Columbia River Gorge Near Perfection... And Only 40+ Million Years in the Making
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1 Columbia Gorge Geology and the Ice Age Floods Columbia River Gorge Near Perfection... And Only 40+ Million Years in the Making Lloyd DeKay, Ice Age Floods Institute - Columbia Gorge Chapter GorgeFloods.org
2 Geology has a very long time to do its work Geologic Time If 1 MY = 1 Dinosaurs Gone = 65in Columbia River trough = ~50in Columbia River = 20in Columbia River Basalt = in Ice Age Floods =.018in Earth formed = 125yd BIG BANG = 1/4mi
3 ~50-20 MYA Oldest Gorge Records An offshore volcanic arc, west of present-day Cascades, spewed ash eastward toward John Day Fossil Beds John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
4 Proto-Cascades MYA John Day Area ~30 MYA Volcanic ash from these proto-cascade volcanos blowing eastward repeatedly buried the John Day area, preserving the world's most complete record of Miocene life Meanwhile weathered volcanic debris washed down the arc flanks into the Columbia trough John Day Fossil Beds Natl Monument Eagle Creek Debris Flow ~20MYA
5 Columbia River Basalt MYA About 17.5 MYA volcanism shifted east to the Idaho border area, burying the Columbia Basin in 1000 s of feet of basalt There were over 300 MASSIVE fissure eruptions that poured extremely fluid basalt from 20,000 vents, up to 30' wide and 10mi long They covered 81,100mi 2 to 16,000' thick Could cover Cont. US 12'+ thick 90% erupted in first 2 MY 21 poured thru Columbia River Gorge Flowed at up to 9mph Took ~1 week to the coast
6 Local Columbia River Basalt Features Stacked Basalt Layers Horsethief Butte Basalt Arch Catherine Creek Basalt Columns Basalt Pillows Curved Columns Horsethief Butte Pillow Basalt - Hwy 197, I-84 exit south
7 Rise of the Cascades <3 MYA Volcanism shifted west again ~5+ MYA Columbia River downcut as the Cascades slowly rose
8 Shield Volcanoes Began <1MYA Mt sunset These were broad, low relief volcanos, similar to Hawaiian Island volcanos Frosty Underwood Mtn
9 Strato-Volcanoes Began ~500,000 YA Mt Adams Their stiffer lavas tend to build upward Mt Hood
10 Local Cascades Features Folded CRB Coyote Wall, SR14 east of Bingen Bird Crk Meadows Mt Adams Lava Tubes Guler Ice Caves, Trout Lake Collapsed Lava Tubes White Salmon River
11 Missoula/Spokane/Bretz Floods At the end of the ice ages,18-12 KYA, ice dams repeatedly blocked the Clark Fork River creating Glacial Lake Missoula When the ice dams broke they released massive floods across central WA and all the way to the Pacific Ocean
12 Release of Cataclysmic Floods Maybe 120 times (~every 50 years) these Ice dams broke catastrophically, releasing huge floods up to 1000' deep that raced at up to 60 mph across central WA, through Wallula Gap, the Gorge, and on to the Pacific Ocean The lake floated and undermined the ice dam, causing catastrophic collapse The floods swept away icebergs carrying encased rock that later melted out downstream as erratics.
13 Floods Across the Landscape Stev Ominski Dry Falls 140 mi 3 /day poured across the eastern WA landscape It striped sediment and plucked massive blocks of bedrock behind a wall of water up to 1000 high. It could have been felt 2 hours beforehand. It left behind massive coulees, scablands, megaripples and bars, even lake deposits.
14 Evidence Left Behind Touchet Lake Beds Deposited intemporary Lakes Mega-Ripples 30+ ft high (Camas Prairie) Massive Rolled Basalt Boulders Huge Coulees and Scablands
15 Through Wallula Gap Narrower channels downstream caused more temporary lakes. Modelling shows it took a month for each flood to fully drain Wallula Gap only allowed ~40 mi 3 /day, forming a large temporary Lake Lewis behind it reaching into the Yakima Valley
16 And On Through the Gorge Remember, the Gorge was already here for the past 20 million years Stev Ominski The floods swept away the erosional debris, leaving behind the majestic palisades and waterfalls of the Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area Columbia River Gorge Peter Marbach
17 Some Local Features Whirlpools plucked bedrock Kolk Pond at The Dalles Discovery Center
18 Erratics and Huge Gravel Deposits Mark Hatfield, Mosier Turbulent Water-Cut Benches opposite Dalles Discovery Center Streamlined Bedrock Outcrops Horsethief Butte, WA
19 Scablands at Columbia Hills State Park, WA Upstream Dipping Foreset Beds (Canyon Road, Lyle) Hanging Valleys with Spectacular Gorge Waterfalls like Multnomah Falls off I-84
20 Missoula/Spokane/Bretz/Ice Age Floods A MAJOR Geologic Controversy Challenged by Six Geology Elders W. C. Alden Henry Ferguson Oscar E. Meinzer E. T. McKnight James Gilluly G. R. Mansfield James Gilluly Oscar E. Meinzer Joseph T. Pardee The Elders fought Bretz s heretical neo-catastrophist explanation until Joseph T. Pardee s 1940 Glacial Lake Missoula presentation that provided the source for the floods and ended the debate J Harlan Bretz Neo-Catastrophist in 1923 Proposed a megaflood explanation, but not where floods came from
21 Landsat Confirmation Bretz s theory was fully confirmed on Landsat images Landsat Image (1970s) Bretz Map (1930s)
22 More Recent Gorge Geology Bonneville Dam Bonneville Landslide ~1450 A.D.
23 Bridge of the Gods Indian Legend Loowit (Mt St Helens) Pahtoe (Mt Adams) Wy east (Mt Hood)
24 40+ Million Year Recap Cascades, Ice Age Floods, and Columbia River Gorge Mt Washington Columbia River Basalts Proto-Cascades
25 Ice Age Floods National Geologic Trail Still a few years off, it will be under the National Park Service
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