Feasibility of snow water equivalent retrieval by means of interferometric ALOS PALSAR data
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1 Feasibility of snow water equivalent retrieval by means of interferometric ALOS PALSAR data, Florian Müller, Helmut Rott, and Markus Heidinger ENVEO Technikerstrasse 21a, A 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
2 Contents Method of SWE Retrieval by InSAR Groundbased InSAR Experiment Coherence Procedure for SWE retrieval from space borne SAR data Examples of PALSAR data Analysis of Alpine Areas Conclusions
3 INSAR SWE Retrieval Backgrounds Total interferometric phase difference: φ = φ + φ + φ + φ + φ + φ flat topo dis atm snow noise Phase shift due to DRY snow accumulation: ( ) 2 Δ φ = 2k Δd cosθ ε sinθ snow s i i ε = ρ s ρ 3 s (Mätzler,1996) SWE = d s <ρ s > For low incidence angles : Δφ snow = 1.6k ΔSWE cosθ i
4 Sensitivity of Δφ on SWE Δφ=2π, θ=40 : SWE SD (0.1 g/cm³) SD (0.3 g/cm³) L Band: 120 mm 1.20 m 0.40 m C Band: 28 mm 0.28 m 0.09 m
5 SWE Δφ in dependence on Snow Density SWE = d s <ρ s > = const. C Band with SWE = 20 mm L Band with SWE = 20 mm At high incidence angles: with increasing ρ, expected Δφ reduces
6 Groundbased InSAR Experiment X VV
7 Decorrelation due to Dry Snow Accumulation Dry snow layer deposited on a rough surface. Roughness at sub pixel scale is important σ z represents standard deviation of phase delay within pixel due to snow fall, for distributed scatterer Model calculation of temporal decorrelation due to snow in dependence on the surface roughness
8 Procedure for SWE retrieval
9 Snowfree Coherence and Interferogram 19 Jun Sep 2007: Δt=92 days B per = 390 m, H a = 168 m Telfs (633m) Innsbruck (574m) Brenner Pass (1371m) Hochfeiler (3371m) Meran (323m) Brixen (565m)
10 ALOS PALSAR Images Full Pol. Mode LOS Telfs Telfs Innsbruck Telfs Kühtai Kühtai Umhausen Pitztaler Gletscher Obergurgl
11 PALSAR Full Polarimetric Images 2006/07 PALSAR data Interferometric Pairs 30 Sep Nov 2006 B per = 74 m 15 Nov Dec 2006 B per = 2308 m 31 Dec Feb 2007 B per = 594 m
12 ALOS Palsar Coherence 46 Day Period 30 Sep Nov 2006 Bper 74 m Telfs 633 m 15 Nov Dec 2006 Bper 2308 m 31 Dec Feb 2007 Bper 594 m Umhausen 1030 m Kühtai 2040m Pitztaler Gletscher 3340 m Obergurgl 1913 m Thomas LOS Nagler
13 ALOS Palsar Interferograms 46 Day Period 30 Sep Nov 2006 Bper 74 m Telfs 633 m 15 Nov Dec 2006 Bper 2308 m 31 Dec Feb 2007 Bper 594 m Umhausen 1030 m Kühtai 2040m Pitztaler Gletscher 3340 m Obergurgl 1913 m π +π LOS
14 Topo flattened Interferograms 30 Sep Nov 2006 Bper 74 m L-Band HH 31 Dec Feb 2007 Bper 594 m 0/0 cm 0/0 cm 0rad Innsbruck 560m 0rad Snow Height Date1/2 0/2 cm 34/79 cm 0.2 rad 4.4 rad 0/0 cm 5/8 cm 0.3 rad Umhausen 1030 m 0 rad Kühtai 2040m Derived Δφ Pitztaler Gletscher 3340 m 20 cm 2 rad 0/5 cm 70/120 cm 4.6 rad 0.5 rad Fringe Workshop Rhodes, 6/11/ Nov 2007, ESRIN LOS 2π Obergurgl 1913 m 25/45 cm 2 rad
15 Amplitude Image PALSAR Fine Beam Mode Multitemporal average amplitude Image 4/11/2007 and 20/12/2007 Starnberger See Murnau Walchensee Elevation Contour Lines 250 m GAP Telfs Innsbruck
16 ALOS PALSAR 4 Nov Dec Coherence Image HPeissenberg(988m) Phase Image (flatearth corr) Starnberger See (584m) Starnberger See (584m) HPeissenberg(988m) Walchsee(802m) Walchsee(802m) GAP(698m) GAP(698m) Zugspitz (2962m) LOS Zugspitz (2962m) Innsbruck (576 m) LOS Innsbruck (576 m) π Δt=46 days Bper = 11 m Ha = 5960 m +π
17 Atmospheric Phase Shift: 4 Nov. 20 Dec Radio sounding Station Munich Look Angle : 40 deg Elevation Layer : m Atm. phase shift : rad (0.7 mm SWE => 0.3 cm snow 0.2 g/cm³ snow density) 04/11/07 24h 20/12/07 24h
18 Modis Snow Cover Information 20 Dec Dec 2007 Bnd ( nm) Normalized Difference Snow Index Snow free Starnberger See (584m) HPeissenberg(988m) GAP(698m) PALSAR Scene Innsbruck (576 m) PALSAR Scene
19 Map of Snow Height Starnberger See (584m) Assumtion: SH = SWE * ρ s Constant Snow Density ρ s =0.20 g/cm³ Hohenpeissenberg 19 cm measured cm retrieved Garmisch Parten Kirchen 5 cm measured < 8 cm retrieved [m] Innsbruck / Innvalley: snowfree
20 Conclusions A procedure for mapping changes of SWE using spaceborne SAR Interferometry has been developed and tested. It requires repeat pass SAR data and snow information at reference stations as input. A limited ALOS PALSAR data set (Full Pol., FBS) of the Austrian Alps has been analysed in order to test the algorithm. Due to the long repeat interval of 46 days the L Band signal decorrelates over most snow covered areas. Coherence suitable for InSAR processing can only be observed in areas with shallow snow. Test samples of SWE maps over such areas were produced. The InSAR based SWE / snow height retrieval provides reasonable results, as locally validated with a small data set of in situ snow observations at automatic meteo stations and coarse resolution snow maps from MODIS. Though L band SAR is less sensitive to temporal decorrelation than higher radar frequencies, shorter repeat intervals are needed for comprehensive exploitation of the InSAR technique for SWE mapping.
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