Geotechnical Challenges New Orleans USACE

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1 35 th Southwest Geotechnical Engineering Conference Geotechnical Challenges New Orleans USACE Mark Woodward, PE Jehu Johnson, EI Geotechnical Branch New Orleans District 28 April 2010 Slide 1

2 New Orleans District LAKE CHARLES LAFAYETTE New Orleans District Boundary Gulf Intracoastal Waterway Mississippi River and Tributaries Levee Hurricane Protection Levee BATON ROUGE NEW ORLEANS Bank Protection Deep Draft Waterway Beneficial Use of Dredged Material Acquisitions Freshwater Diversion Structure Saltwater Barrier Lock Control Structure Pumping Station MORGAN CITY HOUMA VENICE Slide 2

3 New Orleans Area Hurricane & Storm Damage Risk Reduction System East Bank Polder West Bank Polder Slide 3

4 Slide 4

5 Slide 5

6 Slide 6

7 Typical Levee Section & Geotechnical Field Investigation C L Levee 5 Diameter Soil Boring 5 Diameter Undisturbed Soil Borings & CPT (Cone Penetrometer Tests) alternating at 500 o.c. C L Boring 4 th Quadrant retained for future use 1 Toe Boring Berm Toe Boring 3 2 Typical Levee Section Circular Soil Sample cut into 4 Quadrants with 3 samples tested (trimmed circular) Slide 7

8 Subsurface Explorations 500 OC Slide 8

9 Slide 9

10 Slide 10

11 Current Geotechnical Levee Criteria Protected Side Method of Failure: Global Stability Method of Analysis: Spencer F.O.S.= 1.5 HSDRRS Criteria Failure Plane Design Still Water Elevation (90% assurance) for Hurricane Condition Slide 11

12 2057 1% DESIGN EL. F.S. P.S. 90% (2057) SWL EL EXIST. LEVEE EL. T-WALL LEVEE SHEET PILE CONCRETE or Steel H- PILE (TYP) Slide 12

13 Seepage Concerns on Mississippi River Levees Slide 13

14 US Army Corps of Engineers HIGH WATER EFFECTS ON FLOOD CONTROL PROJECTS Overtopping Sand Boils Seepage Sloughing Wave Wash Erosion Slide 14

15 Slide 15

16 RIVERWARD LEVEE CENTERLINE LANDWARD STABILITY BERM RIVERSIDE ENLG T IMPERVIOUS ZONE Original Levee of Impervious Clays & Silts NATURAL BLANKET STABILITY BERM FOUNDATION SAND Underlying Clays and Silts Slide 16

17 RIVERWARD LEVEE CENTERLINE LANDWARD IMPERVIOUS ZONE RANDOM ZONE SAND BOIL NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND UNDERLYING CLAY AND SILT Slide 17

18 US Army Corps of Engineers EFFECTS OF SANDBOILS Development of pipe under the levee The pipe develops from the landside toward the flood side. Material is ejected in a cone shape around a spring head. The levee crest may be noticed to sag. Sloughing of landside levee slope near the toe Development of a landside shear or slide Slide 18

19 RIVERSIDE LANDSIDE SUBSIDENCE OF CROWN EFFECTS OF SAND BOILS ON LEVEE SEEPAGE PATH PIPE UNDER LEVEE DEVELOPMEMENT OF PIPE UNDER LEVEE FIG. 1 RIVERSIDE LANDSIDE SLOUGHING OF SLOPE SEEPAGE PATH SLOUGHING OF LANDSLIDE SLOPE DUE TO RAVELLING AND UNDERCUTTING OF TOE FIG. 2 RIVERSIDE LANDSIDE SLIDING SURFACE DEVELOPMENT OF SHEAR SLIDE FIG. 3 SEEPAGE PATH REDUCTION IN SHEARING STRENGTH IN THIS ZONE Slide 19

20 RIVERWARD LEVEE CENTERLINE LANDWARD UNDER SEEPAGE BERM NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND Underlying Clays and Silts Slide 20

21 LEVEE CENTERLINE RIVERWARD LANDWARD Piezometric Head PONDED SEEPAGE Look for Sand Boils NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND Underlying Clays & Silts Under Seepage Event with Leakage at Levee Toe Slide 21

22 Slide 22

23 Open System Piezometers Slide 23

24 Slide 24

25 Slide 25

26 For K=1.0x 10-2 cm/sec, a drop of water can travel 235 in 8.5 days 10 RIVERWARD LANDWARD 25 1 on 4 1 on 5 IMPERVIOUS ZONE 235 RANDOM ZONE SAND BOIL NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND IMPERVIOUS CLAY AND SILT Slide 26

27 Slide 27

28 Slide 28

29 Slide 29

30 Slide 30

31 Slide 31

32 Slide 32

33 Slide 33

34 Slide 34

35 Slide 35

36 Slide 36

37 Slide 37

38 Slide 38

39 RIVERWARD LEVEE CENTERLINE LANDWARD LINE OF RELIEF WELLS Riverside Enlargement Original Levee of Impervious Clays and Silts NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND Underlying Clays and Silts Slide 39

