Ch. 12 Proterozoic Eon
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1 Ch. 12 Proterozoic Eon Proterozoic Eon is ~ 1.95 billion years in duration, from 2.5 Ga to Ga 2.5 Ga 1.6 Ga 1.0 Ga 0.54 Ga Paleoproterozoic Era Mesoproterozoic Era Neoproterozoic Era PROTEROZOIC EON Earth History, Ch. 12 1
2 Early Proterozoic Life Stromatolites continued to increase in abundance, especially after 2.2 Ga, probably because of the establishment of broad continental shelves Earth History, Ch. 12 2
3 Modern stromatolite structure Earth History, Ch. 12 3
4 Proterozoic stromatolites Earth History, Ch. 12 4
5 Proterozoic bacterial filaments (prokaryotes) Earth History, Ch. 12 5
6 Early Proterozoic life Earliest fossil evidence of eukaryotes is single-celled algae (protists), ~2.1 Ga, although indirect genetic evidence suggests the possibility of Archean eukaryotes Eukaryotic cell probably originated from the union of two prokaryotic cells, with one engulfing the other ( endosymbiont theory ) Earth History, Ch. 12 6
7 Endosymbiont theory Cytoskeleton (fibers just inside cell membrane) allows cell to change shape makes engulfing possible (adaptive breakthrough) Simple protists could have engulfed chlorophyll-bearing cyanobacteria to become plant-like protists (algae) Earth History, Ch. 12 7
8 Endosymbiont theory In modern eukaryotes, DNA and RNA of mitochondria and chloroplasts differ from that in the nucleus, suggesting separate origins Earth History, Ch. 12 8
9 Lynn Margulis National Academy of Sciences Russian Academy of Natural Sciences American Academy of Arts and Sciences Proctor Prize National Medal of Science Linnean Society of London Darwin-Wallace Medal Papers archived in Library of Congress Earth History, Ch. 12 9
10 Early Proterozoic life Even after the origin of eukaryotes, prokaryotes were dominant until about ~1.9 Ga what happened then? Build-up of atmospheric oxygen was achieved by ~1.9 Ga, as evidenced by decrease in banded iron formations and appearance of red beds (oxidized sediments) O 2 combined with N 2 to form nitrates (NO 3 ), which acted as fertilizer to accelerate the evolution of eukaryotic algae Earth History, Ch
11 Early Proterozoic life 1.9 Ga prokaryotes from the Gunflint Formation of Ontario, Canada Note small size Earth History, Ch
12 Early Proterozoic life Single-celled, eukaryotic algae acritarchs became abundant after ~1.9Ga Acritarchs are relatively large and possess a complex cell wall. Probably related to modern planktonic algae (dinoflagellates) 35µm Earth History, Ch
13 Proterozoic acritarchs Bar scale = 10 µm Earth History, Ch
14 Neoproterozoic life Transition from Mesoproterozoic to Neoproterozoic was marked by an adaptive radiation of eukaryotes at ~1.0 Ga Mainly an increase in the diversity of acritarchs But, by the end of Proterozoic time, stromatolites had declined in abundance and unquestioned multicellular animals had spread to many regions of the Earth Earth History, Ch
15 Neoproterozoic life The evolutionary radiation of animals Beginning at ~570 Ma, rocks contain evidence of diverse animal life Trace fossils Animal embryos Impressions of soft-bodied fossils Skeletal fossils Earth History, Ch
16 Neoproterozoic life Trace fossils Burrows, tracks, trails Not known in rocks older than ~570 Ma* Their presence is good evidence for animal activity *hold that thought Late Proterozoic feeding burrows from Norway Earth History, Ch
17 animal embryos (570 Ma) from China Earth History, Ch
18 Neoproterozoic life Impressions from the Ediacara Hills region of Australia ( Ediacara Fauna ) Primitive mollusk Sea pen (cnidarian) Worm/arthropod? Segmented form Earth History, Ch
19 Neoproterozoic life Skeletal fossils include the calcitic, tube-like Cloudina Earth History, Ch
20 Neoproterozoic life Thus, by the end of Proterozoic Eon, at least four major groups of animals had arisen Segmented worms, arthropods, cnidarians, mollusks What triggered the initial radiation of animals? Critical build-up of atmospheric O 2? Evolution of key adaptive features such as muscle cells or nerve cells? Answer is still unknown! Earth History, Ch
21 Addendum (2002 news!) Probable trace fossils > 1.2 Ga from SW Australia Discovery suggests a much earlier origin of active organisms than previously thought Rasmussen et al. 2002, Science Earth History, Ch
