Terrestrial Organic Carbon inputs to the Oceans - II. Carbon isotopic compositions of leaf wax biomarkers
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1 Terrestrial Organic Carbon inputs to the Oceans - II Some additional light reading: Guo et al., Characterization of Siberian Arctic coastal sediments: Implications for terrestrial organic carbon export. Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 18, GB1036. Blair et al., From bedrock to burial: the evolution of particulate organic carbon across coupled watershed-continental margin systems. Mar. Chem. 92, Carbon isotopic compositions of leaf wax biomarkers
2 Long range transport and preservation of plant wax alkanes in marine sediments Gagosian and Peltzer Eglinton (senior) et al Influence of long-term degradation on isotopic composition of leaf-wax biomarker lipids Calluna sp.
3 Vegetation zones of Africa (modern and past glacial) Med. Wood Med. Scrub Tropical Extreme Desert Tropical 20 to 16 kyrs ago Tropical Semi Desert Tropical Grasslands Savanna Rainforest Woodland Mt. Rainforest Tropical Scrub Tr. E. Des. Tr.S.Des. Med. Scrub Tropical Woodland Tr. Grs. Dry Steppe Tr. Wdld. Warm Tem. Forest Tr. Rfr.
4 Distributions and δ 13 C values of plant wax alkanes in aerosols
5 Plant wax (C 29 n-alkane) carbon isotopes of African dust and E-Atlantic surface sediments Latitude ( ) Aerosol samples Surface sediments d13-c29 * d13-c29 ** Dust collected February 2001 *Schefuß et al., Nature, C4-% (n-c29 alkane) C4-% (n-c29 alkane) C4-% (of total n-c29 alkane plant wax) in surface sediments ** Austral summer (Dez-Feb) Main NE-Trade dust plume ITCZ Main SE-Trade dust plume C 3 -plant end member: -36 C 4 -plant end member: Longitude ( ) ** Sediment data: Huang et al., GCA, 2000; Schefuß et al., GCA, 2003; McDuffee, Eglinton, Hayes, Wagner, unpublished Carbon isotopic composition of dustfall sample off NW Africa Fractions Concn. (gdw basis) δ 13 C ( ) 14 C ( ) 14 C age (yr BP) Total Organic Carbon 1.02 % ± 40 Black Carbon 0.24 % ± 35 Plant wax alcohols 12 µg ± 143 Eglinton et al., G 3, 2002
6 Variations in terrestrial vegetation over geologic time Isotopic compositions of Bengal fan sediments and the emergence of C4 plants Isotopic compositions of Bengal fan sediments and the emergence of C4 plants
7 Plant waxes, vegetation change, and human evolution Ingram et al. in prep. Plant waxes, vegetation change, and human evolution
8 The origin of old OC in marine sediment core-tops (0-3 cm) Anoxic/ dysoxic Open shelf River influenced Pelagic C ( ) Bermuda Rise Southern Ocean NE Pacific Cascadia Basin Beaufort Sea Gulf of Mexico Amazon shelf Washington margin Ross Sea Long Island Sound Mid Atlantic Bight Black Sea Cape Lookout Bight Arabian Sea Borderland basins Pettaquamscutt Basin Radiocarbon content of SPOM from the Amazon River Hedges et al., 1986?
9 14 C variability in riverine suspended particulate organic matter /97 10/93 14 C POM ( ) /91 [1] Hedges et al. (1986) [2] Raymond and Bauer (2001) [3] Megens et al. (2001) [4] Goni et al. (unpubl.) [5] Masiello and Druffel (2001) [6] Eglinton et al. (unpubl.) [7] Kao and Lui (1996) 12/97 1/98 2/98 3/98 2/98 10/93 10/ /93 Lanyang Hsi [7] Mackenzie [6] Hudson [2] Santa Clara [5] Mississippi [4] Parker [2] Rhine [3] Meuse [3] York [2] Amazon [1,2] Factors controlling timescales of delivery of terrestrial organic carbon to the coastal ocean. Mode of Delivery - Riverine - Aeolian - Groundwater (DOC) Characteristics of watershed - Areal extent - Topography - Precipitation/Temperature - Regional lithology - Vegetation cover/type - Anthropogenic activity (e.g., dams, levees).
