Pleistocene Glaciations
|
|
- Alisha Spencer
- 5 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chapter 14 Pleistocene Glaciations I. Geologic evidence 1. glacial deposits, etc. Pleistocene Glaciations 2. The Oxygen Isotope Record (1970s) II. Explanation of the glacial-interglacial periods The Milankovitch Theory (1920s) III. Glacial climate feedbacks Theories for the inconsistency i between The Milankovitch it Theory and the Oxygen Isotope Record Pleistocene Epoch: 1.8 million to 10,000 years ago Holocene Epoch: since 10,000 years ago The Quaternary Period includes the Pleistocene and Holocene ice sheets have grown and shrunk many times since 2.5mya Definitions (confusing): Glacial Period: When discussing climate change over millions of years, periods during which the Northern Hemisphere had ice sheets. Very few such periods. Includes the Pleistocene and Holocene, including current Glacial Interval / Ice Age: time during the Pleistocene when more than just Greenland/Antarctica have ice sheets Interglacial Period/Interval: time during the Pleistocene when only Greenland/Antarctica have ice sheets (the Holocence, includes current) Maximum extent of the Pleistocene ice sheet Geologic Evidence of Pleistocene Glaciations (discussed previously in this class): 1. Glacial striations 2. Glacial moraines 3. Till 4. Loess There have been many glaciations, i but evidence of previous ice ages gets destroyed d when the ice advances over the same region. There have been four ice ages known since the 19 th century, in order from oldest to most recent: Gunz, Mindel, Riss, and Wurm (Europe) Nebraskan, Kansan, Illinoian, and Wisconsin (N. America) 1
2 In Central Park In Central Park Rouches Moutonnees rock hills shaped by the passage of ice to give a smooth up-ice side and a rough, plucked and cliffed surface on the down-ice side. The upstream surface is often marked with striations Glacial Erratic boulder transported and deposited by a glacier having a lithology different than the bedrock upon which it is sitting In Central Park 1 Blue sky over Umpire Rock 2 Erratic 3 Folds 4 Groove 5 Groove 6 Groove 7 Meeting Place 8 Outcrop or boulder? 9 Outcrop or boulder? 10 Students 11 Students 12 Striations 13 Talus or erratic? 14 Talus or erratic? 15 Erratic 16 Asymmetric hill 17 Dike in raised relief 18 X-dike: How geologists argue - Explanation of Ice Ages Milankovitch (1920s) Serbian mathematician Milankovitch theorized that the waxing/waning of ice sheets should be related to the amount, and seasonal timing, of insolation reaching higher latitudes. He calculated, based on the physics of gravitational attraction between earth, other planets, the sun, and moon, that characteristics of the earth s orbit, and therefore insolation and variations in the amount of ice cover on earth, varies over thousands of years, with three primary cyclicities: thousand year cycle of precession (combined effects of precession 25.7 kyr cycle, precession of perihelion, and influence of Venus and Jupiter) 41 thousand year cycle of obliquity 100 thousand year cycle of eccentricity With not much solid geological evidence to back it up, this theory went nowhere 2
3 - Explanation of Ice Ages Milankovitch (1920s) Obliquity and contrast in insolation between the seasons Precession of Perihelion less contrast between seasons Milankovictch Cycles: periodical changes in the Earth s climate system due to (1) changes in the orbit around the Sun; 100,00 years period, (2) changes in the inclination of the rotation axis; 41,000 years period, and (3) changes in the orientation of the rotation axis with respect of the orbit; 25,700 years period. more contrast between seasons Glacial-Interglacial as Equilibrium States Combination of various orbital forcing causes earth s climate to oscillate between two states: glacial and interglacial. Equilibrium states can be represented as below, with the glacial state (longer periods) in a deeper valley than the interglacial state. Orbital forcing periodically and continually send the system from one valley to the other, back and forth. Glaciations Sun is in one of the foci of the ellipse, at perihelion earth is closer to the sun than at aphelion more energy at perihelion than aphelion perihelion when Northern Hemisphere (NH) is in the middle of winter earth moves faster in its orbit around the sun at perihelion than at aphelion therefore NH winters are milder and shorter than Southern Hemisphere (SH) winters and NH summers tend to be longer and milder than milder than SH summers Obliquity creates contrast between the seasons, no net change in the amount of sunlight received by earth the eccentricity of earth s orbit causes this contrast to slightly greater in the SH than in the NH Precession (related to direction of the spin axis) modifies the relationship between the seasons and the distance from the sun every half precession cycle the hemisphere h with the greatest t degree of seasonal contrast t switches between north and south: when the SH has mild summers and winters, the NH has hot summers and cold winters and vice versa. Glaciations are promoted with northern summer at aphelion and thus low seasonal contrast (as today). In Summary: when eccentricity is large, NH glaciation is especially favored when precession causes the NH summer to occur at aphelion. 3