22 Proterozoic life (review) oldest evidence for animals * adaptive radiation of acritarchs * * oxygenation of atmosphere eukaryotes? prokaryotes 2.5 Ga Earth History, Ch
23 Oxygenation of the atmosphere Most iron-bearing sedimentary deposits younger than 1.9 billion are highly oxidized (red beds) Cessation of Banded Iron Formation deposition BIFs are alternating bands of iron-rich layers and chert layers Very few BIFs younger than 1.9 billion years old (when atmospheric O 2 increased) Principal source of world s iron ore Earth History, Ch
24 Banded iron formations Earth History, Ch
25 Oxygenation of the atmosphere Fe ++ was dissolved in oceans before oxygenation of the atmosphere Once O 2 became plentiful in atmosphere and oceans, Fe ++ became oxidized and was precipitated as banded iron formations Fe ++ oxidation Fe e - soluble (ferrous) insoluble (ferric) Earth History, Ch
26 Proterozoic continents Major cratons were assembled by the suturing of protocontinents Once cratons formed, incremental growth of continents occurred through continental accretion Earth History, Ch
27 Continental accretion Lateral growth of a continental margin by suturing of a microplate and/or compression and metamorphism of sediments Earth History, Ch
28 Assembly of North America Laurentia = Proterozoic combined landmass of North America and Greenland Core of Laurentia was North American craton (now exposed in Canadian Shield) Throughout Proterozoic time, Laurentia grew by continental accretion Earth History, Ch
29 Assembly of Laurentia First step in assembly of Laurentia was the fusion of six Archean protocontinents to form the stable craton Suturing of protocontinents occurred from Ga Trans-Hudson belt is metamorphosed suture zone between Superior protocontinent and Wyoming-Hearne protocontinent Earth History, Ch
30 Assembly of Laurentia Earth History, Ch
31 Assembly of Laurentia Second major step was continental accretion of central and southern U.S. ( Ga) Third step was Grenville Orogeny Collision of eastern Laurentia with northern South America, ~ Ga Resulted in continental accretion along entire eastern margin of Laurentia Earth History, Ch
32 Assembly of Laurentia Earth History, Ch
33 Midcontinent rift Midcontinent Rift formed at about same time as Grenville orogeny (~1.2 to 1.0 Ga), but relationship is unclear Split in continental crust rifting filling of elongate basins with Keweenawan basalts Earth History, Ch
34 Continental rift sequence Earth History, Ch
35 Earth History, Ch
36 Midcontinent rift system Earth History, Ch
37 Gravity survey Earth History, Ch
38 Assembly of Laurentia Earth History, Ch
39 Assembly of the supercontinent Rodinia Grenville orogenic belt was connected to orogenic belts along margins of southern Africa, India, Australia and Antarctica By ~1.0 Ga all these continental areas had merged to form the supercontinent Rodinia Earth History, Ch
40 Breakup of Rodinia Rodinia split in half at ~ Ma This rift created the Pacific Ocean Earth History, Ch
41 Breakup of Rodinia another failed rift Earth History, Ch
42 End of Precambrian By end of Precambrian time, Laurentia, Baltica, and Siberia were distinct continents Pan-African suturing resulted in the formation of the supercontinent Gondwanaland (Africa, South America, India, Australia, Antarctica) Earth History, Ch
43 Earth History, Ch
44 Gondwana Laurentia Siberia Earth History, Ch
45 Iowa s Precambrian record Only Precambrian rocks exposed at surface are in northwestern corner of state in Gitchie Manitou State Preserve Sioux Quartzite (~1.7 Ma) (deposited after Trans- Hudson Belt but before Midcontinent Rift) Best record of Precambrian rocks in subsurface is Amoco Eischeid well (Carroll County) ~15,000 ft of late Proterozoic sedimentary rocks that filled the Midcontinent Rift valley above Keweenawan basalts Earth History, Ch
46 Earth History, Ch
47 Sioux Quartzite southern Minnesota ~1900 Earth History, Ch
48 Pipestone figurines Earth History, Ch
49 Snowball Earth?? Locations of known glacial till deposits of Late Proterozoic age Earth History, Ch
50 Tillite overlain by limestone Earth History, Ch
51 Snowball Earth? Earth History, Ch
52 570 Ma Earliest evidence of multicellular animals is immediately after Snowball Earth period Earth History, Ch
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