10 14C age variability in vascular plant biomarkers from Washington Margin surface (0-2 cm) sediments 14 C age (years BP) Station 2 (83m) Station 1 (77m) lignin phenols Fraction/Compound Bulk OC Vanillin Acetovanillone Vanillic acid Syringealdehyde Acetosyringone Syringic acid Total n-alcohols C22 n-alcohol C24 n-alcohol C26 n-alcohol C28 n-alcohol C30 n-alcohol C24 n-acid C26 n-acid C28 n-acid Total n-alkanes C21+C23+C25 n-alkanes C22+C24+C26 n-alkanes C27 n-alkane C29 n-alkane C31 n-alkane plant waxes Importance of tropical mountainous river systems in terrigenous OC export to the oceans Annual discharge (10 12 gc yr -1 ) of total OC of major world rivers to the oceans Small rivers on active margins supply > 40% of the fluvial sediments to the world s ocean Milliman et al
11 Importance of tropical mountainous river systems in terrigenous OC export to the oceans Terrigenous OC delivery and deposition on the Eel Margin
12 Terrigenous OC delivery and deposition on the Eel Margin Compositional variations between organic matter sources and sinks in the Eel River-Margin system From Blair and Leithold
13 Influence of episodic delivery on the fate of terrestrial OC on the Eel shelf
14 Conceptual model describing controls of watershed-continental margin processes on particulate OC export from river systems From Blair et al., 2004 Arctic Ocean Largest shelf area of all major oceans Numerous major rivers drain into Arctic Ocean Large terrestrial reservoirs of slowly cycling carbon (permafrost soils, sedimentary rocks) Dramatic seasonal variations in river discharge (spring freshet) Mechanisms of sediment dispersal from rivers (spill-over, ice rafting/keeling) that are distinct from low latitude river systems. Less active OC remineralization due to lower temps?
15 Terrestrial OC export from the Siberian Arctic Guo et al Distribution of Permafrost in the Siberian Arctic
16 The Mackenzie/Beaufort System
17 Riverine delivery and transport of OC (Mackenzie/Beaufort) The Mackenzie Delta & Beaufort Sea 90 o E Russia Kara Sea Laptev Sea Barents Sea Scandinavia Box Core Surface Grab Particulate Siberia Bering Strait Alaska East Siberian Sea 2000 m Eurasian Basin Lomonosov Ridge E E1 180 o 0 o TC Fram Strait 39 Chukchi Greenland Sea Sea F F9 Lincoln C1 Sea Canadian Basin Canada Iceland Beaufort Sea Greenland 144 Denmark Strait Mackenzie River Canada 90 o W
18 δ 13 C compositions and 14 C ages of bulk OC in Mackenzie Delta/Beaufort Sea Core-top sediments C age (yr BP) SPM 25 SPM SPM Peat δ 13 C TOC (permil) Geochemical Characteristics of OC in the Mackenzie/Beaufort system 14 C (permil) Goni et al. 2005
19 Fatty acid δ 13 C and 14 C in Beaufort Sea surface sediments Stn5 Stn9 Stn δ 13 C (permil) C age (yr BP) δ 13 C = open symbols 14 C age = closed symbols Carbon number Drenzek et al. In Prep. 14 C age variations between fatty acid homologues C (permil) Bermuda Rise Gulf of Mexico Mackenzie New England margin Ross Sea Washington Margin TOC C14 C16 C18 C22 C24 C26 C28 Carbon number Eglinton et al. unpublished.
20 Some take-home points POC flux from rivers is sufficient to account for OC burial flux in marine sediments. Deltas sequester nearly half of the OC buried in the marine environment. Gross compositional characteristics (δ 13 C, C/N, OC:SA) of OC accumulating near the mouths of major river systems suggests efficient remineralization of terrestrial OC (esp. within estuaries, deltas). However, bulk parameters prone to uncertainty. Current estimates of riverine contributions to OC buried in marine sediments may be low due to: Complicating influence of C4 ( 13 C-enriched) and soil-derived (low C/N) OC. Underestimation of the importance of numerous, small mountainous rivers on active margins as sources of [old] terrigenous OC. Lack of information on OC sources and burial in Arctic ocean sediments. Molecular markers can be used to better define input signatures, residence times (ages) of terrestrial OC, however quantification of this elusive pool of OC in marine sediments remains challenging.
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