Pacific Northwest Quaternary Climate History: Very Short Version 2:00
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1 Pacific Northwest Quaternary Climate History: Very Short Version 2:00
2 Glacial Maximum North America Major Effects: 1. Great Lakes 2. Missouri River Drainage 3. Upper Mississippi River Drainage 3. Ohio River Drainage
3 Columbia Ice Sheet at glacial maximum. Area of Missoula Flood inundation 31
4
5 33 J Harlen Bretz and The Missoula Floods
6
7 Grand Coulee Dam 34
8 Just below Grand Coulee Dam 35
9 Grand Coulee downstream from dam
10 Sand and gravel mine below dam
11 Above Grand Coulee Dam, south bank Flood deposits in foreground, CRB on skyline
12 CRB erratic about 10 miles south of dam
13 Glacial erratics
14 Dry Falls
15 Dry Falls: note plunge pools
16 Coulee below Dry Falls
17 Dry Falls, Washington 46
18 Glacial gravels, East Quincy Basin 41
19
20 Well upstream of the Dallas... Wallula Gap, WA-OR
21 Intervals of clean rock all along the Columbia River
22 Sand and Gravel mine, Dallasport, WA, Columbia River
23 Lyle, WA
24 Somewhere well above the river...
25 ... We find a deposit of young, unconsolidated sediments...
26 ... Which are not derived from local sources. They are located over 300 feet above the river.
27 Nearby, one must ask: Where is the soil?
28 2:10 Sand and Gravel Mine, Ross Island
29 Missoula Flood Innundation Lake Allison Depths, Willamette Valley 400
30 Denlinger and O Connell 2010
31 Denlinger and O Connel 2010
32 Denlinger and O Connel 2010
33 Denlinger and O Connell 2010
34 Denlinger and O Connell 2010
35 2:15 Denlinger and O Connell 2010
36
37
38 Lake Bonneville Salt Flats, Nevada-Utah
39 Pyramid Lake, NV
40 Pyramid Lake, Nevada: Where was Lake Lahontan highstand? Tufa deposit
41 Summer Lake Basin, Oregon 71
42 Albert Lake, Hart Mountain, Oregon 72
43 Steens Mountain, Alvord Lake Basin, Oregon 73
44 Alvord Lake, Oregon 74
45 2:20 What Causes Glaciation? Rhone Valley, Les Bossons, France
46 European Quaternary Glacial Stages 76
47 Slide courtesy of Art Green,Exxon)
48 Orbital forcing: Milankovitch Theory Precession: 19,000-23,000 years The major axis of each planet's elliptical orbit also precesses within its orbital plane, in response to perturbations in the form of the changing gravitational forces exerted by other planets. This is called perihelion precession. It is generally understood that the gravitational pulls of the sun and the moon cause the precession of the equinoxes on Earth which operate on cycles of 23,000 and 19,000 years. Sritrairat 2007
49 Orbital forcing: Milankovitch Theory Obliquity: 41, 000 yr cycle Sritrairat 2007
50 Orbital forcing: Milankovitch Theory Eccentricity: 100,000 years Sritrairat 2007
51 European Quaternary Glacial Stages
52 Millenial Scale Climate Change Last glacial maximum (LGM): ~21kya Bolling/Allerod warming-> Younger Dryas cooling:~ kya Heinrich events Dansgaard-Oeschger events Sritrairat 2007
53 Medieval Warming 10th century-14th century in Europe May recent finding in North America Coincided with a peak in solar activity Sritrairat 2007
54 Little Ice Age A period of cooling from approx. 14th-19th century, occurs after the medieval warming, though there seems to be little global agreement on the timing. Most evidence in Europe and north America Hypotheses of the cause include decreased sunspot activity (Maunder minimum) and increased volcanic activity, others claim it had to do with a decrease in population resulting from the black death and thus a decrease in agricultural activity Sritrairat 2007
55 Time line Ma: Snowball Earth (Neoproterozoic) 300 Ma-5Ma: Hot house world (Mesozoic/Cenozoic ) 3 Myr-present: Orbital-scale variability: series of glaciation and retreat 20 Kyr: Last glacial maximum (LGM) ~13 Kyr:Bolling/Allerod warming ~12 Kyr: Younger Dryas (YD) Heinrich events and D-O cycles; BP: Medieval Warm Period BP: Little Ice Age Sritrairat 2007
56 Global Warming?: The Hockey Stick The infamous Mike Mann s Hockey Stick graph The temperature is rising rapidly Sritrairat 2007
57 How to study paleoclimate? Marine Ocean sediment cores (more regional) Terrestrial (more local) Lakes and wetlands cores Tree ring/coral (growth response) Leaf morphology Ice cores Speleothem Ice cores Sedimentary rocks/uplifted sediments Modified after Sritrairat :25
58 Proxies: plant and animal remains Pollens, forams Molecular techniques (transformation of molecules at a specific condition, or specific remains of group of living organism).i.e. alkenones, lignin Each species has a specific range of habitat (precip, T, soil type, nutrients, salinity) i.e. found foram in freshwater wetland cores: must have been saltier, Tropic pollen in the arctic = warmer Sritrairat 2007
59 Proxies: Stable Isotopes If relative ratios of the selected pair changes systematically according to climatic parameters (T, precip, ph, etc) Mg/Ca: T δ 13 C: ocean circulation, productivity, C cycle δ 18 O:Temperature/Salinity/Sea level More ice on land: ocean δ 18 O becomes heavier Sritrairat 2007
60 Rayleigh Distillation (Precipiation Fraction) Sritrairat 2007
61 Climate Variation in Oregon Geologic Records Painted Hills Unit, John Day Fossil Beds Nat Mon
62 Climate Variation in Oregon Geologic Records Clarno Formation above John Day River h4p://
63 h4p://
64 Semi- arid to Moist Cool and Wet Wet h4p://
65 Very young and thin Semi- arid to humid Dry h4p://
66 Tetallack 2009 Cenozoic cooling and grassland expansion in Oregon and Washington PaleoBios
67 Retallack 2008
68 Retallack 2008
69 Retallack 2008
70 Retallack 2008
71 (humid) (arid to Semi- arid) Retallack 2008
72 Retallack 2008
73 Retallack 2008
74 Retallack 2008
75 Retallack 2008
76 Retallack 2008
77 Retallack 2008
78 Painted Hills Unit, John Day Fossil Beds National Monument
79 110 Dilhoff et al :30
80 Dilhoff et al 2004
81 Dilhoff et al 2004
82 Dilhoff et al 2004
83 (Deep Sea Water)
84 2:35 115
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