40 RIVERWARD LEVEE CENTERLINE RIVERSIDE ENLG T> IMPERVIOUS Original Levee of ZONE Impervious Clays & Silts LANDWARD Piezometric Head PONDED SEEPAGE Look for Sand Boils NATURAL BLANKET FOUNDATION SAND Underlying Clays & Silts Under Seepage Event with Leakage at Levee Slide 40

41 Slide 41

42 Slide 42

43 Slide 43

44 Slide 44

45 Slide 45

46 Open barrel used to control sandboils Slide 46

47 Slide 47

48 Slide 48

49 Slide 49

50 Slide 50

51 Slide 51

52 Slide 52

53 Slide 53

54 Deep Soil Mixing Slide 54

55 Deep Soil Mixing Inject lime, cement, slag, fly ash, etc. into soil Mix thoroughly Creates a pozzolanic reaction in the soil/cement mass Slide 55

56 Deep Mixing Design Parameters WET MIXING Water/binder ratio Binder load Number of shafts to suit application Spoil disposal WET METHOD Excellent overlap Adaptable to multiple augers High strength Spoil disposal DRY MIXING Binder load Mixing energy Rate of penetration Soil moisture DRY METHOD No spoil No water needed Medium to high strength Slide 56

57 Design for the purpose Stability and support strength, array, length, uniformity Seepage cutoff continuity, overlap, length, permeability Seismic retrofit All of the above Slide 57

58 Three DM Applications Resist deflection of major structures Buttress existing floodwalls Reinforce new embankments Slide 58

59 Major Structures - 17 th Street & Orleans Avenue Canals Interim Closure Structures (2006) Slide 59

60 17 th Street Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 60

61 17 th Street Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 61

62 17 th Street Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 62

63 Slide 63

64 Orleans Avenue Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 64

65 Orleans Avenue Canal Slide 65

66 Orleans Avenue Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 66

67 Orleans Avenue Canal Interim Closure Structure (2006) Slide 67

68 Gainard Woods Pump Station Plaquemines Parish Gainard Woods Pump Station Slide 68

69 Floodwalls Gainard Woods Pump Station (2006) Slide 69

70 Gainard Woods T-Wall (2006) Slide 70

71 Elevation (ft) Elevation (ft) Floodwalls Gainard Woods Pump Station (2006) w Distance (ft) w Distance (ft) Slide 71

72 Floodwalls Inner Harbor Navigation Canal (2009) Slide 72

73 IHNC Floodwall Reinforcement (May 2009) Slide 73

74 IHNC Floodwall Reinforcement (May 2009) Slide 74

75 Homeplace Levee Enlargement Plaquemines Parish Homeplace Levee Enlargement Slide 75

76 Levees Homeplace Levee Enlargement (P24) (2006) Slide 76

77 Berm needed to achieve safety factor of Slide 77

78 To achieve SF = 1.30; Foundation improved from 270 psf to 2300 psf ,300 psf Slide 78

79 Homeplace Levee Enlargement (P24) (2006) Slide 79

80 Homeplace Levee Enlargement (P24) (2006) FIG 4a. Shallow Surface (FS=1.33) 100% Efficiency of Joints FIG 4b. Deep Surface (FS=1.51) 100% Efficiency of Joints FIG 4c. Shallow Surface (FS=1.29) 0% Efficiency, 5 Vertical Joints FIG 4d. Deep Surface (FS=1.37) 0% Efficiency, 5 Vertical Joints Slide 80

81 Construction of DMM Shear Walls Slide 81

82 Unconfined Compressive Strength Test Results for P24 DMM Cores Number of Tests: 2081 Mean UCS: 2145 kn/m 2 (311 psi) Standard Deviation: 1259 kn/m 2 (183 psi) Coefficient of Variation: 0.59 UCS = 690 kn/m 2 (100 psi) was used for design Slide 82

83 P-24 Final Section Slide 83

84 Design Guide for Levees and Floodwall Stability Using DM Shear Walls Limit equilibrium analysis Combines sliding, overturning and internal shear analyses Uses reliability factors for material and stability safety factors Uses CDIT 2002 as basis for analysis DESIGN GUIDE FOR LEVEE AND FLOODWALL STABILITY USING DEEP- MIXED WALLS by George Filz and Eddie Templeton February 10, 2009 Slide 84

85 QA/QC Testing Reverse Column Pentetration Testing Pressuremeter Cone Penetrometer Testing Borehole Camera Exhumation (Exposure, Excavation) Sonic Drilling Coring and Compressive Strength Testing Slide 85

86 Slide 86

87 Slide 87

88 Pressuremeter Use to great success during 2003 Test Section Utilized for Q/A and Q/C in 2008 Can be used to determine limit pressure, which can be obtain shear strength Limit pressure is assumed to occur when volume is doubled Poisson s ratio assumed to be 0.33 Column Modulus can also be determined Slide 88