4 The Oxygen Isotope ( 18 O) Record (1970s) 1. The skeletons of marine organisms record the 18 O content in the water (sediments) 2. Marine organisms incorporate 18 O preferentially in cold water 3. Ice sheets preferentially incorporate water with 16 O, leaving the water remaining in the ocean enriched in 18 O 4. So, local climate variations (water Temp), and the global scale advance and retreat of ice sheets, are recorded in the 18 O/ 16 O ratios in ocean sediments As a response to climate changes ice sheets advance over the continents and these changes are recorded in the chemical changes that take place in the ocean. O 2 isotopes analysis is used to determine the record of glacial-interglacial oscillations. Net transfer of 16 O from oceans to ice sheets, leaving behind ocean water rich in 18 O The Oxygen Isotope ( 18 O) Record (1970s) What does this record tell you about climate variations over the past few million years? Deep-sea sediment record of the δ 18 O of seawater during the Pleistocene analysis on two genera, sediments from mid-latitude North Atlantic. The Oxygen Isotope ( 18 O) Record (1970s) Fourier Analysis: mathematical procedure designed to identify the strength of different cycles in a time series. Fourier analysis of the oxygen isotope record shows the same periods predicted by Milankovitch! The Oxygen Isotope ( 18 O) Record (1970s) How is the precession effect modulated by eccentricity? Why is the 100K yr cycle stronger in the climate than in the forcing? 4
5 Glacial Climate Feedbacks Milankovitch prediction and observed δ 18 O record Why is the 100k-year cycle so pronounced in the actual climate, when the solar forcing is so muted? There must be one or more positive feedbacks to amplify the initial change. 1. Ice-Albedo Feedbacks 2. Evidence for Feedbacks affecting atmospheric CO 2 on Glacial Time Scales possible amplifying mechanisms (a, b, c) Vostok Ice Core link between global climate change and variations of GHGs amount in the atmosphere 3. Cloud-Albedo Feedbacks 4. Changes in Terrestrial Biomass (negative feedback!) 1. Ice albedo feedbacks: definitely happens, but can not explain global nature of the results, must be other mechanisms at work 2. Evidence for feedbacks affecting atmospheric CO 2 on glacial time scales THE VOSTOK ICE-CORE DATA C02, CH4, and temperature time series for the last 400,000 years How are they derived: isotope analysis (O and H) These co-varying changes are interpreted as evidence of system-like behavior 2a. Possible amplifying mechanism THE BIOLOGICAL PUMP Why should the biological pump respond dto glacial lchanges? 5
6 2a. Possible amplifying mechanism THE BIOLOGICAL PUMP Why should the biological pump respond dto glacial lchanges? We know that sea level drops during glacial periods, could this lead to phosphorus fertilization? 2a. Possible amplifying mechanism THE BIOLOGICAL PUMP phosphorus fertilization: not consistent with other evidence 2b. Possible amplifying mechanism IRON FERTILIZATION Glacial periods are believed to have been dry and dustier, as shown in ice cores (more dust in the core). 2c. Possible amplifying mechanism CORAL REEF GROWTH/DECAY We know that sea level drops during glacial lperiods, could ldthis lead to a coral reef feedback? 6
7 2c. Possible amplifying mechanism CORAL REEF GROWTH/DECAY We know that sea level drops during glacial lperiods, could ldthis lead to a coral reef feedback? 3. Possible amplifying mechanism not CO2 related Cloud albedo feedback / ocean sulfur cycle The Production of DMS by phytoplankton lead to cooling of climate via 2 mechanisms sulfate aerosol and cloud seeding MSA content of Antarctic ice (bottom) and relative local temperature (top) from hydrogen isotopic composition of the ice. 3. Possible amplifying mechanism not CO2 related Cloud albedo feedback / ocean sulfur cycle The Production of DMS by phytoplankton lead to cooling of climate via 2 mechanisms sulfate aerosol and cloud seeding 4. Possible negative feedback: change in forest cover, related to atmospheric CO2 Is this link + or -? Difference in vegetation between the last glacial maximum and present day potential: (ignoring human impact on forests). 7
8 4. Possible negative feedback: change in forest cover, related to atmospheric CO2 8
Monday, December 4, 2017 The Pleistocene Glaciations (Chapter 14) Week 14 Assessment, closes Wednesday Dec 6
Monday, December 4, 2017 The Pleistocene Glaciations (Chapter 14) Week 14 Assessment, closes Wednesday Dec 6 Week 15 Assessment will be last one, closes Wednesday Dec 13 Homework 5 due Wednesday, Dec 6
More informationNatural Climate Variability: Longer Term
Natural Climate Variability: Longer Term Natural Climate Change Today: Natural Climate Change-2: Ice Ages, and Deep Time Geologic Time Scale background: Need a system for talking about unimaginable lengths
More informationGlaciers and Ice Ages
ES 106 Glaciers and Ice Ages I. Glacier thick mass of ice accumulated over years, decades, centuries A. Function of recrystallization of fallen snow B. Types 1. alpine valley: a. high elevations worldwide
More informationLecture 10: Seasons and Ice Age. Earth s Orbit and Its Variations. Perihelion and Aphelion. Tilt Produces Seasons
Lecture 10: Seasons and Ice Age Earth s Orbit and Its Variations! Earth s Orbit and Its Variations! How Seasons Are produced! Milankovitch Theory on Glacial-Interglacial Cycle (from The Earth System)!
More informationWelcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming.
Welcome to ATMS 111 Global Warming http://www.atmos.washington.edu/2010q1/111 Isotopic Evidence 16 O isotopes "light 18 O isotopes "heavy" Evaporation favors light Rain favors heavy Cloud above ice is
More informationlecture 12 Paleoclimate
lecture 12 Paleoclimate OVERVIEW OF EARTH S CLIMATIC HISTORY Geologic time scales http://www.snowballearth.org/index.html Features of the climate during the Cretaceous period the land-sea distribution
More informationIntroduction to Climate Change
Ch 19 Climate Change Introduction to Climate Change Throughout time, the earth's climate has always been changing produced ice ages Hence, climate variations have been noted in the past what physical processes
More informationHistory. Late 18 th /early 19 th century Europeans observed that erratic boulders dispersed due to the retention of glaciers caused by climate chance
Ice ages What is an ice age? Geological period of long-term reduction in the temperature of the Earth's surface and atmosphere which results in the formation and expansion of continental ice sheets, polar
More informationIce Ages and Changes in Earth s Orbit. Topic Outline
Ice Ages and Changes in Earth s Orbit Topic Outline Introduction to the Quaternary Oxygen isotopes as an indicator of ice volume Temporal variations in ice volume Periodic changes in Earth s orbit Relationship
More informationChapter Causes of Climate Change Part I: Milankovitch Cycles
Chapter 19.1-19.3 Causes of Climate Change Part I: Milankovitch Cycles Climate Cycles =400 Milankovitch Cycles Milankovitch Cycles are created by changes in the geometry of Earth s orbit around the sun
More informationAn Orbital Theory for Glacial Cycles
An Orbital Theory for Glacial Cycles Peter Bogenschutz March 2006 1. Introduction In the late 1800's, when ice ages were first discovered, variations in Earth's orbital mechanics were hypothesized to be
More informationThe Ice Age sequence in the Quaternary
The Ice Age sequence in the Quaternary Subdivisions of the Quaternary Period System Series Stage Age (Ma) Holocene 0 0.0117 Tarantian (Upper) 0.0117 0.126 Quaternary Ionian (Middle) 0.126 0.781 Pleistocene
More informationOutline 23: The Ice Ages-Cenozoic Climatic History
Outline 23: The Ice Ages-Cenozoic Climatic History Continental Glacier in Antarctica Valley Glaciers in Alaska, note the moraines Valley Glaciers in Alaska, note the moraines Mendenhall Glacier, Juneau,
More informationQuarternary Climate Variations
Quarternary Climate Variations EAS 303 Lecture 34 Background and History Louis Agassiz (1840): recognition of Ice Ages Harold Urey (1947): The Thermodynamic Properties of Isotopic Substances calculated
More informationToday we will discuss global climate: how it has changed in the past, and how the current status and possible future look.
Global Climate Change Today we will discuss global climate: how it has changed in the past, and how the current status and possible future look. If you live in an area such as the Mississippi delta (pictured)
More informationOrbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System. Speaker:
Orbital-Scale Interactions in the Climate System Speaker: Introduction First, many orbital-scale response are examined.then return to the problem of interactions between atmospheric CO 2 and the ice sheets
More informationHow do glaciers form?
Glaciers What is a Glacier? A large mass of moving ice that exists year round is called a glacier. Glaciers are formed when snowfall exceeds snow melt year after year Snow and ice remain on the ground
More informationChapter 6: Global Climate Change
Chapter 6: Global Climate Change Section 1: Paleoclimate The cross section of a tree trunk shows numerous rings. What do you think the light and dark rings represent? What can you infer about climate from
More informationClimate and Environment
Climate and Environment Oxygen Isotope Fractionation and Measuring Ancient Temperatures Oxygen Isotope Ratio Cycles Oxygen isotope ratio cycles are cyclical variations in the ratio of the mass of oxygen
More informationWe re living in the Ice Age!
