1.3.Sedimentary basins & societal issues

Transcription

1 1.3.Sedimentary basins & societal issues Geothermy Building Stones Sedimentary basins as natural reactors Sedimentary basins contain natural resources - Fossil energy (Oil, Gas, Coal, Uranium) - Mineral resources (Metals, industrial minerals, building materials ) - Water Other uses of sedimentary basins - Geothermal energy - Temporary gas storage - Temporary storage for wind and solar energy - Sequestration of unwanted products Ag Mine Fossil energy 48

2 erosion & weathering eosion & weathering Dissolved metallic ions Sediments Sediment deposition & ions precipitation ores P.J.Combes subsidence 49 Natural Reactor = ore formation

3 Biosphere Biosphere (Carbon) Organic mater (anoxiclake) sol migra soil tion M. Séranne oil burial Maturation f(temperature, pressure, time): Organic matter -> kerogene -> Oil -> gas! 50 Natural Reactor = hydrocarbons generation

4 Consommation ressources naturelles /an / personne Europe occidentale, 2005 Ressources minérales eau Énergie fossile La vaste majorité des ressources naturelles provient des bassins sédimentaires 51

5 Production mondiale de ressources naturelles (1999) World primary production of mineral and energy resources in 1998 by quantity (Kippenberger, 2001). Ores are given as metal equivalent in thousands of metric tons; natural gas, in millions of cubic meters. The label Diamonds represents all precious and semiprecious gemstones. Electronic metals include gallium, indium, and germanium Diamonds Platinium Group Gold Electronic metals Silver Cobalt Columbium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Antimony Molybdenium Mica Tin Magnesium Kyanite & related materials Zirconium Graphite Boron Nickel Asbestos Diatomite Titanium Lead Chromium Fluorspar Barite Zinc Talc & Pyrophylite Manganese Feldspar Bentonite Copper Magnetite Peat Potash Aluminium Kaolin Phosphate Sulfur Gypsum Anhydrite Rock Salt Industrial sand Clay Iron Lignite Natural gas Petroleum Coal Aggregates Sand and Gravel World primary production of mineral and energy resources in 1998 by value (Kippenberger, 2001). Values are given in millions of euros. Quantité (10 3 t ;10 6 m 3 ) Valeur (M ) Diamonds Platinium Group Gold Electronic metals Silver Cobalt Columbium Tungsten Uranium Vanadium Antimony Molybdenium Mica Tin Magnesium Kyanite & related materials Zirconium Graphite Boron Nickel Asbestos Diatomite Titanium Lead Chromium Fluorspar Barite Zinc Talc & Pyrophylite Manganese Feldspar Bentonite Copper Magnetite Peat Potash Aluminium Kaolin Phosphate Sulfur Gypsum Anhydrite Rock Salt Industrial sand Clay Iron Lignite Natural gas Petroleum Coal Aggregates Sand and Gravel figures from Kippenberger,

6 Production mondiale de ressources naturelles (1999) World primary production of mineral and energy resources in 1998 by quantity (Kippenberger, 2001). Ores are given as metal equivalent in thousands of metric tons; natural gas, in millions of cubic meters. The label Diamonds represents all precious and semiprecious gemstones. Electronic metals include gallium, indium, and germanium Wellmer & Becker-Platen 2007 Quantité (10 3 t ;10 6 m 3 ) Valeur (M ) World primary production of mineral and energy resources in 1998 by value (Kippenberger, 2001). Values are given in millions of euros. 53

7 Ressources ou Réserves? Ressources Economie Géologie Réserves Technologie Les Réserves correspondent à la part des Ressources en place qui peut être exploitée. Cette proportion dépend des connaissances géologiques, des progrès des techniques d exploitation et du prix de vente de la matière exploitée. 54

8 Gas hydrate = Water ice containing trapped CH 4 molecules. Occur in sediments of offshore continental margins and in high latitude frozen soil (permafrost). Subtle changes of P, T conditions results in destabilization of ice and CH 4 release (greenhouse gas). Gas hydrates? No industrial process available for extraction (experiment in North Slope Alaska, stopped in 2016). Reserves: m 3 = toe (more than twice the cumulated reserves of Oil + Gas + Coal + Uranium) 2150 Mass of carbon estimated to be sequestrated as natural gas hydrates compared to other carbon sources. Beauchamp, 2004 Comptes Rendus Geoscience, Volume 336, Issue 9, July 2004, Pages

9 Geothermal energy in aquifers Principle: Turbine / generator Cold fluid injection Hot fluid extraction Example: Geothermal energy in Paris Basin Seal aquifer BRGM & ADEME 56

10 Principle: Seal Reservoir Temporary storage of natural gas in sedimentary basins Aquifers Salt cavities Depleted HC reservoirs Example: Gas storage in France Existing capacity: m 3 (20% conso) projects 57

11 Temporary storage of renewable intermittent energy compresseur Air comprimé => électricité turbine Alimentation électrique CAES (Compressed Air Energy Storage) Cavités ± 0,1 km 3 ; pression ± 50 bar Puissance ± 100 MW mise en œuvre: qques heures Allemagne, Alabama, Texas Stockage thermique en sous-sol Panneaux solaire (thermique) sur bâtiment Chauffage & stockage de chaleur en profondeur Restitution de chaleur emmagasinée Serres à Bellegarde (Gard) : aquifère superficiel Ferme solaire dans les P.O. stockage inter-saisonnier 58

12 Monitoring of CO2 sequestration in the exploited Sleipner gas field (North Sea) cover Depleted gas reservoir, filled with CO2 Injection point 200m Chadwick & al km 1km Good geological control on the reservoir allows improved exploitation of oil and gas, THEN the depleted reservoir can be used for CSC. 59 Capture and Sequestration of CO2 (CSC)

13 Principle: Long-term isolation and containment in natural geological formations Not reservoirs! => Seal are sought for (thick and homogeneous clay and shale formations) In case of radio-active waste => long enough to allow radioactive decay ( years) Example: Bure, eastern Paris Basin («Cigéo»). 60 Deep geological repository