89 Depth (ft.) IHNC CPT Data Shear Strength (psi) t = 30 min. t = 3 hrs. t = 6 hrs. Slide 89

90 Slide 90

91 Slide 91

92 Slide 92

93 Column Exhumation Slide 93

94 Slide 94

95 Slide 95

96 Slide 96

97 Sonic Drilling Rig Slide 97

98 Sonic Drilling Cores Slide 98

99 Wet Grab Sampling Slide 99

100 LPV 111 Slide 100

101 LPV Largest Deep Soil Mixing Project in the World 1.7 million cubic yards of soil will be treated. 5.3 miles of Levee will be raised from 17 feet to 28 feet Soil mixing extends to -67 ft deep and varies in width from 54 ft to 98 ft Slide 101

102 Slide 102

103 Slide 103

104 Slide 104

105 Slide 105

106 Slide 106

107 Slide 107

108 Slide 108

109 Slide 109

110 Slide 110

111 Slide 111

112 Large Hurricane Risk Reduction Structures Slide 112

113 IHNC SURGE BARRIER MRGO GIWW 20 March 2010 Slide 113

114 Lake Borgne Project Alignment North Access Bridge GIWW & Barge Gates Floodwall Bayou Bienvenue Gate Transition T-Walls MRGO Closure Slide 114

115 Slide 115

116 Barrier Flood Wall Slide 116

117 GIWW Barge / Sector Gate (Conceptual) Slide 117

118 Bayou Bienvenue Vertical Lift Gate (Conceptual) Slide 118

119 Boring Locations Slide 119

120 Geologic Profile MRGO BB GIWW Slide 120

121 Design Investigations Pile Load Test Lateral Load Test Non-linear Incremental Structural Analysis (NISA) Physical Model GIWW Sector Gate Physical Model Barrier Wall Navigation Simulation Gate Width Study Approach Wall Vessel Impact Analysis Navigation Physical Guidewall Model USCG Navigation Risk Assessment Long-term Instrumentation Plan Slide 121

122 Soldier Pile Placement Complete! 144 Feet Long 66 Diameter, 94 tons Weeks 526 Rig 1271 piles Completed October 21, 2009 Slide 122

123 MRGO Section Slide 123

124 GIWW Sand Fill at MRGO Slide 124

125 protected side EL concrete cap flood side 36 steel batter pile EL -15 mud line 18 concrete closure piles 66 spun cast pile JET GROUT EL -55 TIP OF JET GROUT COLUMN EL -130 EL -190 Slide 125

126 Spin Casting Slide 126

127 Spun Cast Piles Slide 127

128 Soldier Piles Slide 128

129 Post Tensioning Slide 129

130 Slide 130

131 Pile Load Test Slide 131

132 18 Closure Piles & Jet Grouting 2504 piles Completed February 11, 2010 Slide 132

133 Soldier, Closure, Batter Piles Temporary Trestle Interstitial Space Closure Piles 36 Batter Piles Soldier Piles Slide 133

134 66 Concrete Pile Clean Out Drill bit removes the mud from inside the pile Slide 134

135 Grout Bag Placement Grout bag infill Slide 135

136 Batter Piles Slide 136

137 Precast Caps 17 Feet Long, 96 Tons Slide 137

138 Parapet Slide 138

139 Interesting Quantity Facts The IHNC Project Involves: 160 miles of piles- approx. 20 miles more than from Cleveland to Columbus The weight of 8 Eiffel Towers of Steel Enough Concrete to fill a football field 94 feet deep Slide 139

140 Slide 140

141 GIWW Western Closure Complex (WCC) Slide 141

142 WCC Slide 142

143 Project Features: 19,140 cfs Drainage Pumping Station (11 x 1740 cfs vertical Flower Pot pumps) 225-foot primary navigation gate Sluice gates (5 16 x 16 ) T-wall along edge of Bayou aux Carpes CWA 404(c) wetlands (4200 X 100 construction corridor) Water Control Structure Levee and East Bayou Road Realignment Environmental Mitigation and Augmentations Foreshore Protection Algiers Canal dredging GIWW - West Closure Complex Bayou aux Carpes 404(c) area T-Wall with berm Combi-wall 225 Navigation gate Water control structure Levee and Road Realignment cfs Pump Station Sluice gates Slide 143

144 WCC Cofferdam Piles Slide 144

145 Dewatered Cofferdam Slide 145

146 Dewatered Cofferdam Slide 146

147 Pump Station Piles Slide 147

148 Pile Load Test Slide 148

149 Pile Load Test Slide 149

150 Pile Load Test Slide 150

151 Heave Test Section Slide 151

152 WCC Earthen Material Processing Slide 152

153 New Levee Construction Slide 153

154 New Levee Construction Slide 154

155 East T-wall Slide 155

156 East T-wall Preload Slide 156

157 Questions? Slide 157

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*** ***!   ) * % )!( & ' % # $. 0 1 %./ +, - 7 : %8% 9 ) 7 / ( * 7 : %8% 9 < ;14.  > /' ;-,=. / ١ ١ ******!" #$ % & '!( ) % * ") +,-./ % 01. 3 ( 4 56 7/4 ) 8%9 % : 7 ;14 < 8%9 % : *7./ = ;-, >/'." Soil Permeability & Seepage ٢ Soil Permeability- Definition ٣ What is Permeability? Permeability is the

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