Chapter 18. Coping with the Weather: Causes and Consequences of Naturally Induce Climate Change 지구시스템의이해 We re living in the Ice Age! 1 Phanerozoic Climate 서늘해지고 더웠고 따뜻했고 3 Climate Rollercoaster 4 2 Time
More informationGlaciers. Valley and Piedmont Glaciers. Glaciers, Gloobal Warming El Niño and the Southern Oscillation. Ice Age Sea Level on North America
Glaciers, Gloobal Warming El Niño and the Southern Oscillation Glaciers Earth Science: Ch 20, p. 573-581 STM: Ch 25, p. 545-568 Earth Science Chapter 6 p. 154-159, 168-173 Southern Hemisphere Northern
More informationMajor climate change triggers
Major climate change triggers Variations in solar output Milankovitch cycles Elevation & distribution of continents Ocean interactions Atmospheric composition change (CO 2 and other volcanic gasses) Biological
More informationIn the summer of 1836, Agassiz stayed with a well known geologist (Chapentier) who had been convinced by a collegue (Venetz) of extensive Alpine
4 Cilvilization exists by geological consent, subject to change without notice, Will Durant. In 1807 the Geological Society of London had concerns that too many people would join: it was the sexy science
More informationPaleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589. Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period
Paleoclimatology ATMS/ESS/OCEAN 589 Ice Age Cycles Are they fundamentaly about ice, about CO2, or both? Abrupt Climate Change During the Last Glacial Period Lessons for the future? The Holocene Early Holocene
More informationPleistocene Glaciation (Ch.14) Geologic evidence Milankovitch cycles Glacial climate feedbacks
Pleistocene Glaciation (Ch.14) Geologic evidence Milankovitch cycles Glacial climate feedbacks End of last ice-age rise of human civilization Modern ice-ages begin Asteroid impact end of dinosaurs Cambrian
More informationIce on Earth: An overview and examples on physical properties
Ice on Earth: An overview and examples on physical properties - Ice on Earth during the Pleistocene - Present-day polar and temperate ice masses - Transformation of snow to ice - Mass balance, ice deformation,
More informationLecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12. What we ll learn today:! Learning Objectives (LO)
Learning Objectives (LO) Lecture 21: Glaciers and Paleoclimate Read: Chapter 15 Homework due Thursday Nov. 12 What we ll learn today:! 1. 1. Glaciers and where they occur! 2. 2. Compare depositional and
More informationToday s Climate in Perspective: Hendrick Avercamp ( ) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam
Today s Climate in Perspective: Paleoclimate Evidence Hendrick Avercamp (1585-1634) ~1608; Rijksmuseum, Amsterdam Observations Instrumental surface temperature records? (Le Treut et al., 2007 IPCC AR4
More informationGlobal climate change
Global climate change What is climate change? This winter was really cold! Temp difference ( C): Jan 2004 vs. Jan 2002-2003 Make your own maps at: http://www.giss.nasa.gov/data/update/gistemp/maps/ 1 What
More informationENIGMA: something that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand.
Lecture 12. Attempts to solve the Eccentricity Enigma ENIGMA: something that is mysterious, puzzling, or difficult to understand. Milankovitch forcing glacier responses pre-900,000 yr BP glacier responses
More informationIMA. Celestial Influences on Glacial Cycles. Math and Climate Seminar
Math and Climate Seminar IMA Celestial Influences on Richard McGehee Joint MCRN/IMA Math and Climate Seminar Tuesdays 11:15 1:5 streaming video available at www.ima.umn.edu Seminar on the Mathematics of
More informationLecture 7: Natural Climate Change. Instructor: Prof. Johnny Luo.
Lecture 7: Natural Climate Change Instructor: Prof. Johnny Luo http://www.sci.ccny.cuny.edu/~luo Final Exam: May 23 1-3:15pm at MR O44 Outlines (Chapter 11, Edition 1) 1. Variation in solar luminosity
More informationATMS 321: Natural Climate Variability Chapter 11
ATMS 321: Natural Climate Variability Chapter 11 Solar Variability: Total solar irradiance variability is relatively small about a tenth of a percent. Ultraviolet variability is larger, and so could affect
More informationOur Geologic Backdrop: Ice Age Cycles
Introduction to Earth s Climate System Our Geologic Backdrop: Ice Age Cycles MODULE 2.4 2.4 Our Geologic Backdrop: Ice Age Cycles Lesson Goals»» Describe Earth s geologic variability over the past million
More information8. Climate changes Short-term regional variations
8. Climate changes 8.1. Short-term regional variations By short-term climate changes, we refer here to changes occurring over years to decades. Over this timescale, climate is influenced by interactions
More informationNATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 32. Paleoclimate
NATS 101 Section 13: Lecture 32 Paleoclimate Natural changes in the Earth s climate also occur at much longer timescales The study of prehistoric climates and their variability is called paleoclimate.
