Glaciers. Valley and Piedmont Glaciers. Glaciers, Gloobal Warming El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Ice Age Sea Level on North America

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1 Glaciers, Gloobal Warming El Niño and the Southern Oscillation Glaciers Earth Science: Ch 20, p STM: Ch 25, p Earth Science Chapter 6 p , Southern Hemisphere Northern Hemisphere Ice Age Sea Level on North America Valley and Piedmont Glaciers Malaspina Glacier, Alaska

2 Crevasse Glacier movement, tracked by stakes Glacial Snow Budget Striations and polish Cycle of valley glacier erosion U-Shaped Valley with tarns

3 Hanging Valley Arete Cirque, Horn Fiord Lateral moraine Lateral and Medial Moraine

4 Moraine deposit Loess Continental Glacial deposits Pleistocene Ice Maximum Upper Midwest End Moraines Coastal moraines of New England

5 Upper Midwest drainage before glaciation Upper Midwest Drainage after glaciation Deranged drainage after ice melts Pluvial Lakes of Southwest Ice Age Sea Level on North America Iceberg Photo Iceberg diagram

6 Bering land bridge Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciation Location of 300 MY Continental Glaciation with continents located 300 mya Elliptical orbit Axial Tilt variation obliquity

7 Precession of axial tilt Milankovitch cycles Northern hemisphere insolation differences due to Milankovitch cycles Oxygen isotope fractionation Temperature record from O-18 Threshold diagram

8 Positive Climate Feedback Loops Ice-albedo feedback loop Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature Positive Climate Feedback Loops Ice albedo decreases temperature, increases ice. Reduced ice increases temperature Glacial periods result in larger arid areas, increasing delivery of iron nutrients to sea, lowering CO 2 levels, and temperature Lowering sea level will expose reefs to weathering. Reaction consumes CO 2, lowering temperature. Rising sea level has opposite effect Negative Climate Feedback Loop Forest die out during glacial ages, reducing mechanism to remove CO 2 from atmosphere, increasing temperature Forest cover negative feedback Temperature compared to sulfur aerosol concentration

9 Nutrient cycle Nutrients related to sea level change Ozone Hole Atmospheric feedback mechanisms Carbon cycle Temperature trend 30 years Red and green are trends predicted from satellite measurements

10 Temperature trend 150 years Temperature Trend 2000 years Temperature Trend 12,000 Years Temperature trend 450,000 years Curves of reconstructed temperature at two locations in Antarctica and a global record of variations in glacial ice volume. Today's date is on the left side of the graph Temperature trend 5,000,000 years Temperature Trend 65,000,000 years

11 Temperature trend 500,000,000 years Temperature Change Northern Hemisphere surface temperature variation Hydrocarbon CO 2 emission trend Atmospheric Carbon dioxide trend US energy use

12 Rice paddy field Sea Ice Breakup at Antarctica Ocean carbonate buffer Shoreline shift with sea level rise Implication of sea level rise Building for passive Sun heating Photovoltaic and Water heating also incorporated Note operable skylight for cooling

13 Wind Power Geothermal Geothermal Geothermal Brady Hot Springs, northern Nevada, dries onions for Burger King Geothermal Geothermal Reykjavik in the 1930s Reykjavik today

14 Tidal Lagoon Grand Coulee Dam Hydroelectric power North America s largest concrete structure Located on the Columbia River in Central Washington Biomass Direct burning of plant material Oil harvested from seeds Plant material converted to Alcohol: methanol and ethanol Converted to methane El Nino animation Normal equatorial flow

15 Vertical normal flow ENSO disruption of flow Vertical ENSO flow Normal vs. enso pressures

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