scale in late Paleozoic time? What changes occurred in terrestrial faunas during late Paleozoic time? What major biotic changes occurred in the latter part of Permian time?
5 Late Paleozoic Carboniferous glaciation Abundant swamps Permian drying
6 Late Paleozoic Life in the Sea Marine Ammonoids abundant Highly mobile Brachiopods Productids Cone-shaped shells Produced reefs
7 Late Paleozoic Life in the Sea Crinoid meadows Significant contribution to early Carboniferous (Mississippian) limestone
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9 Late Paleozoic Life in the Sea Bryozoans Sheetlike colonial animals Trapped sediment in mounds Important contribution to limestone
10 Late Paleozoic Life in the Sea Fusulinids Foraminifera Single Celled!! Late Carboniferous radiation Most small, but some up to 10 cm in length Guide fossil for Upper Carboniferous and Permian
11 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Extensive swamps developed Coal swamps dominated by lycopods (mossworts) Lepidodendron Up to 30 m tall Sigillaria
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14 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Seed ferns Abundant Small bushy plants Large and treelike Glossopteris
15 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Sphenopsids Not found in coal swamps Levees and floodplains, i.e. uplands, not swamps
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17 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Cordaites Upland plants Gymnosperms Naked seed plants Formed woodlands Conifers Cone bearing plants
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19 Permian Late Paleozoic Life on Land Gymnosperms came to dominate terrestrial environments
20 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Winged insects Dragonflies Mayflies FIXED WINGS!
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22 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Amphibians Reptiles
23 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Reptiles Requires amniote egg Protects embryo No longer needs water for development Pelycosaurs Dimetredon Eryops
24 Late Paleozoic Life on Land Therapsids Similar to mammals Legs no longer sprawling Complex jaws Endothermic Warm-blooded Ectothermic Cold-blooded
25 Southwestern U.S. Ouachita Mountains Westward continuation of Appalachians Fold and thrust belt of offshore deposits
26 Southwestern U.S. Microplates also accreted to Central America
27 Fountain Arkose Eastern flank of Front Range
28 Cyclothems and Coal Cycles in coal beds that contain marine sediments Slight change in sea level Alternating transgressions and regressions
29 Cyclothems and Coal Transgression Deposition of marginal marine peat on top of nonmarine deposits Capped with marine sediments
30 Cyclothems and Coal Regression Reversed the sequence Oscillating glaciers led to changes in sea level
31 Late Paleozoic Unconformity Global unconformity in marine sediments
32 Late Phanerozoic Life Rates of Origination and Extinction
33 Late Permian Anoxia Japan Uplifted rocks Gray chert replaced oxidized hematite
34 Key Events of the Paleozoic 1. Six major continents formed by the breakup of Rodinia converge to form Pangea 2. Sea Level rose to cover large sections of the continents four times 3. Two major Ice Ages chilled the planet 4. Life diversified and moved to the land, but was also set back by three major extinctions
35 Important Paleozoic Orogenies Orogeny Age What collided Taconic Sil. Taconic Arc with Laurentia Caledonian Dev Larentia with Baltica (forming Laurasia) Acadian Dev. Avalonian Terrane with Laurasia Ural Penn. Siberia with Baltica Hercynian Penn. European part of Laurasia with Gondwana Alleganian Penn/ Perm N. part of Laurasia with Gondwana (forming Pangea) Ouachita Perm Southern part of Laurasia with Gondwana
36 Taconic Orogeny Ordovician mountain building Early Ordovician carbonate platform east coast of Laurentia Mid-Ordovician carbonate deposition stopped; flysch sedimentation dominated
37 Taconic Orogeny Flysch overlain by molasse Clastic wedge tapering towards northwest
38 Alleghenian Orogeny Mountain building shifted to Eastern US Valley and Ridge Thrust faults Blue Ridge Grenville age rocks
39 Alleghenian Orogeny Continued molasse deposition
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41 Causes of Sea Level Change A. Local Sea Level Change 1. Local Tectonic Movement B. Global (Eustatic) Sea Level Change 1. Ice Ages (water is trapped in ice) 2. Rate of plate divergence at mid-ocean ridges
42 Evaporites Evidence for Permian Climate Coal
43 5 4 3 Paleozoic Ice Ages 2 1
44 Mass Extinctions: Death and Destruction
45 The Five Big Extinctions When (End of ) %Species Loss** Major Loses to Ordovician 85 ±3% Brachiopods & bryozoans Devonian 83 ± 4% Rugose & tabulate corals, armored* & jawless fish Permian 95 ± 2% All life! - Trilobites*, corals*, blastoids* Triassic 80 ± 4% Most synapsids Cretaceous 76 ± 5% Dinosaurs, marine reptiles, ammonites *Went extinct, **From Jablonski (1991,1995)
46 Causes of Mass Extinctions Major environmental change - to fast for species to adapt Such as: Meteorite impacts Massive global eruptions Rapid climate change Major sea level fluctuations
47 Paleozoic Causes: Leading Hypotheses Ordovician - related to ice ages? -lowering sea level -cooling climate Devonian -related to the buildup of land plants - ocean anoxia Permian - Formation of Pangaea -loss of shallow marine environment -climate change - ocean anoxia -Massive volcanic eruptions -Comet impact
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50 Survivors set the stage for the next Age Adaptive Radiation
51 Paleogeography Early Ordovician Baltica began move from South Pole End of Ordovician Baltica moved to tropics Gondwanaland nearing south pole Glacier expanded Sea-level fell Mass extinction (2 pulses)
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53 Taconic Orogeny Eastern North American passive margin Erosion decreased elevation Seas flooded shelf Shallow seas in the west Middle Silurian Muddy carbonate basins Late Silurian Evaporite pans
54 Middle Paleozoic Paleogeography Euramerica Laurentia, Baltica, Avalonia High sea level Warm Abundant reefs Evaporites Paraná Basin Cool water fauna
55 Late Paleozoic Paleogeography Mid-carboniferous Mississippian Pennsylvanian Gondwanaland collided with Eurasia (Hercynian) Extended Appalachians Alleghenian mountains Formed Ouachita Belt Oklahoma, Texas Glaciers; Sea level drops Later Carboniferous Increased latitudinal gradients Glaciation expanded
56 Late Paleozoic Paleogeography Continents clustered near Early Carboniferous each other High sea level Warm, shallow seas Abundant limestone Evaporites on western North American continent
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58 Late Paleozoic Paleogeography Permian Interior Pangaea nearly complete Low moisture Ural Mountains Evaporites and dunes Reduced carbon burial Led to higher atmospheric CO 2 Global warming ended glaciation
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61 Late Paleozoic Paleogeography Western dunes
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