More informationThe ocean s overall role in climate
The ocean s overall role in climate - moderates climate in time (diurnally, annually) - redistributes heat spatially in the largescale ocean circulation - lower albedo (sea ice higher albedo) - dry atmosphere
More informationDevelopment of the Global Environment
Development of the Global Environment G302: Spring 2004 A course focused on exploration of changes in the Earth system through geological history Simon C. Brassell Geological Sciences simon@indiana.edu
More informationERS 121 Study Guide for Exam 1. Lecture 1. Ice Age Theory 1. Where did the ice age theory originate?
Lecture 1. Ice Age Theory 1. Where did the ice age theory originate? ERS 121 Study Guide for Exam 1 2. Where did J. P. Perraudin live? What did he suggest? 3. Who was Ignace Venetz? 4. Who was Jean de
More information( 1 d 2 ) (Inverse Square law);
ATMO 336 -- Exam 3 120 total points including take-home essay Name The following equations and relationships may prove useful. F d1 =F d2 d 2 2 ( 1 d 2 ) (Inverse Square law);! MAX = 0.29 " 104 µmk (Wien's
More information"Global Warming Beer" Taps Melted Arctic Ice (UPDATE)
"Global Warming Beer" Taps Melted Arctic Ice (UPDATE) The brewery filed for bankruptcy in Aug 2008 The Greenland Brewhouse is the world's first Inuit microbrewery. The water, the brewers say, is the beer's
More informationGlacial-Interglacial Cycling: Ice, orbital theory, and climate. Dr. Tracy M. Quan IMCS
Glacial-Interglacial Cycling: Ice, orbital theory, and climate Dr. Tracy M. Quan IMCS quan@marine.rutgers.edu Outline -The past - discovery of glacial periods - introduction of orbital theory -The present
More informationLab 3. Orbital Configurations and Milankovitch Cycles
Lab 3. Orbital Configurations and Milankovitch Cycles Vostok Isotope Record & Orbital Forcing Worksheet Chapter 14: Pleistocene Glaciation/Milankovitch 1. Review the effects of seasons on incoming insolation.
More informationFather of Glacial theory. First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology,
First investigations of glaciers and mountain geology, 1750-1800 Glaciation happens! -- Historical perspective It happens in cycles -- How do we know this? What are Milankovitch cycles? Sub-Milankovitch
More informationGlaciers. (Shaping Earth s Surface, Part 6) Science 330 Summer 2005
Glaciers (Shaping Earth s Surface, Part 6) Science 330 Summer 2005 1 Glaciers Glaciers are parts of two basic cycles Hydrologic cycle Rock cycle Glacier a thick mass of ice that originates on land from
More informationPaleoceanography II Telluric Effects on Oceanography
Paleoceanography II Telluric Effects on Oceanography Geological Oceanography OCN 622 Gary McMurtry Telluric Effects Tellus = Earth Distribution of Continents at 100 Ma BP and Present Comparison of Earth
More informationGeol. 656 Isotope Geochemistry
STABLE ISOTOPES IN PALEOCLIMATOLOGY I INTRODUCTION At least since the classic work of Louis Agassiz in 1840, geologists have contemplated the question of how the Earth s climate might have varied in the
More informationGlaciers Earth 9th Edition Chapter 18 Glaciers: summary in haiku form Key Concepts Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers Glaciers
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Earth 9 th Edition Chapter 18 : summary in haiku form Ten thousand years thence big glaciers began to melt - called "global warming." Key Concepts and types of glaciers.
More informationChapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate
Chapter 15 Millennial Oscillations in Climate This chapter includes millennial oscillations during glaciations, millennial oscillations during the last 8000 years, causes of millennial-scale oscillations,
More informationTOPIC #12 NATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING
TOPIC #12 NATURAL CLIMATIC FORCING (Start on p 67 in Class Notes) p 67 ENERGY BALANCE (review) Global climate variability and change are caused by changes in the ENERGY BALANCE that are FORCED review FORCING
More informationGlaciers. A glacier is a persistent mass of ice: snow accumulation exceeds melting. generally occur in two areas: high latitudes, or high elevations
Page 1 of7 Glaciers A glacier is a persistent mass of ice: snow accumulation exceeds melting generally occur in two areas: high latitudes, or high elevations hence CONTINENTAL and ALPINE glaciation Glaciers
More informationThe Distribution of Cold Environments
The Distribution of Cold Environments Over 25% of the surface of our planet can be said to have a cold environment, but defining what we actually mean by that can be very challenging. This is because cold
More informationShort-Term Climate Variability (Ch.15) Volcanos and Climate Other Causes of Holocene Climate Change
Short-Term Climate Variability (Ch.15) Volcanos and Climate Other Causes of Holocene Climate Change Volcanos and Climate We learned in Chapter 12 that the volanos play an important role in Earth s climate
More informationA brief lesson on oxygen isotopes. more ice less ice
A brief lesson on oxygen isotopes Figure from Raymo and Huybers, 2008 more ice less ice The Pleistocene (1) δ 18 O in sediments is directly related to ice volume. Because ice sheets deplete the supply
More informationSAMPLE PAGE. pulses. The Ice Age By: Sue Peterson
Page 61 Objective sight words (pulses, intermittent, isotopes, chronicle, methane, tectonic plates, volcanism, configurations, land-locked, erratic); concepts (geological evidence and specific terminology
More informationPaleoclimate indicators
Paleoclimate indicators Rock types as indicators of climate Accumulation of significant thicknesses of limestone and reef-bearing limestone is restricted to ~20º + - equator Gowganda tillite, Ontario
More informationUnderstanding past climate change
Steven J. Phipps ARC Centre of Excellence for Climate System Science Climate Change Research Centre University of New South Wales CLIM1001 Introduction to Climate Change 3 September 2013 1 Why past climates
More informationASD4: Orbital Perturbations
Astrodynamics ASD4: By Prof. Gregory D. Durgin In our studies of Astrodynamics, everything has been an ideal 2-body system that behaves with simple elliptical geometry. In this unit, we cover several non-ideal
More informationReminders: Week 14 Assessment closes tonight Watch for Week 15 Assessment (will close Wednesday, Dec. 13)
Wednesday, December 6, 2017 The Pleistocene Glaciations, Continued (Chapter 14) Reminders: Week 14 Assessment closes tonight Watch for Week 15 Assessment (will close Wednesday, Dec. 13) Homework 5 due
More informationAny Questions? Glacier
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 25 13 April 2004 Any Questions? Earth Systems Today CD Click on Weather and Climate Look at the sections on El Niño Ozone Hole Glaciers Why do we care? They help control
More informationGlaciers. Geology of the Hawaiian Islands. Any Questions? Earth Systems Today CD. Class April Why do we care?
Geology of the Hawaiian Islands Class 25 13 April 2004 Any Questions? Earth Systems Today CD Click on Weather and Climate Look at the sections on El Niño Ozone Hole Glaciers Why do we care? They help control
More informationATOC OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT
ATOC 1060-002 OUR CHANGING ENVIRONMENT Class 22 (Chp 15, Chp 14 Pages 288-290) Objectives of Today s Class Chp 15 Global Warming, Part 1: Recent and Future Climate: Recent climate: The Holocene Climate
More informationClimate Change: Past and Future ERTH 303, 3 December, 2009
Climate Change: Past and Future ERTH 303, 3 December, 2009 a) Defining climate change b) Patterns of past climate change c) Causes of past climate change 1 2006 temperature relative to 1951-1980 means
More informationClimate Change. Unit 3
Climate Change Unit 3 Aims Is global warming a recent short term phenomenon or should it be seen as part of long term climate change? What evidence is there of long-, medium-, and short- term climate change?
