Characterisation of Quaternary deposits in West Cumbria using the concept of domains: A case study
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1 Characterisation of Quaternary deposits in West using the concept of domains: a case study Characterisation of Quaternary deposits in West using the concept of domains: A case study Jon Merritt Quaternary Characterization Programme Glaciation of West Development of hydrogeological domains Recent modelling requirements Multi-till sequences: The ice-stream legacy in northern England Conclusions The Calder Catchment Conceptual hydrogeological model for West Former PRZ Sherwood Sandstone Group after McMillan et al., QJEGH, 33, Drigg LLWR Local hydrogeological profiles Sellafield Bedrock and Superficials share common water table 1:50 k Superficial Geology Recharge through Superficials at both sites after McMillan et Drigg Superficials contribute to transmissivity of regional aquifer Perched water tables Superficials impede recharge to underlying aquifer Mapped in 1920s Deemed fit for purpose Drigg NEXTMap Britain TM elevation data from Intermap Technologies. 1
2 NIREX Quaternary Characterization Programme boreholes 57 trial pits 27 sections targetted mapping geophysics and much more BGS lithostratigraphy at Drigg Great contrast in types of till and provenance Thin pebbly clays Sandfilled channels Dense gravelly tills Nirex Science Report S/97/002 From BGS Technical Report WA/99/80 Contrasting tills in West Coastal sequences Scotland Wales England Inland tills After Phillips et al., 2011, Anglesey imap, on BGS website Last Glacial Maximum ka BP Regional Geology of Northern Glaciers flowing from the n Mountains After major glacial reorganisation c.18 ka BP Followed by glacial re-advances Irish Sea impinges into West Regional Geology of Northern 2
3 s s stream heavily crevassed shear zone slowly moving ice West Antarctic D Velocities: c km per year West during the Gosforth Oscillation Wasdale Lithostratigraphy of West Shear zone at landward margin of ice stream? Irish Sea Sream Site of former icemarginal lake Drigg After Merritt and Auton, 2000, Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geol Soc, 53, Nirex Science Report S/97/00 Lithostratigraphical Framework Quaternary s After McMillan, A A, Hamblin, R J O and Merritt, J W.. A lithostratigraphical framework for onshore Quaternary and Neogene(Tertiary) superficial deposits of Great Britain and the Isle of Man. British Geological Survey Research Report, RR/10/03. Nirex Science Report S/97/00 3
4 Detailed Profiles in Nether Wasdale Transect across Nether Wasdale Glaciolacustrine domain Nirex Science Report S/97/00 After Merritt and Auton, 2000, Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geol Soc, 53, Glaciolacustrine Hydrogeological s From McMillan et Examples of hydrogeological domains Till-Sand-Till From McMillan et Downward fissure-flow through till layers 4
5 Regional groundwater flow model for the Calder catchment based on domains The Glacially Overridden Till-Sand-Till Pebbly clay From McMillan et Nirex Science Report, S/97/012 Subglacial attenuation and microfaulting The The Glacitectonic Trust Glacially Over-ridden After Merritt and Auton, 2000, Proceedings of the Yorkshire Geol Soc, 53, Tills are thin, but laterally extensive Lenses of sand and gravel (channel-fills) Partition of groundwater flow Recent work After major glacial reorganisation c.18 ka BP legacy Maiden s Hall North Sea impinges into NE England Detailed stratigraphical correlation and 3D modelling Regional Geology of Northern Tyne and Wear Complex Pelaw Clay enigma 5
6 Multi-till sequences in NE England 20 m Maiden s Hall opencast site, Morpeth Sequence within a concealed channel -10 m Regional Geology of Northern Regional Geology of Northern Maiden s Hall opencast site, near Morpeth, in 1999 Gradational contacts Sharp bases Photo Jon Merritt Thin pebbly tills After British Regional Geology of Northern After British Regional Geology of Northern Very dense, overconsolidated Sharp, planar contacts Laterally extensive aquitards Subglacial shearing Potential slippage planes Lensoidal aquicludes Slightly overconsolidated After British Regional Geology of Northern After British Regional Geology of Northern 6
7 BGS GSi3D modelling in County Durham Sharp planar top Subglacial channel fill Water ingress hazard After British Regional Geology of Northern Towards a subdivision of tills Fewer, more informative logs in site investigations please! Comparison of borehole core and logs following BS 5930, Drigg. After McMillan, Hamblin, and Merritt,. A lithostratigraphical framework for onshore superficial deposits of Great Britain... BGS Research Report RR/10/03. When is gravel really a till? A best guess is better than nothing Moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6) silty fine to medium grained SAND and fine to coarse subrounded to angular GRAVEL/COBBLES with some coarse to very coarse sand. Fine to coarse rounded to angular GRAVEL with some pale reddish brown (10R 5/4) to moderate reddish brown (10R 4/6) fine to medium sand matrix (washed out) and occasional coarse sand m fine to medium sand. From How Guidelines, an extremely protocols compact, and stony Standards till can to Quaternary be interpreted mapping to be in and the aquiclude United Kingdom, BGS, in press. Conclusions s approach useful for regional hydrogeological modelling of Superficials Detailed 3D lithostratigraphical knowledge still required to underpin modern high-resolution hydrogeological models Former ice streams have left a distinct legacy of particular importance to engineering geologists and hydrogeologists Employ Quaternary geologists in site investigations BGS image P More informative site investigation logs required Desirable to consult Quaternary geologists at all stages of site investigations 7
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