More informationScience Olympiad Dynamic Earth: Glaciers
Science Olympiad Dynamic Earth: Glaciers Write the appropriate response next to the corresponding number on the answer sheet. 1. Name 2 aspects of a glacier that define it as such (questions #1-2, 1 point
More informationAgronomy 406 World Climates
Agronomy 406 World Climates April 3, 2018 Causes of natural climate changes (finish). Schedule is being adjusted. No change to due dates. Bring IPCC Fifth Assessment Report Summary for Policymakers to
More informationLecture 3: Global Energy Cycle
Lecture 3: Global Energy Cycle Planetary energy balance Greenhouse Effect Vertical energy balance Latitudinal energy balance Seasonal and diurnal cycles Solar Flux and Flux Density Solar Luminosity (L)
More informationTOPIC #12. Wrap Up on GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS
TOPIC #12 Wrap Up on GLOBAL CLIMATE PATTERNS POLE EQUATOR POLE Now lets look at a Pole to Pole Transect review ENERGY BALANCE & CLIMATE REGIONS (wrap up) Tropics Subtropics Subtropics Polar Extratropics
More informationThe Pleistocene Ice Ages
The Pleistocene Ice Ages 5 15 25 35 45 55 65 EPOCH QART PLIO CRETACEOUS PALEOCENE EOCENE OLIGOCENE MIOCENE Nalma * Irving./RLB Blancan Hemphillian Clarendonian Barstovian Hemingfordian Arikareean Whitneyan
More informationOrbital- Scale Climate Changes. GEOG 401: Climatology Dr. John Abatzoglou
Orbital- Scale Climate Changes GEOG 401: Climatology Dr. John Abatzoglou Ice Core Sampling Typically performed at top of ice dome where less lateral spreading occurs Diffusion issue can make high- resoluion
More information4 Changes in Climate. TAKE A LOOK 2. Explain Why is more land exposed during glacial periods than at other times?
Name Class CHAPTER 3 Date Climate 4 Changes in Climate SECTION National Science Education Standards BEFORE YOU READ After you read this section, you should be able to answer these questions: ES 1k, 2a
More informationChp Spectral analysis a. Requires that the climate record must be at least 4 times longer than the cycled analyzed
Chp 7 1. Earth s seasons are caused by a. The movement of the Sun from North to South of the equator and back again over a year s time b. The distance between Earth and the Sun c. The rate of Earth s movement
More informationSeasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations. Earth-Sun Distance. Eccentricity 2/2/2010. ATS351 Lecture 3
Seasonal & Diurnal Temp Variations ATS351 Lecture 3 Earth-Sun Distance Change in distance has only a minimal effect on seasonal temperature. Note that during the N. hemisphere winter, we are CLOSER to
More informationChapter 14: The Changing Climate
Chapter 14: The Changing Climate Detecting Climate Change Natural Causes of Climate Change Anthropogenic Causes of Climate Change Possible Consequences of Global Warming Climate Change? -Paleo studies
More information1. Deglacial climate changes
Review 3 Major Topics Deglacial climate changes (last 21,000 years) Millennial oscillations (thousands of years) Historical Climate Change (last 1000 years) Climate Changes Since the 1800s Climate Change
More informationClimate Change. April 21, 2009
Climate Change Chapter 16 April 21, 2009 Reconstructing Past Climates Techniques Glacial landscapes (fossils) CLIMAP (ocean sediment) Ice cores (layering of precipitation) p Otoliths (CaCO 3 in fish sensory
More informationCLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE LAST TWO MILLION YEARS
CLIMATE CHANGE OVER THE LAST TWO MILLION YEARS 1. Introduction: forcings and feedbacks 2. Standing on the shoulders of giants: development of the Milankovitch theory 3. Evidence from the oceans, evidence
More informationPLIO-PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL CYCLES AND MILANKOVITCH VARIABILITY
PLIO-PLEISTOCENE GLACIAL CYCLES AND MILANKOVITCH VARIABILITY K. H. Nisancioglu, Bjerknes Centre for Climate Research, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway & 29 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. Introduction
More informationThe Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change
The Greenhouse Effect and Climate Change This image sequence shows the dramatic retreat of the Franz Josef glacier (New Zealand) from 1951 to 1964. There are several natural causes of climate change and
More informationChapter Introduction. Earth. Change. Chapter Wrap-Up
Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Lesson 2 Lesson 3 Climates of Earth Chapter Wrap-Up Climate Cycles Recent Climate Change What is climate and how does it impact life on Earth? What do you think? Before you
More informationEarth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons
Earth s Heat Budget Solar energy and the global heat budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation A. Rotation of the Earth B. Distance from the Sun C. Variations of Earth s orbit
More informationESS15 Lecture 16. Deep past, ice ages, the global carbon cycle.
ESS15 Lecture 16 Deep past, ice ages, the global carbon cycle. Half a billion years ago - Gondwana glaciation. Continents bunched up at South Pole about 500 million years ago Huge ice sheets left deposits
More informationChapter 5: Glaciers and Deserts
I. Glaciers and Glaciation Chapter 5: Glaciers and Deserts A. A thick mass of ice that forms over land from the compaction and recrystallization of snow and shows evidence of past or present flow B. Types
More informationThe Great Ice Ages. Copyright abcteach.com 2001 Graphics from Art Today
The Great Ice Ages The Great Ice Ages occurred during the Pleistocene epoch. The word epoch means time period. This period began about 2.5 million years ago and ended roughly 10,000 years ago. During the
More informationEarly Earth. Geologic Time. Rise of Oxygen. Early Life. Scott Denning CSU Atmospheric Science 1
Geologic Time Precambrian, and then everything else! (It s always down there) Primary, Secondary, Tertiary Fossils told this story Early Earth Formed by accretion ~ 4.7 billion years ago Solar constant
More informationToday. Events. Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres (continued) Homework DUE
Today Terrestrial Planet Atmospheres (continued) Events Homework DUE Sources of Gas Outgassing from volcanoes 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Evaporation of surface liquid; sublimation of surface ice (cometary
More informationMilankovitch Cycles. Milankovitch Cycles. Milankovitch Cycles. Milankovitch Cycles. Milankovitch Cycles. Milankovitch Cycles.
Richard McGehee Temperatures in the Cenozoic ra Seminar on the Mathematics of Climate Change School of Mathematics March 4, 9 http://www.tqnyc.org/nyc5141/beginningpage.html Hansen, et al, 8, p. 7 Recent
More informationLast Time. Submarine Canyons and Fans. Turbidites. MAS 603: Geological Oceanography. Lecture 16: Greenhouse vs. Icehouse Earths
UNIVERSITY OF SOUTH ALABAMA Last Time MAS 603: Geological Oceanography Lecture 16: Greenhouse vs. Icehouse Earths Submarine Fans Definition and morphology Transport mechanisms (density currents) Submarine
More informationAstronomy Section 2 Solar System Test
is really cool! 1. The diagram below shows one model of a portion of the universe. Astronomy Section 2 Solar System Test 4. Which arrangement of the Sun, the Moon, and Earth results in the highest high
More informationWeather Forecasts and Climate AOSC 200 Tim Canty. Class Web Site: Lecture 27 Dec
Weather Forecasts and Climate AOSC 200 Tim Canty Class Web Site: http://www.atmos.umd.edu/~tcanty/aosc200 Topics for today: Climate Natural Variations Feedback Mechanisms Lecture 27 Dec 4 2018 1 Climate
More informationCLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1
CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE MIDTERM EXAM ATM S 211 FEB 9TH 2012 V1 Name: Student ID: Please answer the following questions on your Scantron Multiple Choice [1 point each] (1) The gases that contribute to
More informationGlobal Paleogeography
Global Paleogeography Overview of Global Paleogeography Paleogeography is the study of how the Earth s geography has changed during the course of history. Using geological data, scientists reconstruct
More informationGreenhouse Effect & Global Warming
Chemical Cycles: Greenhouse Effect: Cause and effect Chemical Cycles: CO 2 and O 2 Chemical Fluxes: CO 2 and O 2 Proxies for climate change: Isotopes Greenhouse Effect & Global Warming Global Warming World
More informationPTYS 214 Spring Announcements. Get exam from Kyle!
PTYS 214 Spring 2018 Announcements Get exam from Kyle! 1 Midterm #3 Total Students: 24 Class Average: 78 Low: 32 High: 100 If you have questions see one of us! 2 All exams Top 2 exams 3 Previously Feedbacks
More informationEarth s Heat Budget. What causes the seasons? Seasons
Earth s Heat Budget Solar energy and the global heat budget Transfer of heat drives weather and climate Ocean circulation A. Rotation of the Earth B. Distance from the Sun C. Variations of Earth s orbit
More informationVariations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages
Variations in the Earth's Orbit: Pacemaker of the Ice Ages For 500,000 years, major climatic changes have followed variations in obliquity and precession. J. D. Hays, John Imbrie, N. J. Shackleton Science,
More informationObservation: predictable patterns of ecosystem distribution across Earth. Observation: predictable patterns of ecosystem distribution across Earth 1.
Climate Chap. 2 Introduction I. Forces that drive climate and their global patterns A. Solar Input Earth s energy budget B. Seasonal cycles C. Atmospheric circulation D. Oceanic circulation E. Landform
More informationClimate Changes: Past & Future (Ch 16) Iceberg 100km east of Dunedin, South Island, New Zealand, 2006
Climate Changes: Past & Future (Ch 16) Climate change change in any statistical property of earth-atmosphere climate system in response to alteration of an external boundary condition or as an internal
More informationChapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds. What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres
Chapter 10 Planetary Atmospheres Earth and the Other Terrestrial Worlds What is an atmosphere? Planetary Atmospheres Pressure Composition Greenhouse effect Atmospheric structure Color of the sky 1 Atmospheres
More informationSection 3. Climate and the General Circulation Causes of Climate Change
Section 3. Climate and the General Circulation Causes of Climate Change Why the earth s climate changes is not totally understood. Many theories attempt to explain the changing climate, but no single theory
More information